Basic Virology (eBook)

Martinez J. Hewlett, David Camerini, David C. Bloom (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2021 | 4. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-31404-2 (ISBN)

Infos

The foundational textbook on the study of virology

Basic Virology, 4^th Edition cements this series' position as the leading introductory virology textbook in the world. It's easily read style, outstanding figures, and comprehensive coverage of fundamental topics in virology all account for its immense popularity.

This undergraduate-accessible book covers all the foundational topics in virology, including:

• The basics of virology
• Virological techniques
• Molecular biology
• Pathogenesis of human viral disease

The 4^th edition includes new information on the SARS, MERS and COVID-19 coronaviruses, hepatitis C virus, influenza virus, as well as HIV and Ebola. New virological techniques including bioinformatics and advances in viral therapies for human disease are also explored in-depth. The book also includes entirely new sections on metapneumoviruses, dengue virus, and the chikungunya virus.

MARTINEZ J. HEWLETT is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at the University of Arizona.
DAVID CAMERINI is Assistant Professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry at the University of California Irvine.
DAVID C. BLOOM is Associate Professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology at University of Florida.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Brief Contents 7
Contents 9
Preface to the First Edition 23
Preface to the Second Edition 25
Preface to the Third Edition 26
Preface to the Fourth Edition 27
Acknowledgments 29
Part I Virology and Viral Disease 31
Chapter 1 Introduction – The Impact of Viruses on Our View of Life 33
The Science of Virology 33
The effect of virus infections on the host organism and populations – viral pathogenesis, virulence, and epidemiology 34
The interaction between viruses and their hosts 36
The history of virology 37
Examples of the impact of viral disease on human history 38
Examples of the evolutionary impact of the virus–host interaction 39
The origin of viruses 39
Viruses have a constructive as well as destructive impact on society 42
Viruses are not the smallest self-replicating pathogens 43
Questions for Chapter 1 44
Chapter 2 An Outline of Virus Replication and Viral Pathogenesis 45
Virus Replication 45
Stages of virus replication in the cell 47
Pathogenesis of Viral Infection 49
Stages of virus-induced pathology 49
Questions for Chapter 2 55
Chapter 3 Virus Disease in Populations and Individual Animals 57
The Nature of Virus Reservoirs 57
Some viruses with human reservoirs 58
Some viruses with vertebrate reservoirs 60
Viruses in Populations 61
Viral epidemiology in small and large populations 61
Factors affecting the control of viral disease in populations 64
Animal Models to Study Viral Pathogenesis 64
A mouse model for studying poxvirus infection and spread 66
Rabies: where is the virus during its long incubation period? 67
Herpes simplex virus latency 69
Questions for Chapter 3 71
Chapter 4 Patterns of Some Viral Diseases of Humans 73
The Dynamics of HUMAN–VIRUS Interactions 74
The stable association of viruses with their natural host places specific constraints on the nature of viral disease and mode of persistence 74
Classification of human disease–causing viruses according to virus–host dynamics 76
Patterns of Specific Viral Diseases of Humans 81
Acute infections followed by virus clearing 81
Infection of an “accidental” target tissue leading to permanent damage despite efficient clearing 82
Persistent viral infections 82
Viral and subviral diseases with long incubation periods 85
Some Viral Infections Targeting Specific Organ Systems 86
Viral infections of nerve tissue 87
Examples of viral encephalitis with grave prognosis 87
Viral encephalitis with favorable prognosis for recovery 88
Viral infections of the liver (viral hepatitis) 89
Questions for Chapter 4 90
Problems for Part I 91
Additional Reading for Part I 93
Part II Basic Properties of Viruses and Virus–Cell Interaction 95
Chapter 5 Virus Structure and Classification 97
The Features of a Virus 97
Viral genomes 105
Viral capsids 106
Viral envelopes 106
Classification Schemes 109
The Baltimore scheme of virus classification 109
Disease-based classification schemes for viruses 110
The Virosphere 110
The Human Virome 113
Questions for Chapter 5 113
Chapter 6 The Beginning and End of the Virus Replication Cycle 115
Outline of the Virus Replication Cycle 115
Viral Entry 116
Animal virus entry into cells – the role of the cellular receptor 116
Mechanisms of entry of nonenveloped viruses 119
Entry of enveloped viruses 120
Entry of virus into plant cells 121
The injection of bacteriophage DNA into Escherichia coli 123
Nonspecific methods of introducing viral genomes into cells 125
Late Events in Viral Infection: Capsid Assembly and Virion Release 125
Assembly of helical capsids 125
Assembly of icosahedral capsids 128
Generation of the virion envelope and egress of the enveloped virion 129
Questions for Chapter 6 133
Chapter 7 The Innate Immune Response: Early Defense Against Pathogens 135
Host Cell–Based Defenses Against Virus Replication 136
Toll-like receptors 136
Defensins 137
Interferon 138
Other cellular defenses against viral infection 141
The Adaptive Immune Response and the Lymphatic System 142
Two pathways of helper t response: the fork in the road 143
The immunological structure of a protein 144
Role of the antigen-presenting cell in initiation of the immune response 146
Control and Dysfunction of Immunity 150
Specific viral responses to host immunity 151
Consequences of immune suppression to virus infections 154
Measurement of the Immune Reaction 154
Measurement of cell-mediated (T-cell) immunity 154
Measurement of antiviral antibody 155
Questions for Chapter 7 159
Chapter 8 Strategies to Protect Against and Combat Viral Infection 161
Vaccination – Induction of Immunity to Prevent Virus Infection 162
Antiviral vaccines 162
Smallpox and the history of vaccination 162
How a vaccine is produced 163
Problems with vaccine production and use 167
Eukaryotic CELL-BASED Defenses Against Virus Replication 168
cellular defenses against viral infection 168
Antiviral Drugs 169
Targeting antiviral drugs to specific features of the virus replication cycle 170
Other approaches 173
Bacterial Antiviral Systems – Restriction Endonucleases 174
Questions for Chapter 8 175
Problems for Part II 177
Additional Reading for Part II 181
Part III Working with Virus 183
Chapter 9 Visualization and Enumeration of Virus Particles 185
Using the Electron Microscope to Study and Count Viruses 185
Counting (enumeration) of virions with the electron microscope 187
Atomic Force Microscopy – A Rapid and Sensitive Method for Visualization of Viruses and Infected Cells, Potentially in Real Time 189
Indirect Methods for “Counting” Virus Particles 190
Questions for Chapter 9 191
Chapter 10 Replicating and Measuring Biological Activity of Viruses 193
Cell Culture Techniques 194
Maintenance of bacterial cells 194
Plant cell cultures 194
Culture of animal and human cells 195
The Outcome of Virus Infection in Cells 198
Fate of the virus 198
Fate of the cell following virus infection 200
Measurement of the Biological Activity of Viruses 202
Quantitative measure of infectious centers 202
Use of virus titers to quantitatively control infection conditions 204
Dilution endpoint methods 207
Questions for Chapter 10 209
Chapter 11 Physical and Chemical Manipulation of the Structural Components of Viruses 211
Viral Structural Proteins 211
Isolation of structural proteins of the virus 212
Size fractionation of viral structural proteins 213
Characterizing Viral Genomes 217
Sequence analysis of viral genomes 218
Sanger sequencing 220
High-throughput equencing (HTS) 222
The polymerase chain reaction – detection and characterization of extremely small quantities of viral genomes or transcripts 222
Questions for Chapter 11 226
Chapter 12 Characterization of Viral Products Expressed in the Infected Cell 227
Characterization of Viral Proteins in the Infected Cell 227
Pulse labeling of viral proteins at different times following infection 228
Use of immune reagents for study of viral proteins 230
Detecting and Characterizing Viral Nucleic Acids in Infected Cells 239
Detecting the synthesis of viral genomes 239
Characterization of viral mRNA expressed during infection 240
Use of Microarray Technology for Getting a Complete Picture of the Events Occurring in the Infected Cell 244
Questions for Chapter 12 246
Chapter 13 Viruses Use Cellular Processes to Express their Genetic Information 247
Prokaryotic DNA Replication Is an Accurate Enzymatic Model for the Process Generally 249
The replication of eukaryotic DNA 250
The replication of viral DNA 251
The effect of virus infection on host DNA replication 251
Expression of mRNA 251
Prokaryotic Transcription 253
Prokaryotic RNA polymerase 253
The prokaryotic promoter and initiation of transcription 254
Control of prokaryotic initiation of transcription 254
Termination of prokaryotic transcription 255
Eukaryotic Transcription 255
The promoter and initiation of transcription 255
Control of initiation of eukaryotic transcription 257
Processing of precursor mRNA 259
Location of splices in eukaryotic transcripts 263
Posttranscriptional regulation of eukaryotic mRNA function 263
Virus-induced changes in transcription and posttranscriptional processing 264
The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis 265
Eukaryotic translation 265
Prokaryotic translation 267
Virus-induced changes in translation 268
Questions for Chapter 13 269
Problems for Part III 271
Additional Reading for Part III 273
Part IV Replication Patterns of Specific Viruses 275
Chapter 14 Replication of Positive-Sense RNA Viruses 277
RNA Viruses – General Considerations 278
A general picture of RNA-directed RNA replication 278
Replication of Positive-Sense RNA Viruses Whose Genomes Are Translated as the First Step in Gene Expression 280
Positive-Sense RNA Viruses Encoding a Single Large Open Reading Frame 281
Picornavirus replication 281
Flavivirus replication 288
Positive-Sense RNA Viruses Encoding More Than One Translational Reading Frame 290
Two viral mRNAs are produced in different amounts during to gavirus infections 290
A somewhat more complex scenario of multiple translational reading frames and subgenomic mRNA expression: coronavirus replication 295
Replication of Plant Viruses with RNA Genomes 300
Viruses with one genome segment 301
Viruses with two genome segments 301
Viruses with three genome segments 302
Replication of Bacteriophages with RNA Genomes 302
Regulated translation of bacteriophage mRNA 302
Questions for Chapter 14 306
Chapter 15 Replication Strategies of RNA Viruses Requiring RNA-directed mRNA Transcription as the First Step in Viral Gene Expression 307
Replication of Negative-Sense RNA Viruses with a Monopartite Genome 309
The replication of vesicular stomatitis virus – a model for mononegavirales 309
Paramyxoviruses 314
Filoviruses and their pathogenesis 316
Bornaviruses 317
Other mononegavirales families 317
Negative-Sense RNA Viruses with a Multipartite Genome 317
Involvement of the nucleus in flu virus replication 319
Generation of new flu nucleocapsids and maturation of the virus 319
Influenza A epidemics 321
Other Negative-Sense RNA Viruses with Multipartite Genomes 323
Bunyavirales 323
Arenaviruses 326
Viruses with Double-Stranded RNA Genomes 327
Orthoreovirus structure 327
The orthoreovirus replication cycle 327
Pathogenesis 329
Subviral Pathogens 330
Viroids 330
Prions 331
Questions for Chapter 15 334
Chapter 16 Replication Strategies of Small and Medium-sized DNA Viruses 337
DNA Viruses Express Genetic Information and Replicate Their Genomes in Similar, yet Distinct, Ways 338
Papovavirus Replication 339
Replication of sv40 virus – the model polyomavirus 339
The replication of papillomaviruses 348
The Replication of Adenoviruses 353
Physical properties of adenovirus 353
The adenovirus replication cycle 353
Replication of Some Single-Stranded DNA Viruses 357
Replication of parvoviruses 357
DNA viruses infecting vascular plants 359
The single-stranded DNA bacteriophage ?X174 packages its genes very compactly 360
Questions for Chapter 16 362
Chapter 17 Replication of Some Nuclear-replicating Eukaryotic DNA Viruses with Large Genomes 365
Herpesvirus Replication and Latency 366
The herpesviruses as a group 366
The replication of the prototypical alphaherpesvirus – HSV 368
HSV latency and LAT 379
EBV latent infection of lymphocytes: a different set of problems and answers 385
Pathology of herpesvirus infections 387
Baculovirus: An Insect Virus with Important Practical Uses in Molecular Biology 389
Virion structure 389
Viral gene expression and genome replication 389
Pathogenesis 390
Importance of baculoviruses in biotechnology 390
Questions for Chapter 17 391
Chapter 18 Replication of Cytoplasmic DNA Viruses and “Large” Bacteriophages 393
Poxviruses – DNA Viruses That Replicate in the Cytoplasm of Eukaryotic Cells 394
The pox virion is complex and contains virus-coded transcription enzymes 394
The poxvirus replication cycle 395
Pathogenesis and history of poxvirus infections 398
Is smallpox virus a potential biological terror weapon? 399
Replication of “Large” DNA-Containing Bacteriophages 400
Components of large DNA-containing phage virions 400
Replication of phage T7 400
T4 bacteriophage: the basic model for all DNA viruses 402
Replication of phage : a “Simple” model for latency and reactivation 405
A Group of Algal Viruses Shares Features of Its Genome Structure with Poxviruses and Bacteriophages 410
Questions for Chapter 18 411
Chapter 19 Retroviruses: Converting RNA to DNA 415
Retrovirus Families and Their Strategies of Replication 416
The molecular biology of retroviruses 417
Replication of retroviruses: an outline of the replication process 420
Retrovirus gene expression, assembly, and maturation 425
Mechanisms of Retrovirus Transformation 426
Transformation through the action of a viral oncogene – a subverted cellular growth control gene 426
Oncornavirus alteration of normal cellular transcriptional control of growth regulation 427
Oncornavirus transformation by growth stimulation of neighboring cells 427
Cellular Genetic Elements Related to Retroviruses 429
Retrotransposons 430
The relationship between transposable elements and viruses 430
Questions for Chapter 19 431
Chapter 20 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and Related Lentiviruses 433
HIV-1 and Related Lentiviruses 433
The Origin of HIV-1 and AIDS 433
HIV-1 and Lentiviral Replication 434
Destruction of the Immune System by HIV-1 442
Questions for Chapter 20 444
Chapter 21 Hepadnaviruses: Variations on the Retrovirus Theme 445
The Virion and the Viral Genome 446
The Viral Replication Cycle 447
The Pathogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus 447
Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis B Virus Infection 448
Hepatitis Delta Virus 449
A Plant “Hepadnavirus”: Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 450
Genome structure 451
Viral gene expression and genome replication 451
The Evolutionary Origin of Hepadnaviruses 451
Questions for Chapter 21 453
Problems for Part IV 455
Additional Reading for Part IV 463
Part V Molecular Genetics of Viruses 467
Chapter 22 The Molecular Genetics of Viruses 469
Mutations in Genes and Resulting Changes to Proteins 471
Analysis of Mutations 472
Recombination 472
Isolation of Mutants 474
Selection 474
HSV thymidine kinase – a portable selectable marker 474
Screening 475
A Tool Kit for Molecular Virologists 475
Viral genomes 475
Locating Sites of Restriction Endonuclease Cleavage on the Viral Genome – Restriction Mapping 476
Cloning Vectors 478
Cloning of fragments of viral genomes using bacterial plasmids 479
Cloning single-stranded DNA with bacteriophage M13 483
DNA animal virus vectors 484
RNA virus expression systems 486
Defective virus particles 487
Directed Mutagenesis of Viral Genes 488
Site-directed mutagenesis 488
Generation of Recombinant Viruses 490
Homologous recombination 491
Bacterial artificial chromosomes 491
CRISPR-cas 494
Questions for Chapter 22 495
Chapter 23 Molecular Pathogenesis 497
An Introduction to the Study of Viral Pathogenesis 497
Animal Models 498
Choosing a model: natural host versus surrogate models 498
Development of new models: transgenic animals 498
Chimeric models: the SCID-hu mouse 498
Considerations regarding the humane use of animals 499
Methods for the Study of Pathogenesis 500
Assays of virulence 500
Analysis of viral spread within the host 502
Resolving the infection to the level of single cells 503
Characterization of the Host Response 504
Immunological assays 505
Use of transgenic mice to dissect critical components of the host immune response that modulate the viral infection 505
Questions for Chapter 23 506
CHAPTER 24 Viral Bioinformatics 507
Bioinformatics 507
Bioinformatics and virology 508
Biological Databases 508
Primary databases 509
Secondary databases 509
Composite databases 509
Other databases 510
Biological Applications 510
Similarity-searching tools 510
Protein functional analysis 512
Sequence Analysis 512
Structural Modeling 512
Structural Analysis 512
Systems Biology and Viruses 513
Viral Internet Resources 517
Questions for Chapter 24 518
Chapter 25 Viruses and the Future – Problems and Promises 519
Clouds on the Horizon – Emerging Disease 520
Sources and causes of emergent virus disease 522
The threat of bioterrorism 523
What Are the Prospects of Using Medical Technology to Eliminate Specific Viral and Other Infectious Diseases? 524
Silver Linings – Viruses as Therapeutic Agents 525
Viruses for gene delivery 525
Using viruses to destroy other viruses 526
Viruses and nanotechnology 526
The place of viruses in the biosphere 527
Why Study Virology? 527
Questions for Chapter 25 527
Problems for Part V 529
Additional Reading for Part V 531
Appendix – Resource Center 533
Books of Historical and Basic Value 533
Books on Virology 534
Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Texts 535
Detailed Sources 535
Sources for Experimental Protocols 536
The Internet 536
Virology Sites 536
Important Websites for Organizations and Facilities of Interest 537
Technical Glossary 539
Index 563
EULA 579

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 21.4.2021
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Mikrobiologie / Immunologie
• Schlagworte: Biowissenschaften • Cell & Molecular Biology • Covid-19 • hep c • Infectious Disease & Microbiology • Infektionskrankheiten u. Mikrobiologie • Life Sciences • Medical Science • Medizin • mers • Microbiology & Virology • Mikrobiologie • Mikrobiologie u. Virologie • Molecular Biology • pathogenesis of viral disease • SARS • virological basics • virological research • virological techniques • Virologie • virology basics • virology foundations • Virology fundamentals • virology reference • virology textbook • Zell- u. Molekularbiologie
• ISBN-10: 1-119-31404-6 / 1119314046
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-31404-2 / 9781119314042