Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture (eBook)

A Global Analysis

Bruce F. Phillips, Mónica Pérez-Ramírez (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
9781119154075 (ISBN)

Infos

The first comprehensive review of the current and future effects of climate change on the world's fisheries and aquaculture operations

The first book of its kind, Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture explores the impacts of climate change on global fisheries resources and on marine aquaculture. It also offers expert suggestions on possible adaptations to reduce those impacts.

The world's climate is changing more rapidly than scientists had envisioned just a few years ago, and the potential impact of climate change on world food production is quite alarming. Nowhere is the sense of alarm more keenly felt than among those who study the warming of the world's oceans. Evidence of the dire effects of climate change on fisheries and fish farming has now mounted to such an extent that the need for a book such as this has become urgent. A landmark publication devoted exclusively to how climate change is affecting and is likely to affect commercially vital fisheries and aquaculture operations globally, Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture provides scientists and fishery managers with a summary of and reference point for information on the subject which has been gathered thus far.

• Covers an array of critical topics and assesses reviews of climate change impacts on fisheries and aquaculture from many countries, including Japan, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, Chile, US, UK, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, India and others
• Features chapters on the effects of climate change on pelagic species, cod, lobsters, plankton, macroalgae, seagrasses and coral reefs
• Reviews the spread of diseases, economic and social impacts, marine aquaculture and adaptation in aquaculture under climate change
• Includes special reports on the Antarctic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, the Arctic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea

Extensive references throughout the book make this volume both a comprehensive text for general study and a reference/guide to further research for fisheries scientists, fisheries managers, aquaculture personnel, climate change specialists, aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate biologists, physiologists, marine biologists, economists, environmentalist biologists and planners.

Bruce F. Phillips, PhD is Professor at Curtin University, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Australia. Professor Phillips has edited a number of books for Blackwell and Wiley, including Spiny Lobsters, Ecolabeling in Fisheries, Seafood Ecolabeling, Lobsters (Editions 1 and 2) and Recent Advances and New Species in Aquaculture.

Mónica Pérez-Ramírez is an external researcher at the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C.-CONACYT, Mexico.

Inhalt

Volume 1 38
Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright 7
Contents 8
List of Contributors 24
Acknowledgements 36
Chapter 1 Climate Change: The Physical Picture 38
1.1 Introduction 38
1.2 Climate 38
1.2.1 The Sun 38
1.2.2 Albedo 40
1.2.3 Aerosols 40
1.2.4 Greenhouse Gases 42
1.2.5 Ocean Currents 42
1.3 Knowledge Gaps 43
1.4 Climate Change 45
1.4.1 Forcing 45
1.4.2 Water Vapor 46
1.4.3 Clouds 46
1.5 Evidence for Change Since 1880 46
1.5.1 Global Surface Temperature 46
1.5.2 Extreme Events 47
1.5.3 Melting Ice 48
1.6 Changes to the Ocean 49
1.6.1 Ocean Heat Content 49
1.6.2 Ocean Chemistry: CO2, pH and Salinity 50
1.6.3 Aragonite and Calcite 51
1.6.4 Sea Level 53
1.7 Climates of the Past 53
References 56
Chapter 2 Future Physical Changes 60
2.1 Introduction 60
2.2 Short-Term Projections – 35 years 61
2.2.1 Radiative Forcing 61
2.2.2 Prediction for Global Atmospheric Temperature 62
2.2.3 Polar Amplification 64
2.2.4 Projections of Global Rainfall 65
2.2.5 Changes to the Ocean 66
2.3 Longer Term Changes 72
2.4 Concluding Remarks 75
References 77
Chapter 3 Climate Change Implications for Fisheries and Aquaculture 82
3.1 Introduction 82
3.2 Historic Trends in Global Fish Production and Causes of the Trends 83
3.2.1 Global Trends in Capture Fisheries 83
3.2.2 Aquaculture Growth, Expansion and Intensification 84
3.2.3 A Brief Review of the Major Natural and Human Drivers of Fisheries and Aquaculture, and Threats to their Status, Productivity and Resilience 85
3.3 Global Patterns of Expected Climate Change and its Impacts 86
3.3.1 The Major Global Trends and Forecasts for Climate Change in World’s Seas and Oceans 86
3.3.2 Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture at Scales from Individuals to Populations and Through to Global Fish Production 87
3.3.3 Regional Differences and Aggregated Impacts 87
3.3.4 Impacts on Aquaculture 90
3.3.5 Interactions Between Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture 91
3.4 Uncertainties and Assumptions in Projections of Future Global Fish Production 92
3.5 Options for Adaptation and their Implications for the Future 92
3.5.1 Objectives for Adaptation in Fisheries and Aquaculture 93
3.5.2 Scope for Adaptation 94
3.6 Conclusions 96
References 97
Chapter 4 Biodiversity and Climate Change in the Oceans 100
4.1 Introduction 100
4.2 Regional Changes on Ocean Physics and Chemistry 101
4.2.1 How Climate Change Stressors can Affect Biodiversity 102
4.2.2 Responses to Past Events/Evidence of Sensitivity 106
4.3 Detection and Attribution of Climate Change Effects on Biodiversity of Fish and Fisheries 111
4.3.1 Empirical Approaches: Detection, Long?Term Monitoring (LTM) 111
4.3.2 Case Study: Changes to Global Fish Biodiversity and Catch Productivity Using Different Modeling Approaches 114
References 115
Chapter 5 Impacts of Climate Change on New Zealand Fisheries and Aquaculture 128
5.1 Introduction 128
5.2 The New Zealand Marine Environment 128
5.3 Fisheries and Fisheries Management in New Zealand 130
5.3.1 Wild?Caught Fisheries 130
5.3.2 Aquaculture in New Zealand 133
5.4 Climate Variability and Change in New Zealand 134
5.4.1 Climate Cycles Affecting New Zealand 134
5.4.2 Oceanographic Changes in New Zealand 134
5.4.3 Ocean Acidification in New Zealand 135
5.5 Effects of Climate Change on New Zealand Fisheries and Aquaculture 138
5.5.1 Effects of Climate Change on Recruitment 138
5.5.2 Effects of Climate Change on Habitats 139
5.5.3 Effects of Ocean Acidification 140
5.5.4 Effects of Climate Change at the Ecosystem Scale 141
5.5.5 Effects of Climate Change on Fish Prey 142
5.5.6 Effects of Climate Change on Aquaculture in New Zealand 143
5.6 Concluding Remarks 144
Acknowledgements 146
References 146
Chapter 6 Impacts of Climate Change on the Marine Resources of Japan 158
6.1 Introduction 158
6.2 Climate Change Effects on Marine Environments 158
6.2.1 Zooplankton 160
6.2.2 Harmful Algae 160
6.2.3 Seaweed Area 160
6.2.4 Corals 160
6.3 The Status and Adaptation to Climate Change in Japanese Fishery Species and Predictions for the Future 160
6.3.1 Increased and Decreased Statuses of Fish Species 160
6.3.2 Predictions on the Future Fisheries 161
6.4 Climate Change Impacts for Larval Stages of Species Important for Aquaculture and Stock Enhancement 162
6.4.1 Fish Species in the Kuroshio Warm Current and its Related Area During the Larval Stages 162
6.4.2 Japanese Spiny Lobster (Panulirus japonicus) 162
6.5 Discussion 163
References 164
Chapter 7 Impacts of Climate Change on Eastern Australia Fisheries 166
7.1 Introduction 166
7.2 North East Australia 167
7.2.1 Queensland and Torres Strait 167
7.2.2 Fisheries in Queensland and Torres Strait – Case Studies 170
7.2.2.1 Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) 170
7.2.2.2 Tropical Rock Lobster (Panulirus ornatus) 175
7.2.2.3 Narrow?Barred Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) 176
7.2.4.4 Coral Trout (Plectropomus spp.) 177
7.3 South Eastern Australia 179
7.3.1 Climate 179
7.3.2 Fisheries in South?East Australia – Case Studies 181
7.3.2.1 Southern Rock Lobster (Jasus edwardsii) 181
7.3.2.2 Greenlip and Blacklip Abalone (Haliotis laevigata and H. rubra) 182
7.3.2.3 Blue Grenadier (Macruronus novaezelandiae) 184
7.3.2.4 Australian Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) 185
7.4 Conclusions 186
References 187
Chapter 8 Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture of the United States 196
8.1 Introduction 196
8.2 Gulf of Alaska 197
8.2.1 Climate Impacts on Fisheries 199
8.2.1.1 Crab 199
8.2.1.2 Groundfish 200
8.2.1.3 Salmon 200
8.2.2 Climate Impacts on Aquaculture 200
8.2.3 Case Study 201
8.3 California Current 202
8.3.1 Climate Impacts on Fish Stocks and Fisheries 203
8.3.1.1 Overview of Fish Stocks in the CCS 203
8.3.1.2 Intensification of Upwelling Off Central California 206
8.3.1.3 Changes in Source Waters 206
8.3.1.4 Increased Stratification and its Effects on Nutrient Supply 207
8.3.1.5 Increased Hypoxia and Ocean Acidification off Oregon and Washington 207
8.3.1.6 Snowpack and Water Temperature in Freshwater Streams and Rivers 208
8.3.2 Climate Impacts on Aquaculture 209
8.3.2.1 Climate Risks and Aquaculture Vulnerability 209
8.3.2.2 Ocean Temperature 211
8.3.2.3 Sea Level Rise (SLR) and Storm Surge 211
8.3.2.4 Changing Weather Patterns 211
8.3.2.5 Coastal Resilience and Aquaculture 212
8.3.3 Case Study 212
8.3.4 Summary 213
8.4 Pacific Islands Region 213
8.4.1 Climate Impacts on Fish Stocks and Fisheries 215
8.4.1.1 Impacts on Species/Fisheries Distribution 215
8.4.1.2 Impacts on Species/Fisheries Productivity/Abundance 215
8.4.1.3 Other Impacts 216
8.4.2 Case Study 216
8.4.3 Climate Impacts on Aquaculture 216
8.4.4 Summary 217
8.5 Gulf of Mexico 217
8.5.1 Large?Scale Climatic Variation 217
8.5.1.1 Temperature 219
8.5.1.2 Hypoxia 219
8.5.1.3 Storm Activity 220
8.5.1.4 Sea Level Rise (SLR) 220
8.5.1.5 Ocean Acidification 221
8.5.2 Case Study – Gulf Menhaden 221
8.5.3 Conclusions 222
8.6 Southeast US Atlantic – Climate Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture 222
8.6.1 Changing Environment 224
8.6.2 Impacts on Fisheries 225
8.6.3 Impacts on Aquaculture 226
8.6.3.1 Climate Risks and Aquaculture Vulnerability 228
8.6.3.2 Aquaculture as an Answer 230
8.7 Climate Change and Fisheries on the Northeast U.S. Shelf 230
8.7.1 Effects on Fisheries Resources 232
8.7.2 Case Study 234
8.7.3 Conclusion 235
References 235
Chapter 9 Impacts of Climate Change on Mexican Pacific Fisheries 256
9.1 Introduction 256
9.1.1 Fisheries Overview in Mexican Pacific 256
9.1.2 Regional Climate and Environmental Trends 258
9.2 Case Studies 260
9.2.1 Pelagic Fisheries 260
9.2.2 Benthic Fisheries 262
9.3 Discussion 263
9.3.1 Major Uncertainties 263
9.3.2 Implications for Management 265
References 267
Chapter 10 Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture in Chile 276
10.1 Introduction 276
10.2 Institutional Framework in Chile for Addressing Climate Change 278
10.2.1 Chile’s Vulnerability and Contribution to Climate Change 278
10.2.2 Chile’s Climate Change Policy and Institutions: 1994?2016 278
10.2.3 National Climate Change Action Plans: PANCC-I and PANCC-II 280
10.2.4 Inter-Sectoral Institutional Framework for Climate Change 280
10.3 The Eastern South Pacific Climate System: Evidence and Projections 282
10.3.1 Oceanography in the Eastern South Pacific 282
10.3.2 Evidence of Climate Change in the Eastern South Pacific 284
10.3.3 Projections 291
10.4 Case Studies 293
10.4.1 Benthic Fisheries 293
10.4.1.1 Global and Regional Stressors along Benthic Ecosystems of the Chilean Coast 298
10.4.1.2 The Ecology and Fishery of Concholepas concholepas (Loco or Chilean Abalone) 301
10.4.1.3 Fisheries of Benthic Mollusks in Soft-Bottom Habitats 304
10.4.1.4 Benthic Fishery of Crustaceans 307
10.4.1.5 Loxechinus albus (Red Sea Urchin) 311
10.4.1.6 Aquaculture Activities Involving Suspended Aquaculture 312
10.4.1.7 Extraction of Benthic Macro-Algae 313
10.4.1.8 Concluding Remarks 317
10.4.2 Principal Pelagic Resources Landings in Chile under Climate Change Scenarios 319
10.4.2.1 Materials and Methods 319
10.4.2.2 Results 322
10.4.2.3 Discussion 325
10.4.3 Aquaculture and Climate Change 327
10.4.3.1 The Issue of Attribution: Sorting Natural from Man-Made Perturbation 329
10.4.3.2 Current Status Chilean Aquaculture 330
10.4.3.3 Main Climate Drivers 334
10.4.3.4 Main Impacts 340
10.4.3.5 Adaptation 344
10.4.3.6 Conclusion 351
Acknowledgements 352
References 352
Chapter 11 The Pacific Island Region: Fisheries, Aquaculture and Climate Change 370
11.1 Introduction to the Pacific Island Region 370
11.1.1 The Role of Fisheries in Economic Development 370
11.1.2 Food Security 373
11.1.3 Livelihoods 373
11.1.4 Future Planning for Pacific Island Fisheries and Aquaculture 373
11.1.5 Climate Change Projections 374
11.2 Pacific Island Fisheries and Aquaculture 375
11.2.1 Tuna Fisheries 375
11.2.2 Coastal Fisheries 377
11.2.2.1 Demersal Fish 377
11.2.2.2 Nearshore Pelagic Species 378
11.2.2.3 Invertebrates 380
11.2.3 Aquaculture 380
11.3 Projected Effects of Climate Change on Fisheries and Aquaculture 381
11.3.1 Tuna Fisheries 381
11.3.1.1 Physical Oceanic Habitats 381
11.3.1.2 Effects on Oceanic Food Webs Supporting Tuna 384
11.3.1.3 Direct and Indirect Effects on Tuna Fisheries 385
11.3.2 Coastal Fisheries 388
11.3.2.1 Effects on Coastal Fish Habitats 389
11.3.2.2 Direct Effects on Coastal Fish Stocks 392
11.3.2.3 Indirect Effects on Coastal Fish Stocks 394
11.3.2.4 Combined Effects on Coastal Fish Stocks 394
11.3.3 Aquaculture 395
11.4 Implications for Economic Development, Food Security and Livelihoods 397
11.4.1 Economic Development and Government Revenue 397
11.4.2 Food Security 398
11.4.3 Livelihoods 399
11.5 Adaptation Options 400
11.5.1 Economic Development 400
11.5.2 Food Security 401
11.5.3 Livelihoods 402
11.5.4 Community?Based Adaptation 402
11.6 Future Research 403
11.6.1 Tuna Fisheries 403
11.6.2 Coastal Fisheries 404
11.6.3 Aquaculture 405
11.7 Conclusions 406
References 406
Chapter 12 Impacts of Climate Change in the United Kingdom and Ireland 418
12.1 Background 418
12.1.1 Importance of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector for the UK and Ireland 418
12.1.2 Climate Change in the Northeast Atlantic 419
12.1.3 Climate Change and Maritime Legislation 419
12.2 Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries 422
12.2.1 Changes in Fish Distribution and Consequences for Fisheries 422
12.2.2 Changes in Fisheries Productivity – Environmental Influences on Recruitment 428
12.2.3 Storminess and Extreme Events – Impacts on Fishing Fleets 430
12.2.4 Ocean Acidification and Low Oxygen 431
12.2.5 Adaptation and Vulnerability in the UK/Irish Fishing Sector 433
12.3 Climate Change Impacts on Aquaculture 434
12.3.1 Climatic Influences on Aquaculture Systems – Water Temperature, Run?Off and Storms 434
12.3.2 Climatic Influences on Pests and Pathogens 435
12.3.3 Adaptation and Vulnerability in the UK/Irish Aquaculture Sector 437
12.4 Discussion and Conclusions 438
12.4.1 Climate Change Impacts on Supply and Demand Within a Global Context 438
12.4.2 The Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership (MCCIP) and Recent Government Initiatives 439
Acknowledgements 440
References 440
Chapter 13 Canadian Fisheries and Aquaculture: Prospects under a Changing Climate 452
13.1 Introduction – The Canadian Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries 452
13.1.1 The Canadian Atlantic 452
13.1.2 The Canadian Pacific 456
13.1.3 Aquaculture in Canada 459
13.2 Effects of Climate Change on Ocean Conditions 460
13.2.1 The Canadian Atlantic Basins 461
13.2.2 The Canadian Pacific Basin 462
13.3 Potential Climate Change Impacts on Canadian Atlantic Fisheries and Fish Stocks 464
13.3.1 Marine Finfish Population?Scale Effects 464
13.3.2 Marine Finfish Community?Scale Effects 466
13.3.3 Invertebrate Populations 468
13.3.4 Anadromous Populations 469
13.4 Potential Climate Change Impacts on Canadian Pacific Fisheries and Fish Stocks 470
13.4.1 Population?Scale Studies 470
13.4.2 Major Issues for British Columbia Fisheries 474
13.4.3 Future Management in a Changing Climate 475
13.5 Potential Climate Impacts on Canadian Aquaculture Facilities and Production 476
13.5.1 Major Pressures from Climate Change on Aquaculture 476
13.5.2 Additional Complications 479
13.5.3 Discussion 480
13.6 Conclusions and Implications 480
References 481
Chapter 14 Potential Impacts of Climate Change in Brazilian Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 492
14.1 Introduction 492
14.2 Projections from Global Models 495
14.3 Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Brazilian Marine Fisheries 496
14.4 Case Study: Evidence of ENSO Effects on Fishery Resources of the Patos Lagoon Region (Extreme South of Brazil) Exploited by Small-Scale Fisheries 500
14.5 Potential Effects of Climate Change in Marine and Brackish Aquaculture 503
14.6 Final Remarks 507
Acknowledgements 509
References 509
Volume 2 516
Cover 1
Title Page 6
Copyright 7
Content 16
List of Contributors 24
Acknowledgements 36
Chapter 15 South Africa 516
15.1 Introduction 516
15.1.1 Background on South African Fisheries 516
15.1.2 Changes in South African Fisheries 516
15.1.3 Management, Governance and Institutional Issues 517
15.2 Climate Change Effects on the Marine Environment 517
15.3 Effects of Climate Change on Marine Resources and Associated Fauna 522
15.3.1 Small Pelagic Fish 522
15.3.2 Line? and Netfish 528
15.3.3 Chokka Squid 533
15.3.4 West Coast Rock Lobster 540
15.3.5 Aquaculture 544
15.4 Management Response to Climate Change Effects on Marine Resources and Aquaculture 548
15.5 Discussion and Conclusions 548
15.5.1 Oceanography and Impacts on Resources 548
15.5.2 Vulnerability of Fisheries Sectors 549
15.5.3 Adaptation Measures and Management Actions 550
15.5.4 Concluding Remarks 552
References 553
Chapter 16 The Seychelles Tuna Fishery and Climate Change 560
16.1 Introduction 560
16.1.1 Overview of Indian Ocean Industrial Tuna Fisheries 561
16.1.1.1 Longline Fishery 561
16.1.1.2 Purse Seine Fishery 563
16.1.1.3 The Seychelles’ Strategic Location 566
16.1.2 The Habitat of Tropical Tunas in the Indian Ocean 567
16.1.2.1 Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen 567
16.1.2.2 Diet Habits 569
16.1.2.3 Movements 570
16.2 Observed Responses of Tuna Fisheries to Environmental Anomalies 572
16.2.1 Main Circulation and Hydrological Features in the West Indian Ocean 572
16.2.2 Climate Variability in the Indian Ocean 573
16.2.2.1 Long-Term Trend 573
16.2.2.2 Inter?Annual Variability 575
16.2.3 Changes in the Spatial Pattern of Tuna Catches 578
16.2.3.1 Purse Seine Fishery 578
16.2.3.2 Longline Fishery 581
16.2.4 Catch Rates Trends and Climatic Oscillations 581
16.3 Projected Environmental Changes and Possible Effects on Tuna Fisheries 584
16.3.1 Changes in Pelagic Habitat 584
16.3.2 Impacts on Tuna Fisheries 589
16.4 Possible Impacts on the Seychelles Economy 597
16.5 Conclusions 598
Acknowledgements 600
References 600
Chapter 17 The Impact of Climate Change on Marine and Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture in India 606
17.1 Introduction 606
17.1.1 Indian Marine Fisheries Overview 606
17.1.2 Indian Inland Fisheries Overview 608
17.1.3 Regional Climate and Environment Trends 609
17.2 Impact on Biological Processes 612
17.2.1 Distribution 613
17.2.2 Growth 614
17.2.3 Phenology 615
17.3 Impact on Marine Ecosystems 616
17.3.1 Coastal Upwelling and Chlorophyll Concentration 616
17.3.2 Coral Reefs 616
17.3.3 Ecosystem Structure and Function 617
17.4 Impact of Climate Change on Fragile Coastal Ecosystems – The Indian Sundarban as a Case Study 618
17.4.1 The Sundarban Eco?Region and its Natural Setting 619
17.4.2 People and Livelihood in Indian Sundarban 619
17.4.3 Climate Change Scenarios in Sundarban Delta 620
17.4.4 Impact of Climate Change on Fisheries and Aquaculture in Sundarban 622
17.4.5 Farmers’ Perceptions on the Changing Climate of Sundarban Delta 622
17.5 Impact of Climate Change on Fish Production 624
17.6 The Way Forward 625
17.6.1 Potential Adaptation Options 625
17.6.2 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) 625
17.6.3 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) 626
17.6.4 Integrated Prediction Models for Climate Change 627
17.6.5 Assessing Vulnerability of Fish Species 627
17.6.6 Blue Carbon from the Marine Sector 628
17.6.7 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) 628
17.6.8 Thermal Adaptation – Taking Clues from Nature for Sustainable Aquaculture and Fisheries 628
17.6.9 Increased Awareness and Management by Local Communities 632
17.7 Conclusions 633
References 633
Chapter 18 Management Adaptation to Climate Change Effect on Fisheries in Western Australia 640
18.1 Introduction 640
18.2 Climate Sensitivity of Marine Environment 646
18.2.1 Historic Climate Variability and Trends 646
18.2.2 Marine Heat Wave – Ningaloo Niño 648
18.2.3 Projected Climate Change Trends 648
18.3 Effect of Climate Change on Fish Stocks 651
18.3.1 Case Studies 651
18.3.2 Risk Assessments 654
18.3.3 Western Rock Lobster Major Case Study 656
18.3.4 Marine Heat Wave Major Case Study: Invertebrate Fisheries 659
18.3.5 Marine Heat Wave Case Study: Finfish Stocks 663
18.4 Climate Change Effect on Aquaculture Species 664
18.5 Implications for Fisheries Management 665
18.6 Discussion and Conclusions 667
References 670
Chapter 19 Climate Change and Fisheries in the Caribbean 676
19.1 Introduction 676
19.2 Fish Production 677
19.2.1 Main Fisheries 677
19.2.2 Aquaculture 681
19.3 Observed and Projected Changes 682
19.3.1 Ocean Currents and Productivity 683
19.3.2 Sea Surface Temperature and Ocean Acidification 683
19.3.3 Precipitation/Hurricanes 685
19.4 Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture 686
19.5 Challenges for Fisheries and Aquaculture 689
19.5.1 Adaptation 689
19.5.2 Current Adaptation Efforts in the Caribbean Small Island Developing States 690
Chapter 20 Impacts of Climate Change on the Southern Ocean 700
20.1 Introduction 700
20.1.1 The Antarctic Marine Ecosystem 700
20.1.2 History of Fishing in the Southern Ocean 701
20.1.3 The Role of CCAMLR 703
20.1.4 Climate Change in the Antarctic 705
20.2 Southern Ocean Fisheries 706
20.2.1 Current Target Species 706
20.2.1.1 Antarctic Krill Euphausia superba 706
20.2.1.2 Patagonian Toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides 709
20.2.1.3 Antarctic Toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni 713
20.2.1.4 Mackerel Icefish Champsocephalus gunnari 715
20.2.2 Other Fisheries 718
20.3 Interactions Between Fisheries and Climate Forcing 718
20.3.1 Antarctic Krill 719
20.3.2 Toothfish Dissostichus spp. 720
20.3.3 Mackerel Icefish 721
20.4 Management, Monitoring and Future Perspectives 723
Acknowledgements 724
References 724
Chapter 21 Regional Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Arctic Marine Ecosystems 740
21.1 Introduction 740
21.2 Methods 742
21.3 Results 748
21.3.1 Ocean Conditions 748
21.3.2 Commercial Fish Density 753
21.4 Discussion 755
Acknowledgements 758
Appendix: Barents Sea Commercial Fish Stocks 758
Capelin (Mallotus villosus Müller) 758
Polar Cod (Boreogadus saida Lepechin) 759
Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus) 759
Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) and Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) 759
Greenland Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) 759
Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) 759
Red King Crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) 760
Snow Crab (Chionoecetes opilio) 760
References 760
Chapter 22 Seagrasses and Macroalgae: Importance, Vulnerability and Impacts 766
22.1 Introduction 766
22.1.1 Basic Biology and Ecology 766
22.1.2 Distribution and Habitat 774
22.2 Importance for Fisheries and Aquaculture 775
22.2.1 Use of Seagrass and Macroalgae by Fish and Crustaceans 775
22.2.2 Abundance, Diversity, Growth, and Survival of Fish in Seagrass and Macroalgae as Compared with other Nearshore Habitats 776
22.2.3 Spatial Scales at which Fish and Crustaceans Use Seagrass and Macroalgal Habitat 776
22.2.4 Habitat Value 777
22.2.5 Biogeochemical Cycling 779
22.2.6 Macroalgae as Aquaculture and Wild?Harvested Crops 780
22.3 Impact of Climate Change on Seagrass and Macroalgae 781
22.3.1 Impacts of Ocean Temperature: Thermal Tolerance and the Potential for Range Shifts 781
22.3.2 Impacts of Sea Level Rise and Changing Wave Climates 783
22.3.3 Impacts of CO2 Increases and Ocean Acidification 784
22.3.4 Interactions and Linkages 786
22.4 Climate-Related Loss of Seagrass and Macroalgae and their Potential Links to Fisheries and Aquaculture 786
22.5 Conclusions 788
References 789
Chapter 23 Impacts of Climate Change on Pelagic Fish and Fisheries 808
23.1 Introduction 808
23.1.1 Background and Outline 808
23.1.2 Pelagic Fish Species, Fisheries and Regions 809
23.2 Climate Change and the Pelagic Ocean Environment 811
23.2.1 Temperature and Stratification 811
23.2.2 Circulation 812
23.2.3 Productivity and Prey 813
23.3 Impacts on Physiology and Ecology of Pelagic Fishes 813
23.3.1 Physiological Effects 813
23.3.2 Range Shifts 814
23.3.3 Migration 815
23.3.4 Spawning 816
23.3.5 Feeding Conditions 817
23.3.6 Larval Survival, Recruitment and Populations 818
23.4 Future Projections for Pelagic Fishes 821
23.4.1 Recent Modeling Studies 821
23.4.2 Issues and Uncertainties 824
23.5 Significance for Fisheries 826
23.6 Management Responses 827
23.7 Conclusions 829
23.8 Case Study: Sardine and Anchovy in the California Current Ecosystem 829
23.8.1 Brief Summary of Fisheries 829
23.8.2 Life History 830
23.8.3 Habitat Requirements 830
23.8.4 Effect of Environment 830
23.8.5 Likely Impacts of Future Environmental Trends 831
23.8.6 Interactions between Climate and Fisheries on Stock Sustainability 831
23.8.7 Implications for Stock Assessment and Management 832
References 834
Chapter 24 Lobsters in a Changing Climate 852
24.1 Introduction 852
24.2 Panulirus cygnus 853
24.2.1 The Fishery 853
24.2.2 Ocean Environment 854
24.2.3 Environmental Effects 855
24.2.4 Climate Change Trends Throughout the Fishery 856
24.3 Panulirus interruptus 857
24.3.1 The Fishery 857
24.3.2 Ocean Environment 858
24.3.3 Environmental Effects 858
24.3.4 Climate Change Trends Throughout the Fishery 858
24.4 Panulirus argus 859
24.4.1 The Fishery 860
24.4.2 Ocean Environment 860
24.4.3 Environmental Effects 860
24.4.4 Climate Change Trends Throughout the Fishery 861
24.5 Jasus edwardsii 863
24.5.1 The Fishery 863
24.5.2 Ocean Environment 863
24.5.3 Environmental Effects 864
24.5.4 Climate Change Trends Throughout the Fishery 866
24.6 Homarus americanus 867
24.6.1 The Fishery 867
24.6.2 Ocean Environment 867
24.6.3 Environmental Effects 867
24.6.4 Climate Change Trends throughout the Fishery 869
24.7 Adaptation to Climate Change 870
24.8 Conclusions 874
Acknowledgements 876
References 876
Chapter 25 Climate Change, Zooplankton and Fisheries 888
25.1 Introduction 888
25.1.1 Importance of Zooplankton and Relevance to Climate Change 888
25.1.2 Climate Change and the Zooplankton Milieu 889
25.1.2.1 Coupled Atmospheric–Oceanic Climate System 889
25.1.2.2 Climatic Alteration of Zooplankton and its Milieu 890
25.2 Direct Response of Zooplankton to Climatic Variables 890
25.2.1 General Considerations 890
25.2.2 Warming 892
25.2.3 Ocean Acidification 895
25.2.3.1 Effects of Ocean Acidification on Zooplankton 895
25.2.3.2 Interaction of Warming and OA 896
25.2.3.3 Deoxygenation 897
25.3 Indirect Responses of Zooplankton to Climate Change 898
25.3.1 Warming?Driven Alteration of Prey Resources and Biomes 898
25.3.2 Climate?Driven Altered Circulation and Zooplankton Distribution 899
25.4 Implications for Fisheries 900
25.4.1 Fish Early Life Stages 900
25.4.2 Temporal Mismatches 900
25.4.3 Spatial Mismatches 901
25.4.4 Bioenergetic Mismatches 901
25.4.5 Evolutionary Mismatches 902
25.4.6 The Case of the Baltic Sea 902
Acknowledgements 903
References 903
Chapter 26 Tropical Marine Fishes and Fisheries and Climate Change 912
26.1 Introduction 912
26.1.1 Tropical Coastal and Estuarine Habitats 913
26.1.2 Coral Reef Habitats 913
26.2 Tropical Currents, Propagule Transport, and Ecosystem Connectivity Under Climate Change Conditions 914
26.2.1 Data for Analysis 916
26.2.2 Current Field Analysis 917
26.2.3 Connectivity Analysis 918
26.3 Climate-Change Induced Range Shifts of Tropical Fishes and Fisheries 920
26.3.1 Global Context of Climate?Induced Range Shifts of Tropical Fishes 921
26.3.2 Range Shift Induced Changes in Species Composition of Commercial Fishes and Fisheries 923
26.4 Fish and Fisheries in the Hottest Seas, Effects of Climate Change 925
26.4.1 Understanding the Role of Extreme Physical Factors in Structuring Tropical Fish Communities – The Arabian Gulf as a Case Study 925
26.4.2 Oceanography of an Extreme Environment 925
26.4.3 The Structure of Reef Fish Communities in a Physically Extreme Environment 925
References 927
Chapter 27 The Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Phytoplankton 934
27.1 Introduction 934
27.2 Effects of Increasing Solar UV-B on Phytoplankton Caused by Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 938
27.3 Light Climate in the Water Column 940
27.4 Effects of Ocean Warming 942
27.5 Effects of Ocean Acidification and Changes in Seawater Chemistry 943
27.6 Effects of Nutrients on Phytoplankton Growth 945
27.7 Effects of Increasing Pollution 946
27.8 Conclusions and Future Work 948
Acknowledgements 949
References 949
Chapter 28 Socioeconomic Impacts of Changes to Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture that are Brought About Through Climate Change 962
28.1 Introduction 962
28.1.1 Fisheries and Human Well?Being 962
28.1.2 Conceptualizing the Link Between Climate Change, Fisheries and Human Well?Being 964
28.1.3 Adaptations and Adaptive Capacities 967
28.1.4 Our Case Studies 969
28.2 Small-Scale, Artisanal and Subsistence-Based Fisheries of the Western Indian Ocean 970
28.2.1 Overview 970
28.2.2 Governance 971
28.2.3 Potential Impacts of Climate Change 972
28.2.4 Human Adaptations and Consequences 972
28.2.5 Considerations for the Future 973
28.3 The Traditional Dugong and Turtle Fisheries of the Torres Strait 974
28.3.1 Overview 974
28.3.2 Governance 975
28.3.3 Potential Impacts of Climate Change 975
28.3.4 Human Adaptations and Consequences 976
28.3.5 Considerations for the Future 977
28.4 Commercial Fisheries of Australia 978
28.4.1 Overview 978
28.4.2 Governance 979
28.4.3 Potential Impacts of Climate Change 979
28.4.4 Human Adaptations and Consequences 980
28.4.5 Considerations for the Future 981
28.5 Discussion 982
28.6 Concluding Comments and Directions for Future Research 984
Acknowledgements 984
References 985
Chapter 29 Conclusions 996
Index 1000
Supplemental Images 1030
EULA 1058

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 18.9.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• Schlagworte: Aquaculture, Fisheries & Fish Science • Aquakultur, Fischereiwesen u. Fischforschung • aquatic ecology • Biowissenschaften • climate change • climate change effects on oceans • Climatology & Palaeoclimatology • earth sciences • effects of climate change in the antarctic ocean • effects of climate change in the arctic ocean • effects of climate change in the Caribbean sea • effects of climate change in the Mediterranean sea • effects of climate change on aquaculture • effects of climate change on cod • effects of climate change on coral reefs • effects of climate change on lobsters • effects of climate change on macroalgae • effects of climate change on pelagic species • effects of climate change on plankton • effects of climate change on seagrasses • food fish extinction • Geowissenschaften • Klimatologie u. Paläoklimatologie • Life Sciences • ocean warming • ocean warming crisis • ocean warming globally • ocean warming impacts on aquaculture • ocean warming impacts on fisheries • ocean warming research • Ökologie / Aquatische Lebensräume
• ISBN-13: 9781119154075 / 9781119154075