Equine Science (eBook)

Zoe Davies (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 3. Auflage
480 Seiten
Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)
978-1-118-74117-7 (ISBN)

Infos

From genetics to functional anatomy, cell biology to the equine digestive system, Equine Science, Third Edition covers all the essential scientific knowledge you need for your equine programme. Thoroughly updated, this new edition features a clear, systematic presentation, stunning full-colour photographs and illustrations, chapter summary points and self-assessment questions throughout.

• Describes the structure and function of the various body systems of the horse
• Explains the scientific rationale behind modern equine training practices
• Features new chapters on exercise physiology and the evolution of the horse
• Reflects the latest scientific advances and changes in the student curriculum
• Includes new information on circadian rhythms and sleep patterns, the immune system, and hindgut microbiology.

A powerful teaching and learning aid, Equine Science, Third Edition is an essential text for students on higher education equine studies and equine science programmes, as well as those studying for BHS qualifications up to BHSII Stage 4 Horse Knowledge and Care.

Zoe Davies is one of only a handful of qualified and Registered Equine Nutritionists in the UK. A former lecturer and external examiner in Equine Science, Zoe is a referral nutritionist, specialising in bloodstock and performance horses.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright 6
Contents 9
Preface 25
Acknowledgement 27
Chapter 1 The Biochemical Nature of Cells 29
Metabolism 29
Water 29
Important Properties of Water 32
Proteins 32
Basic Structure of Amino Acids 32
Polypeptides 33
Levels of Protein Structure 33
Primary Structure of Proteins (Amino Acid Sequence) 34
Secondary Structure of Proteins (Alpha Helix or Beta Pleated Sheet) 34
Tertiary Structure of Proteins (3D Shape/Folding) 35
Quaternary Structure of Proteins (Aggregations of Polypeptide Chains) 35
Classification of Proteins 35
Structure of Collagen 36
Modification of Proteins 36
Denaturation of Proteins 36
Carbohydrates 36
Fructans 37
Starch 38
Cellulose 39
Glycogen 39
Lipids/Fats 39
Triglycerides 40
Essential Fatty Acids 40
Phospholipids 41
Cholesterol 43
Nucleic Acids 43
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 43
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 44
Messenger RNA (mRNA) 45
Transfer RNA (tRNA) 46
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 46
Protein Synthesis 46
Transcription 46
Translation 48
The Genetic Code 49
Reading the Genetic Code 51
Enzymes 51
Factors that Affect the Activity of Enzymes 53
Temperature 53
pH 53
Enzyme Concentration 53
Substrate Concentration 53
Cofactors and Coenzymes 53
Enzyme Inhibitors 53
Metabolic Poisons 54
Drugs 54
Summary Points 54
Chapter 2 Cells, Tissues and Organs 57
Cells - Building Blocks of Life 57
Prokaryotic Cells 57
Eukaryotic Cells 59
Cell Function 59
Cytoplasm 60
Cytosol 60
Movement of Substances in and around Cells 60
Cell Organelles 60
Cytoskeleton 60
Cell or Plasma Membrane 61
The Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane Structure 62
The Role of Membranes in Cell Organelles 62
Nucleus 65
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes 66
Golgi Body (Dictyosome) 66
Mitochondria 66
Lysosomes 66
Peroxisomes (Microbodies) 67
Centrosomes 67
Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) 67
Cell Turnover 68
Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis) 68
The Cell Cycle 68
Mitosis 69
Key Events 69
Cytokinesis or Cytoplasmic Division 71
Meiosis 72
Key Events 73
First Meiotic Division 74
Second Meiotic Division 74
Cell Signalling 74
Cell Differentiation and Stem Cells 74
Blood Cell Production from Stem Cells 75
Tissues and Organs 75
Epithelium/Epithelial Tissue 76
Epithelial Cell Shapes 78
Epithelial Arrangement of Cells 78
Connective Tissue 79
Connective Tissue Cells 80
Connective Tissue Fibres 80
Tissue Repair 81
The Four Stages of Wound Healing 82
Stage 1 - Traumatic Inflammatory Phase 82
Stage 2 - Destructive Phase (0-3 Days) 82
Stage 3 - Proliferative Phase (3-24 Days) 83
Stage 4 - Maturation Phase (24 Days to 2 Years) 84
Ageing Tissue 84
Stem Cell Therapy 84
Summary Points 85
Chapter 3 Equine Support and Movement 87
Points of the Horse 87
The Skeletal System 87
Bone 87
Classification of Bone Tissue 88
Dense or Compact Bone 88
Spongy or Cancellous Bone 89
Types of Bones 89
Microscopic Bone Structure 92
Bone Formation and Growth 92
Developmental Orthopaedic Disease 95
Bone Remodelling 96
Hormones and their Effect on Bone Growth 96
Effect of Exercise on Bone Tissue 97
Calcium Homeostasis 97
Bone Fracture and Repair 97
The Skeleton 98
The Axial Skeleton 98
The Skull 98
The Vertebral Column or Spine 99
The Appendicular Skeleton 103
Forelimb 104
Hindlimb 107
Stay Apparatus 108
The Mechanics of Movement 108
Joints 108
Types of Joints 109
Movement of Joints 111
Ageing of Joints 111
Muscles 111
Cardiac Muscle 112
Smooth Muscle 112
Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary or Striated Muscle) 113
The Sliding Filament Model 115
Muscle Anatomy 115
Muscles of the Neck and Shoulder 119
Brachiocephalic 119
Sternocephalic 119
Splenius 119
Trapezius 119
Rhomboideus 123
Deltoideus 123
Triceps 123
Muscles of the Trunk 123
Latissimus Dorsi 123
Pectorals 123
Muscles of the Forearm 123
Digital Extensor 123
Digital Flexor 123
Muscles of the Abdomen 125
Intercostal Muscles 125
Longissimus Dorsi 125
Muscles of the Hindlimb 125
Gluteal 125
Biceps Femoris 125
Semitendinosus 125
Digital Extensor 125
Gastrocnemius 127
The Importance of Muscle Fibres in Equine Performance 127
Muscle Fibre Types 127
Muscle Fibre Recruitment 128
Fatigue 129
Causes of Fatigue 129
Lactic Acid Accumulation 129
Summary Points 129
Chapter 4 The Lower Limb 131
Tendons and Ligaments of the Lower Limb 131
Tendons 131
Tendon Repair 132
Extensor Tendons 134
Flexor Tendons 134
Ligaments and Suspensory Apparatus 134
Check Ligament 134
Suspensory Ligament 134
Blood Supply to the Lower Leg 135
The Hoof 135
The Hoof as a Plastic Structure 135
Effect of Movement on Hoof Structure 139
Functions of the Hoof 140
Shock Absorption 140
Grip 140
Circulation 141
The External Hoof 141
Wall 141
Sole 144
Frog 144
Hoof Horn 146
Internal Structures 146
Digital or Plantar Cushion 146
Lateral (Ungual) Cartilages 147
Pedal and Navicular Bones 147
The Balanced Foot 147
Assessment of Foot Balance 147
Static Foot Balance 147
Dynamic Foot Balance 148
Adaptations of Hoof Tissue 149
Summary Points 149
Chapter 5 The Digestive System 151
Foregut 152
Mouth 152
Oesophagus 155
Stomach 155
Gastric Juice 156
Small Intestine 158
Pancreas 160
Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas 160
Exocrine Functions of the Pancreas 161
Liver 162
Functions of the Liver 163
Hindgut 165
Large Intestine 165
Caecum 165
Large Colon 165
Small Colon 168
Rectum 168
Digestion in the Large Intestine 168
Equine Microbiota 168
The Gut and the Immune System 170
Summary Points 170
Chapter 6 The Respiratory System 173
Anatomy 174
Within the Head and Neck 174
Within the Chest 176
Blood Supply 177
Pleurae 177
Diaphragm 178
Physiology of Respiration 178
Pulmonary Ventilation 178
Pressure Changes during Breathing 179
Airway Resistance 179
Lung Air Volumes and Capacities 179
Dead Space 181
Regulation of Breathing 181
Respiratory-Locomotor Coupling 182
External Respiration or Pulmonary Gas Exchange 183
Internal Respiration or Systemic Gas Exchange 184
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Around the Body 185
Oxygen Transport 185
Carbon Dioxide Transport 185
The Oxygen Dissociation Curve 186
The Bohr Effect 186
Cellular Respiration 187
Aerobic Cellular Respiration 187
Aerobic Respiration of Glucose 189
Glycolysis 189
Link Reaction 189
Krebs Cycle 191
Electron Transport Chain 191
Aerobic Respiration of Other Fuels 194
Glycogen 194
Lipid Metabolism 194
Protein Metabolism 195
Anaerobic Respiration 195
Summary Points 195
Chapter 7 The Circulatory System 197
Foetal Circulation 198
The Heart 199
Cardiac Output 200
Anatomy of the Heart 201
The Cardiac Cycle 203
Regulation of the Heart Beat 203
The Heart and Fittening/Training Horses 204
The Heart and VO$_{2}$ Max 206
Heart Murmurs 206
Heart or Cardiac Arrhythmia 206
Second-Degree AV Block 207
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) 207
Sudden Cardiac Death 207
Blood Vessels 207
Arteries 207
Veins 208
Capillaries 210
Heart Evaluation and Examination 210
Electrocardiogram 210
Exercise Testing of Horses 211
Blood 212
Plasma 212
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 213
White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) 214
Granulocytes 216
Agranulocytes 217
Platelets (Thrombocytes) 218
Haemostasis or Blood Clotting 218
Blood Tests 219
Blood Typing 219
The Lymphatic or Lymph System 220
The Spleen 221
Summary Points 222
Chapter 8 The Nervous System 225
Nerves and Neurons 226
Neuroglia or Glial Cells 228
Organisation of the Nervous System 230
CNS 230
PNS 231
Action Potential 231
Resting Membrane Potential 232
Synapses 234
Transmission at the Synapse 235
Neurotransmitters 236
Endorphins and Enkephalins 236
Neuromuscular Junctions 237
The Brain 237
Forebrain 238
Hypothalamus 238
Thalamus 238
Cerebrum 238
Midbrain 238
Hindbrain 238
Spinal Cord 240
Reflex Actions or Arcs 240
Summary Points 240
Chapter 9 The Endocrine System 243
Hypothalamus 244
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) 245
Anterior Pituitary - Adenophysis 245
Pars Intermedia 246
Posterior Pituitary (Neurophysis) 246
Thyroid Gland 247
Thyroid Hormones 247
Parathyroid Glands 247
Adrenal Glands 248
Adrenal Cortex 249
Mineralocorticoids 249
Glucocorticoids 250
Adrenal Medulla 250
Pancreas 250
Secretion of Glucagon and Insulin 252
Thymus 253
Ovaries 253
Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin 254
Testes 254
Pineal Gland 255
The Neuroendocrine System 256
Circadian Rhythms in Horses 258
Sleep Patterns in Horses 259
Summary Points 260
Chapter 10 The Skin 263
Structure of the Skin 263
Epidermis 265
Stratum Basale 266
Stratum Spinosum 266
Stratum Granulosum 266
Stratum Lucidum 266
Stratum Corneum 266
Dermis 266
Sensation 267
Melanin 267
Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands) 267
Sebaceous Glands 267
Hair 267
Hair Follicles 268
The Coat 269
Thermoregulation 269
Heat Conservation 271
Heat Loss 271
Sweating 273
Breaking Out 274
Dry Coat or Anhydrosis 274
Skin and Coat Colour 274
Summary Points 275
Chapter 11 The Senses 277
Transduction 277
Adaptation 277
Somatic Receptors 278
Thermal Sensations 278
Pain Sensations 279
Tactile Sensations 279
Itch Sensation 280
Proprioceptor Sensation 280
Special Senses 281
Sight 281
Visual Streak of the Eye 281
Colour Vision 282
Night Vision 282
Anatomy of the Eye 282
Chambers of the Eye 283
Photoreceptors 284
Transmission of Nerve Impulses to the Brain 286
Accommodation (Focusing) 286
Adaptation of the Horse's Eyes to Light 286
Eyelids 287
Conjunctiva 287
Lacrimal Apparatus 288
Hearing and Balance 288
Anatomy of the Ear 289
Taste and Smell 292
The Olfactory System 293
Jacobson's Organ 293
Summary Points 294
Chapter 12 Reproduction 295
Reproductive Anatomy of the Mare 295
Vulva 295
Vagina 297
Cervix 297
Uterus 297
Utero-tubular Junction 298
Fallopian Tubes 298
Ovaries 299
The Oestrus Cycle 300
Follicular Development or Oogenesis 303
Ovarian Changes during the Oestrus Cycle 303
Behavioural Signs of Oestrus in the Mare 304
Summary of Mare Behaviour through the Cycle 304
Endocrine Changes during the Oestrus Cycle 305
Artificial Control of the Oestrus Cycle 306
Light 307
Hormonal Methods 308
Postponing Ovulation 308
Reproductive Anatomy of the Stallion 308
Scrotum 308
Testes (Testicles) 309
Epididymis 310
Vas Deferens 312
Accessory Sex Glands 312
Vesicular Gland (Seminal Vesicles) 312
Prostate Gland 312
Bulbo-Urethral Gland (Cowper's Gland) 312
Penis 312
Spermatogenesis 313
Acrosome Reaction 314
Endocrine Pathways in the Male 315
Fertilisation 315
Pregnancy Diagnosis 315
Foetal Sexing 316
Twins 317
Endocrine Maintenance of Gestation 317
Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin 318
Progesterone 318
Oestrogens 318
Relaxin 318
Gestation 319
Implantation and Placentation 319
Embryology 320
Phases of Equine Embryo Development and Migration 321
Phase 1 322
Phase 2 322
Phase 3 322
Phase 4 322
Phase 5 322
Phase 6 322
Timeline of Embryonic Development 322
The Foetal Endocrine System 323
Preparation for Parturition (Birth) 323
The Three Stages of Parturition 324
Stage 1 324
Stage 2 324
Stage 3 324
Induction 324
Lactation 325
Lactogenesis 325
Lactation Curve 326
Applied Reproductive Technologies 326
Artificial Insemination 326
Advantages 327
Disadvantages 327
Collection of Semen 327
Semen Preservation 328
Embryo Transfer 329
Advantages 330
Disadvantages 330
Donor and Recipient Mares 330
The Synchronisation Process 330
Collection of the Embryo 330
Transfer of the Embryo 331
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer 331
Oocyte Transfer 331
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) 331
Summary Points 331
Chapter 13 Genetics 333
The Genetic Code or Genome 333
Chromosomes 333
Gene Expression 334
Mitochondrial DNA 335
The Y Chromosome 336
Alleles 336
Dominance 336
Sex Cells 337
Hybrids 337
Heredity 337
Sex Determination 338
Genotype and Phenotype 339
Polygenic or Multiple Gene Traits 339
Multiple Alleles 339
Sex Linkage 339
Lethal Genes 339
Lethal White Foal Syndrome (LWFS) 339
Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome (FIS) 339
Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS) 340
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) 340
Congenital Curly Coat Syndrome 340
Epigenetics 340
Muscle Disorders 342
Nuclear Transfer (Cloning) 342
Parental Similarity of Clones 342
Mutation 343
Gene Mutation 343
Chromosome Mutation 344
Non-Disjunction 344
Polyploidy 344
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms 345
The Myostatin Gene and Performance 345
Coat Colour and Genetics 345
Bay/Black 346
White (Albino) (WW or Ww) 346
Grey (GG or Gg) 346
Roan 348
Spotting Patterns 348
Sabino (SB1) 348
Tobiano (TO or to) 348
Overo (O) 348
Appaloosa (LP) 348
Cream (C or Ccr) 349
Silver (Z) 351
Champagne 351
Pearl 351
Dun (D or d) 351
White Markings 351
Melanomas in Grey Horses 351
Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage (EIPH) or Epistaxis 351
Summary Points 352
Chapter 14 The Urinary System 353
Kidneys 353
Nephrons 355
Role of Tubules in Formation of Urine and in Homeostasis 359
Proximal Convoluted Tubule 359
Loop of Henle 360
Distal Convoluted Tubule 361
Regulation of Water 362
Regulation of Permeability of the Collecting Ducts by ADH 362
Aldosterone 363
Acid-Base Balance 363
Extracellular and Intracellular Chemical Buffers 364
Protein Buffer System 364
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System 364
Phosphate Buffer System 364
Carbon Dioxide Exhalation 365
Excretion of Hydrogen Ions 365
Acid-Base Imbalances 365
Micturition or Urination 365
Summary Points 366
Chapter 15 The Immune System 367
Health Versus Disease 367
Microbes 367
Disease Transmission Routes 368
Infection 368
Biofilms 369
Symptoms of Disease 369
Diagnosis 370
Pathogenic Organisms 370
Bacteria (Prokaryotes) 370
Invasive Properties 371
Spread of Bacteria 372
Mycoplasma Species 373
Antibiotics and Resistance 373
Viruses 374
Structure 375
Replication 376
Eukaryotic Pathogens 376
Fungi 376
Protozoa 378
Internal Parasites 379
Protection from Disease 379
External Barriers 379
Innate Immunity 381
Inflammation 381
Interferons 383
Complement System 384
Natural Killer Cells 384
Adaptive/Acquired Immunity 385
Types of Adaptive/Acquired Immunity 385
Antigens and Antibodies 389
Antigen Presentation 390
Ingestion of an Antigen - Mode of Action 390
T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity 391
Helper T Cell Activation 391
Cytotoxic T Cells 391
Summary Points 392
Chapter 16 Exercise Physiology, Functional Anatomy and Conformation 393
Exercise Physiology 393
Fitness 393
Horses at Rest 393
Exercise 393
Exercise and Energy 394
Fuels Available for Exercise 395
Immediate Response of the Horse's Body to Exercise 396
Changes Occurring during Exercise 396
Homeostatic Mechanisms Involved during Exercise 397
Lactate Threshold 398
Over-training 398
Recovery 398
Long-Term Responses of the Horse's Body to Exercise 399
Fitness Training 401
Preliminary Work 401
Development Work 402
Fast Work 402
Interval Training 402
Aims of Interval Training 402
Monitoring Interval Training 403
Beginning Interval Training 403
How to Use Interval Training 403
Points Regarding Interval Training 403
Functional Anatomy 404
Centre of Gravity 404
Stay Apparatus 405
Moving the Front Legs 408
Moving the Hind Legs 408
Equine Biomechanics 409
Kinematics 409
Kinetics 409
Conformation 410
Ideal Conformation 410
Head 410
Topline 410
Neck 410
Withers 412
Chest 412
Shoulder 412
Elbow 412
Forelimb 413
Feet 414
Back 414
Hindquarters 415
Summary Points 418
Chapter 17 Teeth and Ageing 419
Equine Teeth 419
Wear and Tear 422
Ageing 424
Care of Equine Teeth 427
Summary Points 429
Chapter 18 Evolution, Classification and Behaviour of the Horse 431
Evolutionary Time Period 431
Classification 431
Species 432
Evolutionary Development 435
The Evolutionary Family Tree 437
Domestic Breeds and Types of Horses 440
Donkeys 440
Przewalski's Horse 440
Mustangs 442
Behaviour of the Modern Horse 442
Innate Behaviour 442
Learned Behaviour 443
Habituation 443
Classical Conditioning 444
Operant Conditioning 444
Latent Learning 444
Insight Learning 444
Stereotypies 444
Imprinting 445
The Dopamine Receptor D4 445
Emotion 445
Summary Points 445
Appendix A Anatomical Terms Based on the Median Plane 447
Appendix B Haematology and Plasma Biochemistry Tests 449
Appendix C Functions, Sources and Deficiencies of Vitamins and Minerals in Horses 451
Index 457
EULA 480

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 14.9.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie
• Themenwelt: Veterinärmedizin ► Pferd
• Schlagworte: all about horses • Equine • equine anatomy • equine behavior • equine biology • equine biomechanics • equine cardiovascular system • equine cell biology • equine dentistry • equine dermatology • equine digestive system • equine endocrine system • equine exercise physiology • equine functional anatomy • equine genetics • Equine Health & Nutrition • equine health management • equine legs • equine lower legs • equine management • equine management business • equine management career opportunities</p> • equine management programs • equine management textbook • equine mouth • equine nervous system • Equine nutrition • equine physiology • equine respiratory system • Equine science • equine science courses • equine science textbook • equine skin • equine studies programs • equine studies textbook • equine teeth • Equine Training & Management • equine urinary system • equine veterinary • horse nutrition • horse training • <p>equine studies • Pferdeforschung • Pferde-Gesundheit u. -Nahrung • Pferde-Training u. -Management
• ISBN-10: 1-118-74117-X / 111874117X
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-74117-7 / 9781118741177