Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals (eBook)

William O. Reece, Eric W. Rowe (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 5. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-27085-0 (ISBN)

Infos

Now in its Fifth Edition, Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals provides a basic understanding of domestic animal anatomy and physiology, taking an interconnected approach to structure and function of the horse, dog, cat, cow, sheep, goat, pig, and chicken.

• Offers a readable introduction to basic knowledge in domestic animal anatomy and physiology
• Covers equine, canine, feline, bovine, ovine, ruminant, swine, and poultry anatomy and physiology
• Considers structure and function in relation to each other for a full understanding of the relationship between the two
• Provides pedagogical tools to promote learning, including chapter outlines, study questions, self-evaluation exercises, clinical correlates, key terms, suggested readings, and a robust art program
• Includes access to a companion website with video clips, review questions, and the figures from the book in PowerPoint

 

The authors
William O. Reece, DVM, PhD is University Professor Emeritus in the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, at Iowa State University of Science and Technology in Ames, Iowa, USA.

Eric W. Rowe, DVM, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, at Iowa State University of Science and Technology in Ames, Iowa, USA.

Inhalt

Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals 3
Contents 9
Contributors 13
Preface 15
Acknowledgments 17
About the Companion Website 19
1 Basics of Structure and Function 21
The Cell, Its Structure and Functions 21
The Organelles 22
Energy Production 24
Functions of DNA and RNA 25
DNA and Its Replication 25
Mitosis 26
RNA and Protein Synthesis 28
Embryology 28
Tissues 31
Epithelium 32
Connective Tissue 36
Directional Terms and Planes 37
Body Cavities 39
Thoracic Cavity 39
The Abdominopelvic Cavity 40
The Peritoneum 41
SUGGESTED READING 41
2 Body Water: Properties and Functions 45
Physicochemical Properties of Solutions 45
Diffusion 46
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 48
Tone of Solutions 49
Interconversion of Units of Measurement 52
Distribution of Body Water 53
Total Body Water and Fluid Compartments 53
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid 53
Water Movement between Fluid Compartments 55
Water Balance 55
Water Gain 56
Water Loss 56
Water Requirements 56
Dehydration, Thirst, and Water Intake 57
Dehydration 57
Stimulus for Thirst 57
Relief of Thirst 58
Adaptation to Water Lack 58
Camels 58
Sheep and Donkeys 59
SUGGESTED READING 59
3 Blood and Its Functions 62
General Characteristics 62
Hematocrit 63
Blood Color 63
Blood Volume 63
Blood pH 64
Leukocytes 64
Classification and Appearance 64
Lifespan and Numbers 65
Function 66
Diagnostic Procedures 70
Erythrocytes 71
Hemoglobin and Its Forms 71
Erythropoiesis 72
Numbers 74
Shape 74
Size 75
Erythrocyte Indices 75
Lifespan 75
Fate of Erythrocytes 75
Iron Metabolism 77
Anemia and Polycythemia 79
Hemostasis: Prevention of Blood Loss 79
Hemostatic Components 80
Proteins 80
Vascular Endothelium 81
Platelets 81
Clot Formation (Blood Coagulation) 84
Fibrin Degradation 86
Prevention of Blood Coagulation 87
Prevention in normal circulation 87
Prevention in Withdrawn Blood 88
Tests for Blood Coagulation 88
Coagulation Defects 88
Species Differences 89
Plasma and Its Composition 89
Plasma Proteins 90
Other Plasma Constituents 92
SUGGESTED READING 92
4 Nervous System 98
Structure of the Nervous System 98
Neurons and Synapses 99
Glial Cells 100
Myelin Sheaths 101
Organization of the Nervous System 102
Central Nervous System 103
Peripheral Nervous System 109
Autonomic Nervous System 112
Neurotransmitters 117
The Nerve Impulse and Its Transmission 118
Mechanisms of Transmission 119
Action Potential 121
Saltatory Conduction 121
Neuron Placement 122
Reflexes 124
Spinal Reflex 124
Somatic and Visceral Reflexes 125
Reflex Centers 126
Postural Reflexes and Reactions 126
The Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid 126
Meninges of the Brain 127
Meninges of the Spinal Cord 128
Ventricles of the Brain 128
Circulation and Function of Cerebrospinal Fluid 130
Central Nervous System Metabolism 131
Blood–Brain Barrier 131
Blood Requirement 132
SUGGESTED READING 132
5 The Sensory Organs 137
Classification of Sensory Receptors 137
Sensory Receptor Responses 138
Graded Responses 139
Adaptation 139
Pain 139
Visceral Pain 140
Referred Pain 140
Taste 141
Taste Reception 141
Taste Sensations 141
Temperature and Taste 142
Depraved Appetite 143
Smell 143
Olfactory Region Structure 143
Odor Perception 145
Pheromones 145
Hearing and Equilibrium 145
External Ear 145
Middle Ear 146
Inner Ear 147
Vestibular Structure and Function 148
Cochlear Structure and Function 151
Summary of Sound Reception 153
Vision 154
Structure and Functions of the Eye 154
Chemistry of Vision 161
Adaptation to Varying Light 162
Field of Vision 164
Eyeball Movements and Accessory Structures 165
SUGGESTED READING 168
6 Endocrine System 172
Hormones 172
Modes of Transmission 173
Biochemistry 173
Pituitary Gland 174
Anterior Pituitary 174
Anterior Pituitary Hormones 174
Posterior Pituitary and Its Hormones 176
Thyroid Gland 177
Thyroid Hormones 178
Parathyroid Glands 180
Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium Ion Regulation 181
Adrenal Glands 182
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex 183
Glucocorticoid Functions and Regulations 183
Mineralocorticoid Functions and Regulation 184
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla 185
Pancreatic Gland 186
Hormones of the Pancreas 186
Control of Insulin and Glucagon Secretion 187
Prostaglandins and Their Functions 187
SUGGESTED READING 188
7 Bones, Joints, and Synovial Fluid 191
General Features of the Skeleton 191
The Axial Skeleton 192
The Appendicular Skeleton 195
Bone Structure 199
Composition of Bone 201
Haversian Systems 202
Cells of Bone 203
Bone Formation 204
Growth of Long Bones 205
Bone Remodeling 207
Bone Repair 208
Joints and Synovial Fluid 209
Blood, Lymph, and Nerve Supply of Joints 211
Synovial Membrane 211
Articular Cartilage 213
Lubrication of Synovial Joints 214
SUGGESTED READING 214
8 Muscle 218
Classification 218
Smooth Muscle 219
Cardiac Muscle 219
Skeletal Muscle 220
Arrangement 220
Skeletal-Muscle Harnessing 221
Microstructure of Skeletal Muscle 222
Muscle-Fiber Division 223
Sarcotubular System 224
Neuromuscular Junction 226
Skeletal-Muscle Contraction 226
Depolarization of Muscle Fibers 228
Contraction Process 229
Energy Changes 229
Contraction versus Contracture 232
Contraction Strength 232
Comparison of Contraction among Muscle Types 234
Changes in Muscle Size 236
Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia 236
Atrophy 236
SUGGESTED READING 236
9 The Cardiovascular System 240
Heart and Pericardium 240
Myocardium 241
Heart Valves 243
Blood Flow through the Heart 244
Blood Vessels 245
Blood Circulatory Systems 249
Lymphatic System 251
Spleen 255
Cardiac Contractility 257
Origin of the Heartbeat 257
Conduction of the Impulse 257
Cardiac Cycle 259
Electrocardiogram 260
Wave Forms 260
Isoelectric Line 262
Heart Sounds 262
Heart Rate and Its Control 263
Metabolic Rate 263
Autonomic Nervous System 263
Autoregulation 264
Reflexes 264
Blood Pressure 265
Pressure Generation and Flow 265
Systolic and Diastolic Pressures 265
Measurements 266
Blood Flow 267
Autoregulation 267
Cardiac Output and Blood Diversion 268
Breathing and Blood Flow 268
Circulation Time 270
Capillary Dynamics 270
Diffusion and Bulk Flow 271
Mechanism of Bulk Flow 272
Capillary Imbalances 274
SUGGESTED READING 274
10 The Respiratory System 278
Respiratory Apparatus 278
Airways to the Lungs 279
Pulmonary Alveoli 282
The Lungs and Pleura 283
Factors Associated with Breathing 286
Respiratory Cycles 286
Types of Breathing 287
States of Breathing 287
Respiratory Frequency 287
Lung Sounds 288
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities 289
Respiratory Pressures 289
Partial Pressure 289
Arterial and Venous Blood Partial Pressure 290
Atmospheric Air versus Alveolar Air 290
Pulmonary Ventilation 291
Dead Space Ventilation 291
Pressures That Accomplish Ventilation 292
Pneumothorax 292
Mediastinal Pressure 293
Diffusion of Respiratory Gases 293
Oxygen Transport 295
Transport Scheme 295
Oxygen–Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve 296
Carbon Dioxide Transport 298
Hydration Reaction 298
Carbamino Compounds 299
Loss of Carbon Dioxide at the Alveolus 300
Regulation of Ventilation 300
Neural Control 301
Humoral Control 302
Respiratory Clearance 305
Physical Forces of Deposition 305
Upper Respiratory Tract Clearance 305
Alveolar Clearance 306
Nonrespiratory Functions of the Respiratory System 306
Panting 307
Purring 307
Pathophysiology Terminology 307
Avian Respiration 309
General Scheme of Avian Respiratory Morphology 309
Mechanics of Respiration and Air Circulation 310
General Considerations 312
SUGGESTED READING 313
11 The Urinary System 318
Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys and Urinary Bladder 319
The Nephron 322
Nephron Components 324
Formation of Urine 327
Distribution of Blood at the Glomerulus 328
Glomerular Filtration 329
Dynamics of Filtration 330
Filtration Factors 331
Autoregulation 331
Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion 332
Reabsorption of Na+, Cl–, Glucose, and Amino Acids 332
Reabsorption of Water and Urea 333
Secretion of H+, K+, NH3, and Organic Molecules 333
Transport Maximum 334
Countercurrent Mechanism 334
Countercurrent Multiplier System 334
Countercurrent Exchanger System 336
Role of Urea 336
Concentration of Urine 337
Antidiuretic Hormone and Osmoregulation 338
Concentration Failure 341
Extracellular Fluid Volume Regulation 341
Aldosterone 341
Other Hormones with Kidney Association 342
Parathyroid Hormone 343
Erythropoietin 343
Prostaglandins 343
Micturition 344
Transfer of Urine to the Urinary Bladder 344
Micturition Reflexes 344
Descriptive Terms 344
Characteristics of Mammalian Urine 345
Renal Clearance 346
Creatinine Clearance Application 346
Maintenance of Acid–Base Balance 347
Acids and Bases 347
Relationship of pH to H+ Concentration 347
Chemical Buffer Systems 347
Mechanism of H+ Secretion by the Kidneys 348
Role of Respiratory System 351
Avian Urinary System 351
Anatomic Features 352
Renal Portal System 354
Uric Acid Formation and Excretion 356
Concentration of Avian Urine 356
Modification of Ureteral Urine 356
Urine Characteristics and Flow 356
SUGGESTED READING 357
12 Digestion and Absorption 361
Introductory Considerations 362
The Oral Cavity and Pharynx 363
Teeth 363
Tongue 366
Pharynx 367
The Simple Stomach 368
Esophagus 368
Stomach 368
Intestines 370
Small Intestine 371
Large Intestine 376
Accessory Organs 378
Composition of Foodstuffs 382
Carbohydrates 382
Proteins 383
Lipids 384
Accessory Foods 384
Pregastric Mechanical Functions 385
Prehension 385
Mastication 386
Deglutition 386
Gastrointestinal Motility 388
Segmentation and Peristalsis 389
Mechanical Functions of the Stomach and Small Intestine 390
Delay of Gastric Emptying 391
Emesis 392
Mechanical Functions of the Small Intestine 392
Mechanical Functions of the Large Intestine 392
Defecation 393
Intestinal Transport of Electrolytes and Water 393
Digestive Secretions 393
Saliva 394
Gastric Secretions 395
Pancreatic Secretions 396
Biliary Secretions 397
Digestion and Absorption 399
Carbohydrates 400
Proteins 400
Fats 400
Microbial Digestion in the Large Intestine 401
The Ruminant Stomach 401
Structure and Function 402
Characteristics of Ruminant Digestion 405
Rumination 406
Gas Production and Eructation 406
Chemistry and Microbiology of the Rumen 408
Ruminant Metabolism 410
Gluconeogenesis 410
Energy Production 410
Ruminant Ketosis and Bloat 411
Avian Digestion 413
The Digestive Tract 413
SUGGESTED READING 415
13 Body Heat and Temperature Regulation 422
Body Temperature 422
Gradients of Temperature 423
Diurnal Temperature 423
Physiologic Responses to Heat 423
Circulatory Adjustments 425
Evaporative Heat Loss 425
Responses to Extremes of Heat 427
Physiologic Responses to Cold 427
Reduction of Heat Loss 427
Increase in Heat Production 428
Hibernation 428
Awakening from Hibernation 429
Brown Fat versus White Fat 429
Hypothermia and Hyperthermia 429
Hypothermia 429
Fever 430
Heat Stroke and Impaired Evaporation 430
SUGGESTED READING 430
14 Male Reproduction 432
Testes and Associated Structures 432
Epididymis 435
Ductus Deferens 436
Scrotum 437
Descent of the Testes 437
Accessory Sex Glands and Semen 439
Penis and Prepuce 440
Muscles of Male Genitalia 443
Blood and Nerve Supply 444
Spermatogenesis 445
Epididymal Transport 448
Spermatogenic Wave 448
Hormonal Control 449
Other Functions of Testosterone 449
Erection 450
Mounting and Intromission 451
Emission and Ejaculation 451
Factors Affecting Testicular Function 452
Reproduction in the Avian Male 452
SUGGESTED READING 454
15 Female Reproduction 458
Functional Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 458
Ovaries 459
Ovarian Follicles 459
Tubular Genital Tract 462
External Genitalia 466
Blood Supply of Female Genitalia 467
Hormones of Female Reproduction 468
Estrogens 469
Progesterone 470
Gonadotropins 471
Ovarian Follicle Activity 472
Follicular Growth 472
Ovulation 473
Corpus Luteum Formation and Regression 473
Summary of Ovarian Cycle Events 475
Sexual Receptivity 476
Estrous Cycle and Related Factors 477
Stages of Estrous Cycle 478
Photoperiod 478
Nutrition 479
Species Characteristics 479
Ewe 480
Pregnancy 482
Transport of Oocyte and Spermatozoa 482
Fertilization 484
Implantation and Placentation 484
Hormones 486
Diagnosis 487
Parturition 488
Signs of Approaching Parturition 488
Hormone Changes 489
Stages 490
Involution of the Uterus 492
Cow 492
Mare, Ewe, and Sow 493
Bitch 493
Reproduction in the Avian Female 493
SUGGESTED READING 496
16 Lactation 501
Functional Anatomy of Female Mammary Glands 501
Mammary Gland of Cows 502
Mammary Glands of Other Animals 506
Mammogenesis 507
Development in Cattle 507
Development in Other Animals 508
Lactogenesis and Lactation 508
Hormones and Their Interactions 508
Hormonal Maintenance of Lactation 509
Composition of Milk 510
Proteins 511
Carbohydrates 511
Lipids 511
Minerals 511
Vitamins 512
Other Substances 512
Species Variation in Composition 512
Colostrum 513
Milk Removal and Other Considerations 513
Milking Interval 514
Regression of the Mammary Gland 514
SUGGESTED READING 515
Appendix A Normal Blood Values 517
Reference Intervals for Common Domestic Species: Blood Gas and Hematology 517
References and Resources 517
Appendix B Answers to Self Evaluation 521
Index 527
EULA 572

Rezensionen

'The book has a number of features that help in the delivery and retention of the information. The chapter overviews at the beginning of the chapters and the self-evaluation questions help focus students on the salient points of each unit. Second, the many figures help in explaining the concepts. And, third, the resources the accompanying website provides are relevant to the discussion.

This up-to-date overview of functional anatomy and physiology is a good book for students interested in veterinary sciences or thinking they'd like to pursue veterinary medicine ... it provides a good starting foundation for students serious about pursuing careers in veterinary medicine, where structure and function are central to the curriculum.' Doody's, November 2017

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 7.6.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Veterinärmedizin ► Vorklinik ► Anatomie
• Themenwelt: Veterinärmedizin ► Vorklinik ► Physiologie
• Schlagworte: Absorption • animal systems • Blood • Body Heat • body systems • body water • Bones • bovine • canine • Cardiovascular System • Cat • cattle • Cell • Chicken • Cow • Digestion • Dog • domestic animal • Embryology • Endocrine System • Equine • feline • female reproduction • Function • functional anatomy • functional physiology • Goat • Haustiere • horse • joints • Lactation • <p>Anatomy • Male Reproduction • Muscle • nervous system • ovine • Physiology • Pig • porcine • Poultry • Respiratory System • ruminant</p> • sensory organs • Sheep • Structure • Swine • synovial fluid • Temperature • tissue • Urinary System • Veterinäranatomie • Veterinäranatomie u. -physiologie • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinary • Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology • Veterinary Medicine
• ISBN-10: 1-119-27085-5 / 1119270855
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-27085-0 / 9781119270850