Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology (eBook)

Curtis W. Dewey, Ronaldo C. da Costa (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2015 | 3. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-06203-5 (ISBN)

Infos

Now in full color, Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology, Third Edition provides a fully updated new edition of the most complete resource on managing neurology cases in small animal practice, with video clips on a companion website.

•Provides comprehensive information for diagnosing and treating neurological conditions

•Printed in full color for the first time, with 400 new or improved images throughout

•Offers new chapters on differential diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging, and movement disorders

•Retains the logical structure and easy-to-follow outline format of the previous editions 

•Includes access to video clips of specific disorders and a how-to video demonstrating the neurologic assessment online and a link to a digital canine brain atlas at www.wiley.com/go/dewey/neurology

Now in full color, Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology, Third Edition provides a fully updated new edition of the most complete resource on managing neurology cases in small animal practice, with video clips on a companion website.

•Provides comprehensive information for diagnosing and treating neurological conditions

•Printed in full color for the first time, with 400 new or improved images throughout

•Offers new chapters on differential diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging, and movement disorders

•Retains the logical structure and easy-to-follow outline format of the previous editions 

•Includes access to video clips of specific disorders and a how-to video demonstrating the neurologic assessment online and a link to a digital canine brain atlas at www.wiley.com/go/dewey/neurology

 

Curtis W. Dewey, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Neurology), DACVS, is Section Chief of Neurology and Associate Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery at Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine in Ithaca, New York, USA.

Ronaldo C. da Costa, DMV, MSc, PhD, Dipl. ACVIM (Neurology), is Associate Professor and Service Head, Neurology and Neurosurgery in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences at the College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, in Columbus, Ohio, USA.

Inhalt

Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology 3
Dedication 7
Contents 8
About the Editors 9
Notes on Contributors 10
Preface 11
Acknowledgments 12
About the Companion Website 13
1 Signalment and History: The First Considerations 15
Introduction 15
Signalment 15
History 15
General questions applicable for most conditions 22
Questions pertinent to spinal problems (gait problems) 22
Questions pertinent to seizures and episodic events 22
References 22
2 Performing the Neurologic Examination 23
Introduction 23
Tools for performing the neurologic examination 23
Performing the neurologic examination 23
Conclusion 42
References 42
Video Resources 42
3 Lesion Localization: Functional and Dysfunctional Neuroanatomy 43
Introduction 43
Fundamentals of lesion localization 43
The brain 43
The spinal cord 51
The peripheral nervous system 57
Anatomy of the spinal reflexes 59
The autonomic nervous system and associated visceral functions 61
Afferent input 61
Efferent output 61
Blood pressure control and the “Cushing response” 63
References 65
Video Resources 66
4 Differential Diagnosis 67
Diagnostic approach 67
Differential diagnosis 67
Specific brain regions 69
Forebrain (thalamocortex, prosencephalon, cerebrum) 69
Brain stem (mesencephalon, pons, and rostralcaudal medulla) 71
Cerebellum 71
Specific spinal regions 71
C1–C5 spinal cord segments/C1–mid-C5 vertebrae 71
C6–T2 spinal cord segments (cervical enlargement)/vertebrae C5–T1 72
T3–L3 spinal cord segments/T2–L3 vertebrae 72
L4–S3 spinal cord segments (lumbosacral enlargement)/L4–L5 vertebrae (dogs) 72
L6–L7 vertebrae and sacrum in dogs 72
Consulted bibliography 74
5 Neurodiagnostics 75
Introduction 75
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis 75
Neuroimaging 79
Electrodiagnostics 89
Biopsy/exploratory surgery 97
References 97
6 Principles and Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 101
Silke Hecht 101
Basic MRI physics 101
MR sequences 102
Basic spin echo (SE) sequences 102
Modified spin echo (SE) sequences 105
Gradient recalled echo (GRE) 107
Functional imaging 109
Technical modifications 110
Artifacts 110
Contrast media in MRI 112
MRI guided tissue sampling 112
MRI of the brain 112
MR imaging techniques 112
Approach to the MR examination of the brain 113
Associated findings in intracranial disease 113
Congenital brain disorders 115
Forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon) 115
Midbrain and hindbrain (mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon) 116
Acquired brain disorders 118
Inflammatory brain diseases 118
Cerebrovascular disease 120
Intracranial aneurysms and cerebrovascular malformations 120
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) 121
Other vascular disorders 122
Metabolic, nutritional, toxic, and degenerative encephalopathies 122
Trauma 124
Neoplastic and non-neoplastic mass lesions 124
References 129
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the vertebral column 140
Generalities of Vertebral Column MRI 140
MRI imaging techniques 140
Positioning 140
Plane of acquisition 140
Image sequences and slice 140
Recommended standard planes, slice thicknesses and sequences 140
Field of view (FOV) 141
Number of excitements (NEX) 141
Saturation bands 141
Contrast imaging 141
Normal anatomy 141
Vascular diseases 141
Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy (FCEM) 141
Inflammatory spinal diseases 142
Discospondylitis 142
Myelitis 142
Epidural empyema 142
Spinal trauma 144
Congenital spinal diseases 144
Atlantoaxial subluxation 144
Hemivertebra 144
Spinal arachnoid diverticula (“cysts”) 145
Spinal neoplasia 145
Degenerative and developmental diseases 148
Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) 148
Cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) 148
Lumbosacral (LS) disease 150
Closing remarks 151
References 151
7 Encephalopathies: Disorders of the Brain 155
Introduction 155
Clinical signs of brain dysfunction (see also Chapters 2 through 4) 155
Disorders affecting the brain in dogs and cats (Table 7.1) 155
References 229
Video Resources 250
8 Head-Trauma Management 251
Introduction 251
Pathophysiology of head trauma 251
Initial assessment and emergency treatment, (Video 17) 253
Secondary assessment and diagnostic procedures 256
Specific medical therapy for the head- trauma victim 256
Indications for surgery 258
Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring 259
Prognosis and complications 260
References 260
Video Resources 262
9 Seizures and Narcolepsy 263
Introduction 263
Pathophysiology 263
Types of seizures 264
Stages of a seizure 265
Epilepsy 265
Idiopathic epilepsy 266
Diagnostic evaluation 266
General aspects of treatment 267
First-line antiseizure drugs (Table 9.1) 268
Second-line drugs 270
Drugs under investigation for dogs 273
Ineffective and contraindicated anticonvulsant drugs 273
Other treatments 274
Refractory epilepsy 274
Status epilepticus and cluster seizures 274
Introduction 276
Pathophysiology 276
Clinical signs 276
Diagnosis 277
Treatment 277
Prognosis 277
References 277
Video Resources 281
10 Involuntary Movements and Paroxysmal Disorders 283
Introduction 283
Types of involuntary movements 283
Diagnostic approach 285
Establishing the etiology using clinical characteristics 285
References 290
11 Disorders of Hearing and Balance: The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) and Associated Structures 291
Functional neuroanatomy of the vestibular system 291
Functional neuroanatomy of the auditory system 292
Clinical evaluation of the vestibular system 295
Clinical signs of vestibular dysfunction 296
Clinical localization of peripheral versus central vestibular disease (Videos 8, 19 and 20) 297
Clinical evaluation of the auditory system 299
Conduction deafness 299
Sensorineural deafness 299
Diseases affecting the peripheral vestibular system 299
Degenerative/anomalous 299
Metabolic 300
Neoplastic 300
Idiopathic (Video 19) 300
Inflammatory/infectious (Video 20) 301
Toxic 301
Traumatic 302
Diseases affecting the central vestibular system 302
Neoplastic 302
Inflammatory/infectious (Video 8) 302
Toxins 303
Miscellaneous 304
Diseases affecting the auditory system 305
Diagnostic tests, 306
Peripheral disease 306
Central disease 307
References 308
Video Resources 311
12 Cerebellar Diseases and Tremor Syndromes 313
Introduction 313
Divisions of the cerebellum 313
Microscopic anatomy of the cerebellum 314
Afferent projections to the cerebellum 315
Efferent projections from the cerebellum 318
Functions of the cerebellum 319
Clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction, (Video 9) 319
Disorders of the cerebellum 321
Pathophysiology and classification 331
Tremor disorders in dogs and cats 334
Hypomyelination/dysmyelination (dysmyelinogenesis) 334
Central axonopathy of Scottish Terriers 335
Corticosteroid responsive tremor syndrome (Video 22) 335
Tremorgenic toxins and drugs 335
Essential tremors 336
Episodic head tremor syndrome 336
References 336
Video Resources 341
13 Myelopathies: Disorders of the Spinal Cord 343
Clinical signs of spinal cord dysfunction 343
Disorders affecting the spinal cord in dogs and cats (Table 13.1) 345
References 403
Video Resources 417
14 Disorders of the Cauda Equina 419
Clinical signs of cauda equina dysfunction 419
Disorders affecting the cauda equina in dogs and cats (Table 14.1) 420
References 432
Video Resources 435
15 Spinal Trauma Management 437
Introduction 437
Pathophysiology of spinal trauma 437
Initial assessment and emergency treatment 439
Diagnostic imaging procedures 441
Specific therapy for spinal trauma 444
Prognosis and complications 446
References 447
Video Resources 449
16 Neurology and Neuropharmacology of Normal and Abnormal Urination 451
Introduction 451
Functional neuroanatomy of the urinary bladder and urethra (Fig. 16.1 and Fig. 16.2) 451
Local reflex arcs 452
The brain-stem micturition center and the detrusor reflex 453
Forebrain and cerebellar influence on the detrusor reflex 453
Normal bladder filling and evacuation 453
Diagnostic evaluation 454
Upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) bladder dysfunction 455
Pharmacologic manipulation of bladder function 455
References 458
17 Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System: Mononeuropathies and Polyneuropathies 459
Introduction 459
Disorders of peripheral nerves in dogs and cats (Table 17.1) 460
References 484
Video Resources 493
18 Myopathies: Disorders of Skeletal Muscle 495
Introduction 495
Disorders of skeletal muscle in dogs and cats 498
References 526
Video Resources 534
19 Junctionopathies: Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction 535
Introduction 535
Normal anatomy and physiology of the neuromuscular junction, 535
Vulnerability of the neuromuscular junction 536
Clinical presentation of neuromuscular transmission syndromes, 537
Myasthenia gravis (MG) 537
Drugs and toxins associated with junctionopathies (Box 19.1 and Fig. 19.11) 550
References 563
Video Resources 571
20 Nursing Care and Rehabilitation Therapy for Patients with Neurologic Disease 573
Introduction 573
Respiratory care 573
Recumbency and pressure sores 580
Bladder management 581
Rehabilitation therapy 585
Seizure management 594
Level of consciousness 595
Nutrition 596
References 597
21 Pharmacologic Management of Pain for Patients with Neurologic Disease 599
Introduction 599
Pain physiology 599
Transduction 599
Transmission 600
Perception 601
Assessment of pain in animals 601
Pharmacologic management of pain 602
Opioids 602
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 605
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists 606
Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists 606
Local anesthetics 606
Other 607
Drug combinations 607
Sedatives 607
Management of pain associated with spinal cord injury 607
References 607
22 Complementary and Alternative Therapy for Patients with Neurologic Disease 613
Introduction 613
Acupuncture 613
Chiropractic 615
Massage therapy 617
Therapeutic ultrasound 618
Therapeutic laser 618
Physical therapy 620
References 622
23 Neurotoxicological Syndromes 625
Introduction 625
Diagnostic considerations 625
Treatment considerations 626
Poisons associated with CNS stimulation and seizures 627
Toxicants causing paralysis 631
Poisons associated with CNS depression, stupor, or coma 632
Toxicants affecting the autonomic nervous system 634
Neurotoxic chemicals with mixed effects on the CNS 636
Emerging issues in neurotoxicology 640
References 642
Canine Brain Atlas 647
Canine Brain Atlas Glossary 655
A 655
B 655
C 655
D 656
E 657
F 657
G 657
H 658
I 658
J K L 659
M 659
N 660
O 660
P 660
Q R 661
S 662
T 662
U V 663
W X Y Z 663
Index 665
EULA 687

Rezensionen

"There is also an impressive list of references at the end of each chapter should the reader need more details. A great tool for those of us who are serious about their neurology." (Vet Nurses Today, 1 January 2016)

"The third updated edition of Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology appears in full color and is a powerful 'must have' veterinary reference, representing a complete update to a reference on managing neurology cases in small animal practice." (Midwest Book Review 2016)

"I believe this book should be part of every veterinarian's library. It is an easy reference for readers who need to look something up quickly. The text is written in a manner that is easy to read for veterinary students and veterinarians who are still uncomfortable with neurology, yet it is comprehensive for residents who are studying for board (medical and surgical) certification as well as specialists who are already certified." (Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 15 June 2016)

"The Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology, though being a textbook with a target audience of veterinarians, is written using clear language and medical terminology that would make it a useful addition to any veterinary clinic library. The Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology, though being a textbook with a target audience of veterinarians, is written using clear language and medical terminology that would make it a useful addition to any veterinary clinic library." (New Zealand Veterinary Nurse, 2016)

"This book is a must-have for those dealing with neurology on a daily basis." (Zoran Loncar, EJCAP 2016)

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.9.2015
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie
• Themenwelt: Veterinärmedizin ► Klinische Fächer ► Mikrobiologie / Immunologie
• Themenwelt: Veterinärmedizin ► Klinische Fächer ► Neurologie / Verhalten
• Themenwelt: Veterinärmedizin ► Kleintier ► Neurologie / Verhalten
• Schlagworte: <p>Neurology, neurologic, neuroanatomy, brain, vertebrae, head, neck, spine, MRI, lesion, seizure, movement disorders, hearing, balance, spinal, skeletal, canine, feline, dog, cat, small animal, veterinary</p> • Neurologie • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin / Hunde u. Katzen • Veterinärmedizin / Innere Medizin • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin / Hunde u. Katzen • Veterinärmedizin / Innere Medizin • Veterinary Internal Medicine • Veterinary Medicine • Veterinary Medicine - Dogs & Cats
• ISBN-10: 1-119-06203-9 / 1119062039
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-06203-5 / 9781119062035