Synthesis, Application and Future Perspectives of Smart Nanomaterials - (Part 1) (eBook)

Laxman Singh, R.N. Rai (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2025 | 1. Auflage
245 Seiten
Bentham Science Publishers (Verlag)
979-8-89881-060-3 (ISBN)

Infos

Synthesis, Application and Future Perspectives of Smart Nano-materials (Part 1) provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in smart nanomaterials, their synthesis, and diverse applications. This book explores nanomaterials' design, fabrication, and functionality, covering key areas such as catalysis, energy storage, environmental remediation, and biomedical applications. Topics include catalytic hydrogen evolution reactions, core-shell metal/carbon nanomaterials, carbon quantum dots, nanostructured metal oxides, and TiO₂ nanoparticles. It bridges fundamental concepts with real-world applications, fostering innovation in next-generation materials.
Key Features:
- Covers synthesis, characterization, and applications of smart nanomaterials.
- Explores nanomaterials for catalysis, energy storage, and environmental applications.
- Discusses advanced fabrication techniques and future technological prospects.
Readership:
Ideal for students, researchers, academicians, and professionals in nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Textauszug

Smart Nano-materials for Catalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reactions

Amit Kumar1, *, Sudipta Mahana2, Prasanta Kumar Behera3, Daya Shankar Pandey1

1 Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India

2 Rajdhani College, Baramunda Square, Bhubaneswar-751003, India

3 Department of Chemistry, NIST (Autonomous), Berhmpur-721302, India

Abstract

Cumulative demand for energy needs enormous growth in more secure and diversified energy sources with high energy generation capacity and successful strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Amongst various energy approaches, they are constructing a system using hydrogen (H2) as the primary carrier that can facilitate a secure and clean energy future. The development of technologies that meet desired performance and cost requirements for the safe and reliable storage and transportation of hydrogen produced from various sources and intended for diverse uses is crucial for establishing a future hydrogen economy. Hydrogen is one of the effective, renewable, and environmentally benign sources of alternative energy. Electrocatalytic and photocatalytic water splitting, along with the Chemocatalytic process from chemical sources using suitable nanomaterial based catalysts, have shown great proficiency for hydrogen evolution and are believed to be a promising avenue to reach the goal of future hydrogen economy. Smart nanomaterials, including metal nanoparticles (NPs) and nanoclusters (NCs), have been extensively investigated for the catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Moreover, the crucial properties of nanomaterials, such as porosity, active sites, morphology, shape and size of NPs, chemical compositions, metal-support interactions, and metal-reactant/solvent interaction in nanomaterials, are the major factors affecting the performance of catalytic HER. In the current chapter, we discuss the state-of-art design of various carbon and MOF based/derived nanocatalysts along with their performance for hydrogen evolution from Electrocatalytic, Photocatalytic and Chemocatalytic reactions.

Keywords: Catalyst, Chemocatalytic, Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, Electrocatalytic, Energy, Hydrogen, Hydrogen evolution reactions, Metal organic frameworks, Noble metal, Photocatalytic, Non-noble metal, Porous carbon, Smart-nanomaterials.

* Corresponding author Amit Kumar: Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -221005, India; E-mail: [e-mail]

INTRODUCTION

Driven by rising standard of living and growing population worldwide, global energy consumption has dramatically increased in the last few decades and is expected to increase in the future. The continuous increase in energy consumption and rapid depletion of fossil fuels has led to serious energy crises and demands to switch over to alternative sources of energy such as rain, tides, waves, geothermal heat, converting biomass to energy, solar energy, and last but not least hydrogen energy [1, 2]. Hydrogen is the cleanest renewable energy source and is considered an alternative to fossil fuels. Finding effective hydrogen-based energy technology is one of the major challenges facing major limitations in storage and transportation because it cannot be practicable to pump into tanks as easily as gasoline. However, the storage of hydrogen in the form of compressed gas or cryogenic liquid is the most mature technology at present, but it faces major drawbacks in transportation because only a small amount of hydrogen can be stored in a reasonable volume, which makes the hydrogen storage more challenging. Therefore, the development of a safe and efficient hydrogen-based energy technology capable of conveniently producing hydrogen under normal conditions is highly desirable [1-5].

Hydrogen production from water splitting by the electrocatalytic or photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a promising strategy for clean and secure energy generation [6-8]. This technique has several advantages in that water is a no-cost natural source and can easily produce hydrogen by the catalytic water splitting under normal conditions in the presence of suitable nanomaterials without any infrastructural restrictions. In this technique, only environmentally preferred H2 and O2 are formed [9]. Besides the water splitting, another promising technique is chemocatalytic HER in which the chemicals containing high hydrogen content i.e., formic acid (FA), hydrazine Hz), hydrazine borane (HB) and ammonia borane (AB), can produce an excess amount of hydrogen in the presence of appropriate catalyst under mild conditions [10]. These techniques provide a facile way for the storage and transportation of hydrogen with low potential risk and minimum investment. The development of hydrogen as a fuel is crucial because of the notably higher combustion energy (122 kJ/mol) of H2 over gasoline or any other fossil fuels [11]. For HER, precious metals such as platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd) and ruthenium (Ru) based nanomaterials exhibiting excellent catalytic performance have been extensively investigated [12]. Commercially available 20% Pt/C is the most frequently applied material as a benchmark catalyst for the electrocatalytic HER. Similarly, various nanomaterial-based catalysts have also been developed for the catalytic HER from water and other chemical sources [6-11]. Relatively higher costs and lower abundance of noble metals have restricted the commercialization of these nanomaterials as catalysts on a higher scale. In this way, various research groups are actively engaged in developing cost-effective smart nanomaterials by reducing the noble metal loading or using non-precious metals with enhanced catalytic activity for HER. Recently, the research on designing and developing highly active non-noble metal nanocatalysts derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, carbon fiber, carbon nitride, and activated porous carbon has paid much attention (Fig. 1) [13-17]. This chapter aims to summarize the role of smart nanomaterials in the development of hydrogen as an alternative energy source via efficient techniques such as electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and chemocatalytic HER. Here, we mainly focus on the state-of-the-art advances of smart nanomaterials, processing and mechanisms of the catalysts for HER, and the prospects for the opportunities and challenges of nanocatalysts for hydrogen generation in the future.

Fig. (1))
A schematic diagram showing the nanomaterials derived from various MOFs and carbon sources for the catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction.

HYDROGEN EVOLUTION REACTION (HER)

Electrocatalytic HER

Electrocatalytic-driven water splitting that produces clean H2 has been widely considered as a capable method for future sustainable and renewable energy portfolios [18]. Electrocatalytic HER occurs at the surface of an electrode in different steps, as shown in Eqs. 1-6 and Fig. (2). The first step, where the hydrogen atom (H*) adsorbs the electrode surface (M) by the reaction of a proton with an electron, is known as Volmer or discharge reaction (Eqs. 1 and 2). In acidic conditions, the hydronium ion (H3O+) is worked as a proton source white in alkaline solutions water play a role of proton source. Further, H2 formation may occur via the Heyrovsky reaction (Eqs. 3 and 4), the Tafel reaction (Eq. 5), or both. Electrocatalytic HER involves two step H2 generation processes, where the first proton undergoes a reduction process to form hydride species on catalytic sites followed by the H−H bond formation. Formation of H2 molecule involves two mechanisms in first a couple of hydrides release one hydrogen molecule, and another way where the hydride reacts with a proton−electron couple to release an H2 molecule [19]. Thus the production of sustainable hydrogen from electrocatalytic water splitting is visualized as a promising method to reach the continuously growing demand for renewable energy storage [20]. Electrocatalytic HER is an environmentally benign method that can produce H2 under normal conditions in the presence of suitable nanocatalysts. It has paid much attention due to the slower reaction kinetics that required high electric consumption for mass hydrogen production. In this regard, various research groups are actively engaged in developing efficient nanomaterials exhibiting high activity towards electrocatalytic HER with improved kinetics and hence reducing the electric consumption for mass production [14].

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Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 13.8.2025
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber ► Freizeit / Hobby ► Sammeln / Sammlerkataloge
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-13: 979-8-89881-060-3 / 9798898810603