Additively Manufactured Electrochemical Sensors (eBook)

Design, Performance and Applications

Jamballi G. Manjunatha, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2025
640 Seiten
Wiley-Scrivener (Verlag)
9781394303427 (ISBN)

Infos

This book is an essential guide to mastering 3D printed electrochemical sensors, offering a comprehensive roadmap from foundational principles and fabrication techniques to cutting-edge applications and real-world solutions.

The rapid advancement of additive manufacturing technologies, commonly known as 3D printing, has revolutionized various fields of science and engineering. Among these, the development of electrochemical sensors has particularly benefited from additive manufacturing's unique capabilities. This book provides an exhaustive exploration of 3D printed electrochemical sensors, from foundational principles to cutting-edge applications. By meticulously detailing design considerations, fabrication techniques, and performance evaluation metrics, it offers readers a roadmap to navigate the complexities of this interdisciplinary domain. Furthermore, with its emphasis on real-world applications and case studies, the book ensures that the knowledge imparted is not just theoretical but has practical relevance. This comprehensive guide empowers readers to harness the potential of 3D printing in the realm of electrochemical sensing, driving innovations and solutions for real-world challenges.

Readers will find the book:

• Provides an in-depth exploration of the design principles and fabrication techniques specific to 3D printed electrochemical sensors;
• Features knowledge to innovate and develop customized sensors tailored to specific applications, ensuring improved sensitivity, selectivity, and longevity of the sensors;
• Offers insights into calibration, sensitivity assessment, durability considerations, and validation protocols, highlights challenges in performance assessment, and suggests strategies to overcome them;
• Explores practical applications of 3D printed electrochemical sensors across sectors like medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food quality control.

Audience

Researchers, academics, and professionals in the fields of additive manufacturing, electrochemistry, and sensor design.

J. G. Manjunatha, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa College. He has published 13 books and special journal issues, and over 160 research articles in reputed international journals. His research interests include electrochemistry, supercapacitors, and biosensors.

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and Director of Laboratories in the Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology. He is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the author and editor of over 150 books. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials, environmental management, and analytical chemistry.

Textauszug

1
Evaluation of 3D-Printed Technology and Essential of Electrochemical Sensing

Dhanyashree S. V.1, Ishwarya S.1, Rajendra Prasad S.1, Nagaswarupa H. P.1* and Ramachandra Naik2†

1Department of Studies in Chemistry, Shivagangothri, Davangere University, Davangere, India

2Department of Physics, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bangalore, India

Abstract

Sensors are of great importance in different aspects of research and industry. Future sensors will require high-efficient and low-cost manufacturing, as well as high-performance functionality in areas, such as mechanical sensing, biomedical, and optical applications. Recent advances in 3D printed open a new paradigm for sensors fabrication as a precision, customizable, and seamless process. Micro-electrochemical energy storage devices, including micro-supercapacitors, micro-batteries and metal-ion hybrid micro-supercapacitors, are critical components of electronic system, especially in the expanding field of the Internet of things. Heavy metal ions, small organic molecules, and inorganic pollutants are some environmentally hazardous compounds that negatively impact the ecosystem and public health, owing to their high toxicity, persistency, and bioaccumulation. This makes it essential to develop rapid, simple, low-cost ,and sensitive devices for in situ monitoring of these toxic contaminants. Employing advanced manufacturing techniques to fabricate micro-electrochemical energy storage devices offer potential benefits including mass production and programmable prototyping. Several types of 3D printing technologies are compared for better understanding of the tools. With the development of new or hybrid manufacturing methods and materials used in the 3D printing technology, this technology will show its great advantages and potential in the fabrication of highly sensitive nanosensors or compound sensors with 3D intricate structures.

Keywords: 3D technology, 3D printed electrode, sensing

1.1 Introduction

Electrochemical technology is at the forefront of basic and applied research due to its potential application in an assortment of industries. In general, electrochemical processes are considered to be environmentally benign and green since the reactions involved in the electrochemical process are initiated by an electron which is considered “a clean reagent.” This has enabled wide application of electrochemical technology in energy [1–6], environmental monitoring [7–10], biochemical sensing [11, 12], and wastewater treatment [13–15].

The technology of 3D printing has demonstrated distinct benefits in the rapid development of complex structures with uses in the fields of electronics, food, medical, and aerospace. Recent advances in 3D printing technology have been beneficial to analytical chemistry and electrochemistry. Researchers now have a multiplicity of options to develop new materials and electrochemical sensing devices that can be generated on a wide scale with the necessary shape and virtually no waste formation relative to the freedom of design made possible by 3D printing.

Using a regulated layer-by-layer deposition of a material, 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, creates solid 3D objects. The process of 3D printing begins with the creation of a virtual model of the object, which is typically accomplished using computer-aided design (CAD) software. Subsequently, the 3D design is transformed into an STL file that can be used with 3D printer software. This allows the 3D picture to be sequentially translated into 2D layers of the original item, creating a G-code file. At this stage, the 3D printer can deposit material layers by layers to produce the 3D object. Ambrosi and Pumera covered the main 3D-printing processes, as well as certain electrochemistry applications of 3D-printed materials in a review article that included schematic illustrations and discussions of the working principles of various 3D printing techniques [16].

Four categories were created by the authors to organize the 3D printing techniques: a) photo polymerization, b) extrusion, c) powder-based, and d) lamination. The first category includes digital light processing (DLP) and stereolithography (SLA), two widely used techniques, particularly in the creation of nanoscale analytical systems and microfluidic devices [17].

Based on resin compositions that may polymerize under UV light, this approach deposits layers of resin layer by layer until the required structure is formed. The UV light is controlled by an optic setup. As far as we are aware, however, this technology has not been applied to the creation of electrochemical sensors.

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is the most economical 3D printing technique, and as such, it is most often used by researchers in the creation of novel electrodes for biosensing and sensing applications, as well as fully completed electrochemical devices. The process of FDM involves depositing a polymeric material on a substrate, where it quickly hardens, by extruding a semi-molten thermoplastic filament through a moving, heated nozzle. Until the intended object is created, more layers are layered over the first layer.

Group three discusses the selective laser melting (SLM) method, which uses expensive 3D printers and metal particles that need to be handled with extra caution. Despite the described drawbacks of this approach, some examples of SLM 3D printed sensor technology are additionally given in this paper. Inkjet 3D printing is an additional powder-based technique for 3D printing that uses ink droplets to deposit ink onto a solid substrate, like paper or plastic.

Various types of powders can be processed according on the binder chosen to meet specific needs for the final ink’s density, viscosity, and surface tension. The polymeric binder must be used with conducting substances since conductivity is crucial for electrochemical applications [18]. With respect to additional review articles that concentrate on 3D printing methods for sensing, Zhuang et al. provided an extensive analysis of the developments in fluidic and microfluidic devices, (bio)sensing, and printing technologies, including FDM, SLA, and SLM [19]. They also used several cell types in their investigations.

In terms of storing and transferring electric energy, rechargeable batteries (REBs) are indispensable since they can effectively convert chemical and electric energy through the transfer of ions and electrons between electrodes [20]. Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are among the bestperforming REBs and are receiving a lot of attention from both business and research because of their high energy density, extended cycle life, and environmental friendliness [21, 22]. The macroscopic and microscopic shapes of electrodes and electrolytes, as well as the electrochemical characteristics of electrode materials, are the primary determinants of REB performance. Excellent electrode and electrolyte materials have been created and used for wearable electronics, portable electric equipment, electric cars, etc. throughout the last 10 years [23–25]. The building blocks of battery performance and structure are the electrode and electrolyte materials. Electrodes and electrolytes for REBs have recently been 3D printed using a variety of materials [26, 27]. These materials can be generically categorized as carbon-based materials, Li-based materials, metal-based materials, Na-based materials, and depending on their composition and characteristics. Li-based materials for LiFePO4 (LFP), LiFexMn1-xPO4 (LFMP), and 3D LiTi5O12 (LTO). Additionally, Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) and Li 1.5Al0.5Ge1.5P3O12 (LAGP) have been utilized as catalyst substances for 3D printed electrolytes.

1.2 Types of 3D Printing Techniques for Electrochemical Sensors

Figure 1.1 shows the different types of 3D printed electrodes. Numerous commercial additive manufacturing systems, including 3D printing, selective laser sintering (SLS), inkjet modelling (IJM), fused deposition modelling (FDM), and stereo-lithography (SLA), are available on the market. The ways in which these systems develop layers and the kinds of materials that may be securely produced using these methods are different.

Figure 1.1 Different types of 3D printed electrodes.

1.2.1 Stereolithography

The earliest rapid prototyping method, stereolithography, primarily used to fabricate3D, high aspect ratio microstructures for the specialized packaging of microfluidic devices and microsensors [28]. Stereolithography is achieved using a localized photopolymerization process that is activated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This process occurs within a bath comprising liquid monomers, oligomers, and photo initiators [29]. The stereolithography technique based on the principle of additive manufacturing concept, wherein a machine reads three-dimensional computer-aided design (CAD) data and uses a laser for machining on dielectric liquid resin, producing real-life physical objects layer by layer [30]. Stereolithography (Figure 1.2) begins with a standard tessellation language (STL) file, which has become the standard for all AM processes. Slicing the STL file converts the 3D model to 2D slices that provide cross-sectional information. Using these 2D slices, the physical model may be formed layer by layer [31].

Although SLA is more commonly used for producing physical...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 2.9.2025
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: 3D Printed Sensors • Additive Manufacturing • Additive Sensor Technology • Advanced Manufacturing Techniques • biosensors • Customized Sensors • Electrochemical Sensors • Environmental monitoring • food safety sensors • healthcare diagnostics • Nanotechnology Sensors • Performance Optimization Sensors • precision diagnostics • sensor applications • sensor design
• ISBN-13: 9781394303427 / 9781394303427