Wireless Identification and Sensing Systems for Harsh and Severe Environments (eBook)

Smail Tedjini, Valentina Palazzi (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2025
682 Seiten
Wiley-IEEE Press (Verlag)
9781394169092 (ISBN)

Infos

Comprehensive resource reviewing the state of the artin wireless identification and sensing systems, proposing several examples of applications

While complying with RF standard and regulations, Wireless Identification and Sensing Systems for Harsh and Severe Environments covers the recent advances in wireless and radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems where severe electromagnetic behavior and harsh conditions are taken into consideration, providing the reader with design rules and methodologies to obtain satisfactory performance and avoid the typical oversights and mistakes that can be made when first approaching this topic.

In addition to examples of real implementations, the book gives a general overview of RFID and wireless technologies as well as their pros and cons in terms of expected performance and future directions of technologies. The perspective and evolution towards IoT solutions and artificial intelligence (AI) are pointed out.

The book furthermore addresses chipless RFID frameworks from the theoretical perspective as well as that of implementation, including examples from scientific literature and commercial solutions. It also describes surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors in wired and wireless configurations and developments needed to implement the technology.

Wireless Identification and Sensing Systems for Harsh and Severe Environments includes discussion of:

• Frequency diversity for robust Ultra-High Frequency (UHF)-RFID communication, a key technology for future sensor and actuator devices in the Internet of Things, and harmonic transponders for tracking and sensing
• Resonator and reflective delay line configurations, and chipless RFID technology for operations in harsh environments
• Potential of battery-less near-field communication (NFC) sensors using mobile phones as readers in severe environments
• Chipless RFID channel modeling, considering the spatial multipath channel, 3D bi-static Radar Cross Section (RCS) tag model, and analogue effects

Providing comprehensive coverage of the subject and examples of successful implementations of wireless solutions exploiting RFID technologies and enabling systems for the Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless Identification and Sensing Systems for Harsh and Severe Environments is an essential resource for engineers and PhD students in wireless and RFID technologies.

Prof. Smail Tedjini, PhD, is the Founder in 1996 and past Director of the LCIS Lab and is very active in RFID and wireless systems. Now, he is a Project Manager within the ORSYS group that he founded 20 years ago and led until 2014. He co-authored the Wiley title Non-Linearities in Passive RFID Systems: Third Harmonic Concept and Applications (2018).

Dr. Valentina Palazzi, PhD, is a Researcher with the High Frequency Electronics Laboratory at the University of Perugia. She was Vice Chair of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society (MTT-S) Technical Committee (TC)- 26 'RFID, Wireless Sensor and IoT' for the term 2020-2021.

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Preface

In the continuously evolving digital landscape, wireless systems are experiencing considerable developments. Emerging concepts such as digital twins, Industrial IoT, telemedicine, precision agriculture, and fail‐operational systems are changing the approach toward the design of electronics and telecommunication systems, opening the way to new markets and applications that were unimaginable only a few decades ago. The urgence for pervasive real‐time monitoring systems is pushing technology beyond its current limits, raising new challenges for both academic and industrial R&D labs.

In this context, wireless sensors and RFID technologies can offer very effective solutions provided that their design and implementation take into account the characteristics and constraints imposed by the envisioned applications. For both wireless sensors and RFID devices the use of radiofrequency (RF) technologies is pivotal not only for enabling the data transfer but also for sensing and energy scavenging. While the simplicity and the high performance of RF devices in free space and line‐of‐sight (LOS) are well known, the situation is quite different for real applications that can include the presence of lossy materials, non‐LOS communication, metallic elements, and so forth. Therefore, in most applications the real environment is very different compared to free space and introduces severe propagation conditions from an electromagnetic point of view. Additionally, harsh environmental conditions, such as high temperatures or humidity, can challenge electronics operation, calling for new materials and design approaches.

This book is aimed at both doctoral students and engineers developing R&D projects about wireless and RFID technologies. It provides a unique source of examples of successful wireless system solutions leveraging RFID technologies and similar energy‐efficient wireless approaches, enabling the implementation of advanced concepts such as Internet of Things (IoT) in severe and harsh environments. Indeed, while several literatures on wireless technologies and RFID systems are available and can be considered for the design of basic systems mostly in controlled environments (i.e. anechoic chambers) and academic labs, only a few focus on the actual implementation of advanced and effective solutions in real environments. In real applications wireless sensors and RFIDs have to communicate their information by means of RF signals which propagate in heterogeneous and complex environments. The presence of metal, liquids, biological tissues, plants, and so forth cause significant degradation, distortion or even cancellation of the RF signals, not to mention the detuning effects on the antenna and on the other RF signal components that are generated by the presence of heterogeneous objects in the application environment. Real environment exhibits severe behavior for electromagnetic signals and RF devices. The same characteristics are encountered in harsh environment where high temperatures, strong radiation, and corrosive materials are present. Last but not least, wireless systems that operate in real applications have to comply with the constraints imposed by standards and regulations which are rarely considered in controlled environments.

The book covers the recent advances in wireless and RFID systems where severe electromagnetic behavior and harsh conditions are taken into consideration, while complying with RF standard and regulations. So, this book provides the reader with the design rules and methodologies to obtain satisfactory performance and possibly avoid the typical oversights and mistakes that can be made when first approaching to this topic.

The book is organized in 12 independent chapters grouped in 3 sections. The first section is dedicated to RFID design approaches to implement passive wireless sensors able to operate in harsh and severe environments. This section includes 6 chapters concerning different use cases, which are briefly described herein below:

Chapter 1 entitled “UHF RFID Identification and Sensing for the Industrial Internet of Things (I‐IoT).”

This chapter analyzes the challenges for the successful integration of RFID sensor networks within the industrial and consumer IoT contexts. The challenges in RFID sensor networks encompass robust communication links and accurate sensing measurements. Industrial applications confront additional difficulties due to wireless powering in presence of lossy mediums and metallic objects, compounded by high temperatures and sensor placement on fast‐moving mechanical parts. Temperature impacts sensing ICs, reducing communication ranges, and affecting performance. External probes connected via analog front ends experience stronger temperature sensitivity, causing nonlinear drift. Monitoring high‐speed components introduces further issues, including backscattering link robustness and data transmission/decoding issues, exacerbated by electromagnetic noise from high‐power motors. Ensuring data integrity across the IoT platform necessitates comprehensive security assessments. Adopting new‐generation of microchips with sensing capabilities and low‐power encryption algorithms for data security requires careful evaluation, considering implications for power consumption and data rates. All these challenges are carefully described in the chapter, and possible countermeasures are highlighted.

Chapter 2 entitled “RFID Sensing In Power‐Plant Generators and Power Transformers.” The harsh environment in this chapter is predominately represented by the dense metallic parts which need to be monitored wirelessly. Such environments hinder the antenna performance. In addition, fast rotating parts cause mechanical stress on potential sensors, and the high electric/magnetic field needs to be taken into consideration when selecting the antenna. To tackle the aforementioned harsh environment impact, there are specific choices to be made: the antenna structure should offer good performance when positioned on metallic surfaces, the weight of a potential sensor should be minimized to avoid adding extra strain to the rotating system and loop antenna types must be avoided since they can be current generated by the movement inside of a high magnetic field. Overall, solutions are shown, which are dictated by the expected environment of operation.

Chapter 3 entitled “Design of Passive UHF RFID Sensors Meeting Food Industry Regulations.” RFID tags transformed into sensors sensitive to certain parameters of their environment must be produced in large quantities and at low cost. These requirements can affect measurement reliability, especially in harsh environment conditions. The solutions presented in this chapter aim to avoid this lack of reliability and could therefore be considered for a variety of applications. So by using a simple RFID antenna and a suitable RFID chip, the described systems are easy to duplicate and can be used in groups. Food products are delivered as batches and are separated at the very end in the delivery to the consumer. Although monitoring until the purchase is of interest, it is essential during the first few hours/days of transport, because if the repeated exchanges between the various logistics partners and the exponential growth of micro‐organisms. Furthermore, unlike many RFID systems, the described solutions are independent of external databases. This is an advantage, especially in crowded electromagnetic or severe environments.

Chapter 4 entitled “Challenges of Using RFID for Outdoor Environmental Monitoring.” The deployment of RFID tags outdoors brings a new spectrum of technical difficulties that must be overcome. The presence of water rain, dew, snow, or frost on tags usually decreases signal strength and modify phase difference of arrival, by coupling with the tag antenna. In the far field, propagation through non‐air mediums such as soil, water, snowpack, snowy terrains, or vegetation increases loss, phase delay and multipath interferences. These conditions make it challenging to reliably use passive tags outdoors for localization, sensing but also identification. In this chapter all these challeges are accurately described, with the aim to provide an estimate of the performance loss.

Chapter 5 entitled “Harmonic Transponders for Tracking and Sensing.” This chapter is dedicated to a special category of backscatter radios, called harmonic transponders. Harmonic transponders can operate in environments characterized by strong reflections and metal parts, which are particularly severe for signal propagation, as the contribution from the tags can be easily separated from the rest of the reflections. Additionally, due to their simple circuitry (they are usually based on single diodes), they are particularly robust, which makes them good candidates to operate in environments characterized by harsh conditions (such as low or high temperature, high humidity, and so forth), thereby expanding the possible fields of application of wireless sensors.

Chapter 6 entitled “Passive Wireless Sensors in Radiation Environments.” This chapter examines the radiation environment and its impact on passive/batteryless wireless sensors using the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radiofrequency identification (RFID), specifically the ramifications of radiation on electronic devices. The chapter explores the use of RFID sensors in radiation environments, including potential radiation effects on RFID tags and methods for protecting these tags against...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 3.1.2025
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Schlagworte: 3D bi-static RCS tag model • chipless RFID framework • radio-frequency identification systems • rfid nfc • rfid under stress • spatial multipath channel • surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors • UHF-RFID communication • UWB chipless RFID channel modeling
• ISBN-13: 9781394169092 / 9781394169092