Barry's Advanced Construction of Buildings (eBook)

Stephen Emmitt (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2018 | 4. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-97713-2 (ISBN)

Infos

The updated edition of the authoritative and comprehensive guide to construction practice

The revised fourth edition of Barry's Advanced Construction of Buildings expands on the resource that has become a standard text on the construction of buildings. The fourth edition covers the construction of larger-scale buildings (primarily residential, commercial and industrial) constructed with load bearing frames in timber, concrete and steel; supported by chapters on offsite construction, piling, envelopes to framed buildings, fit-out and second fix, lifts and escalators, building pathology, upgrading and demolition.

The author covers the functional and performance requirements of the main building elements as well as building efficiency and information on meeting the challenges of limiting the environmental impact of buildings. Each chapter includes new 'at a glance' summaries that introduce the basic material giving a good understanding of the main points quickly and easily. The text is fully up to date with the latest building regulations and construction technology. This important resource:

• Covers design, technology, offsite construction, site assembly and environmental issues of larger-scale buildings including primarily residential, commercial and industrial buildings constructed with load bearing frames
• Highlights the concept of building efficiency, with better integration of the topics throughout the text
• Offers new 'at a glance' summaries at the beginning of each chapter
• Is a companion to Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings, fourth edition

Written for undergraduate students and those working towards similar NQF level 5 and 6 qualifications in building and construction, Barry's Advanced Construction of Buildings is a practical and highly illustrated guide to construction practice. It covers the materials and technologies involved in constructing larger scale buildings.

STEPHEN EMMITT, BA (Hons), Dip. Arch, MA (Prof. Ed.), PhD, is Head of the Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering and Professor of Architectural Practice at the University of Bath. He is a registered architect with industrial experience and has taught architectural technology and architectural detailing across a wide range of built environment programmes in the UK, Europe, and Asia.

Inhalt

Preface ix

How to Navigate this Book xi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 The function and performance of buildings 1

1.2 New methods and products 8

1.3 Product selection and specification 10

Chapter 2 AT A GLANCE 15

2 Offsite Construction 17

2.1 Functional requirements 18

2.2 Preassembly 21

2.3 Modular building services 28

2.4 Prefabricated housing 30

2.5 The design and production process 34

2.6 Joints and joining 37

2.7 Additive manufacturing (3D printing) 38

Chapter 3 AT A GLANCE 41

3 Pile Foundations, Substructures and Basements 43

3.1 Pile foundations 43

3.2 Ground stabilisation 68

3.3 Substructures and basements 73

Chapter 4 AT A GLANCE 95

4 Single-Storey Frames, Shells and Lightweight Coverings 97

4.1 Lattice truss, beam, portal frame and flat roof structures 97

4.2 Roof and wall cladding, and decking 140

4.3 Rooflights 164

4.4 Diaphragm, fin wall and tilt-up construction 178

4.5 Shell structures 190

Chapter 5 AT A GLANCE 205

5 Structural Timber Frames 207

5.1 Functional requirements 207

5.2 Timber 209

5.3 Modified and engineered timber products 214

5.4 Timber framed walls 218

5.5 High-rise structural timber frames 239

Chapter 6 AT A GLANCE 241

6 Structural Steel Frames 243

6.1 Functional requirements 243

6.2 Methods of design 245

6.3 Steel sections 249

6.4 Structural steel frames 256

6.5 Welding 277

6.6 Fire protection of structural steelwork 291

6.7 Floor construction for structural steel frames 299

Chapter 7 AT A GLANCE 315

7 Structural Concrete Frames 317

7.1 Concrete 317

7.2 Concrete mixes 322

7.3 Reinforcement 328

7.4 Formwork and falsework 340

7.5 Prestressed concrete 356

7.6 Lightweight concrete 361

7.7 Concrete structural frames 364

7.8 Precast reinforced concrete frames 374

7.9 Lift slab construction 380

Chapter 8 AT A GLANCE 385

8 Envelopes to Framed Buildings 387

8.1 Terms and definitions 387

8.2 Functional requirements 388

8.3 Infill wall framing to a structural grid 398

8.4 Cavity walling 399

8.5 Facings applied to solid and cavity wall backings 402

8.6 Cladding panels 413

8.7 Sheet metal wall cladding 436

8.8 Glazed wall systems 446

8.9 Double skin façades 463

Chapter 9 AT A GLANCE 465

9 Lifts and Escalators 467

9.1 Functional requirements 467

9.2 Lifts (elevators) 469

9.3 Escalators and moving walkways 481

Chapter 10 AT A GLANCE 483

10 Fit Out and Second Fix 485

10.1 Commercial fit out 485

10.2 Raised floors 487

10.3 Suspended ceilings 491

10.4 Internal partition walls 496

Chapter 11 AT A GLANCE 503

11 Existing Buildings: Pathology, Upgrading and Demolition 505

11.1 The pathology of buildings 505

11.2 Decay and defects 510

11.3 Conservation of buildings 513

11.4 Retrofitting 516

11.5 Façade retention methods 520

11.6 Demolition, disassembly and recycling 530

11.7 Reuse and recycled materials 534

Index 539

Textauszug

1
Introduction

In Barry’s Introduction to Construction of Buildings we provided an introductory chapter that set out some of the requirements and conditions relevant to all building projects, regardless of size and complexity. We continue the theme in this chapter, with some additional requirements. In this volume the emphasis shifts from domestic to larger‐scale buildings, primarily residential, commercial and industrial buildings constructed with loadbearing frames. This is supported by information on fit out and second fix, lifts and escalators, and off‐site construction. Many of the principles and techniques set out in the introductory volume are, however, still appropriate to this volume. Similarly, many of the technologies described here are also used in smaller buildings. Thus we would urge readers to consult both volumes of the Barry series. In this introductory chapter we start to address some additional, yet related, issues, again with the aim of providing context to the chapters that follow.

1.1 The function and performance of buildings

Structure and fabric

It is the combined performance of the structure and building fabric, together with the integration of services, which determines the overall performance of the building during its life. In loadbearing construction, the materials forming the structural support also provide the fabric and hence the external and internal finishes. In framed structures, the fabric is independent of the structure, with the fabric applied to the loadbearing structural frame.

Loading

Buildings need to accommodate the loads and forces acting on them if they are to resist collapse. One of the most important considerations is how forces are transferred within the structure. Buildings are subject to three types of loading:

1. Dead loads. Dead loads remain relatively constant throughout the life of a building, unless it is remodelled at a future date. These loads comprise the combined weight of the materials used to construct the building. Loads are transferred to the ground via the foundations. Because the weight of individual components is known, the dead load can be easily calculated.
2. Live loads. Unlike dead loads, the live loads acting on a building will vary. Live loads comprise the weight of people using the building, the weight of furniture and equipment, etc. Seasonal changes will result in (temporary) live loading from rainfall and snow. Structural design calculations assume an average maximum live load based on the use of the building (plus a safety factor). If the building use changes, then it will be necessary to check the anticipated live loading against that used at the design stage.
3. Wind loads. All buildings are subject to wind loading. Maximum wind loads (gusts) are determined by considering the maximum recorded wind speed in a particular location and adding a safety factor. Wind loading is an important consideration for both permanent and temporary structures. It is also an important consideration when designing and installing temporary weather protection to protect building workers and work in progress from the elements.

When the total loading has been calculated for the proposed building, it is then possible to design the building structure (the structural frame) and the foundations. This needs to be done in conjunction with the design of the building envelope.

Structural frames

Timber, steel and reinforced concrete are the main materials used for structural frames (Photograph 1.1). In some cases, it is common to use one material only for the structural frame (e.g. timber). In other situations, it may be beneficial to use a composite frame construction (e.g. concrete and steel). Combining two or more materials is known as hybrid construction. The benefits of one material over another need to be considered against a wide variety of design and performance parameters, such as the following:

• Extent of clear span required
• Height of the building
• Extent of anticipated loading
• Fire resistance and protection
• Embodied energy and associated environmental impact
• Ease of fixing the fabric to the frame (constructability)
• Availability of materials and labour skills
• Extent of prefabrication desired
• Site access (restrictions)
• Erection programme and sequence
• Maintenance and ease of adaptability
• Ease of disassembly and reuse of materials
• Life cycle costs

Photograph 1.1 Framed building under construction.

Dimensional stability

Stability of the building as a whole will be determined by the independent movement of different materials and components within the structure over time – a complex interaction determined by the dimensional variation of individual components when subjected to changes in moisture content, changes in temperature and not forgetting changes in loading:

• Moisture movement. Dimensional variation will occur in porous materials as they take up or, conversely, lose moisture through evaporation. Seasonal variations in temperature will occur in temperate climates and affect many building materials. Indoor temperature variations should also be considered.
• Thermal movement. All building materials exhibit some amount of thermal movement because of seasonal changes in temperature and (often rapid) diurnal fluctuations. Dimensional variation is usually linear. The extent of movement will be determined by the temperature range the material is subjected to, its coefficient of expansion, its size and its colour. These factors are influenced by the material’s degree of exposure, and care is required to allow for adequate expansion and contraction through the use of control joints.
• Loading. Dimensional variation will occur in materials that are subjected to load. Deformation under load may be permanent; however, some materials will return to their natural state when the load is removed. Thus live and wind loads need to be considered too.

Understanding the different physical properties of materials will help in detailing the junctions between materials and with the design, positioning and size of control joints. Movement in materials can be substantial and involve large forces. If materials are restrained in such a way that they cannot move, then these forces may exceed the strength of the material and result in some form of failure. Control joints, sometimes described as ‘movement joints’ or ‘expansion joints’, are an effective way of accommodating movement and associated stresses.

Designers and builders must understand the nature of the materials and products they are specifying and building with. These include the materials’ scientific properties, structural properties, characteristics when subjected to fire; interaction with other materials, anticipated durability for a given situation, life cycle cost, service life, maintenance requirements, recycling potential, environmental characteristics such as embodied energy, health and safety characteristics, and, last but not least, their aesthetic properties if they are to be seen when the building is complete. With such a long list of considerations, it is essential that designers and builders work closely with manufacturers and consult independent technical reports. A thorough understanding of materials is fundamental to ensuring feasible constructability and disassembly strategies. Consideration should be given to the service life of materials and manufactured products, since any assembly is only as durable as the shortest service life of its component parts.

Tolerances

In order to be able to place individual parts in juxtaposition with other parts of the assembly, a certain amount of dimensional tolerance is required. Construction involves the use of labour, either remote from the site in a factory or workshop, or on site, but always in combination. Designers must consider all those who are expected to assemble the various parts physically into a whole, including those responsible for servicing and replacing parts in the future, so that workers can carry out their tasks safely and comfortably.

With traditional construction, the craftsmen would deal with tolerances as part of their craft, applying their knowledge and skill to trim, cut, fit and adjust materials on site to create the desired effect. In contrast, where materials are manufactured under carefully controlled conditions in a factory, or workshop, and brought to site for assembly, the manufacturer, designer and contractor must be confident that the component parts will fit together, since there is no scope to make adjustments to the manufactured components. Provision for variation in materials, manufacturing and positioning is achieved by specifying allowable tolerances. Too small a tolerance and it may be impossible to move components into position on site, resulting in some form of damage; too large a tolerance will necessitate a degree of ‘bodging’ on site to fill the gap – for practical and economic reasons, both situations must be avoided. There are three interrelated tolerances that the designer must specify, which are related specifically to the choice of material(s):

1. Manufacturing tolerances. Manufacturing tolerances limit the dimensional deviation in the manufacture of components. They may be set...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 31.8.2018
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Schlagworte: Bauausführung • Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen • Building Demolition • cavity walling • Civil Engineering & Construction • commercial fit out • concretes mixes • Construction • construction of substructures and basements • Double Skin Facades • envelopes and framed buildings • Escalators • existing building upgrades • façade retention • Fire Protection • floor construction • function and performance of buildings • internal partition walls • joints and jointing • joints and jointing in the construction of buildings • Lifts • <p>Guide to advanced construction of buildings • methods of design • new methods and products for the advanced construction of buildings • offsite construction • pathology of buildings • Pile Foundations • Prefabricated Housing • raised floors • Retrofitting • roof structures • Shell structures • shell structures</p> • single storey frames, shells and lightweight coverings • structural concrete frames • structural steel frames • structural timber frames • suspended ceilings • wall framing • welding
• ISBN-10: 1-118-97713-0 / 1118977130
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-97713-2 / 9781118977132