Fractography and Failure Analysis (eBook)

Jorge Luis González-Velázquez (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2018
XI, 165 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-76651-5 (ISBN)

Infos

This book presents fractography and failure analysis at a level that is accessible for non-expert readers, without losing scientific rigor. It offers a comprehensive description of fracture surfaces in engineering materials, with an emphasis on metals, and of the methodology for the observation of fracture surfaces. It also discusses in detail the main fracture mechanisms and their corresponding fracture surfaces, including brittle, ductile, fatigue, and environmental fractures. The last chapter is dedicated to the use of fractography in determining of the causes component failure.

 

In modern engineering, the analysis of fractured components is a common practice in many fields, such as integrity management systems, materials science research, and failure investigations. As such this book is useful for engineers, scientists, engineering students, loss adjuster surveyors and any professional dealing with fractured components.

Jorge Luis Gonzalez Velazquez is a metallurgical engineer and Master of Science from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) of Mexico, and Ph.D. from the University of Connecticut in the USA. His postdoctoral research was on environmentally assisted cracking in Japan. Currently, he is a professor and researcher at the Metallurgy and Materials Department of the IPN and director of the Mechanical Integrity Assessment Group, an organization with over 200 researchers and engineers housed at the IPN and with more than 20 years of experience in research and providing fitness-for-service, fracture, fracture mechanics and failure analysis services for the oil and gas industry in Mexico and other countries. He has published several books on fracture mechanics, mechanical metallurgy and pipeline engineering in Spanish.

Inhalt

Preface 6
Contents 9
1 The Fractographic Examination 12
Abstract 12
1.1 Introduction 12
1.2 Methodology of the Fractographic Examination 15
1.3 Cleaning and Care of Fractures 18
1.3.1 Fracture Handling 18
1.3.2 Cutting of Fractured Pieces 19
1.3.3 Fracture Cleaning 21
1.3.4 Preservation of Fractures 23
1.4 Photographing Fractures 23
1.5 Replicas 28
2 Elements of Fractography 32
Abstract 32
2.1 Classification of Fractures 32
2.2 Mechanical Aspects of Fracture 35
2.3 General Fracture Model 38
2.4 Fracture Lines 40
2.4.1 Types of Fracture Line 40
2.4.2 Chevrons 40
2.4.3 Beach Marks 43
2.4.4 Ratchet Marks and Ridges 45
2.4.5 Shear Lips 46
2.5 Macroscopic Cleavage 48
2.6 Multiple Cracking 50
2.7 Microscopic Fractography 52
2.8 Fracture Micromechanisms 54
3 Brittle and Ductile Fractures 59
Abstract 59
3.1 Brittle Fracture 59
3.1.1 Cleavage 59
3.1.2 Quasi-Cleavage 65
3.1.3 Pseudo-Cleavage 67
3.1.4 Cleavage in Amorphous Materials 67
3.1.5 Intergranular Brittle Fractures 68
3.2 Ductile Fractures 70
3.2.1 Macroscopic Appearance of Ductile Fractures 70
3.2.2 Ductile Fracture Mechanism 73
3.2.3 Void Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms 76
3.2.4 Ductile-Brittle Transition 77
3.2.5 Ductile-Brittle Combined Fractures 79
4 Fatigue Fracture 80
Abstract 80
4.1 General Aspects of Fatigue 80
4.2 Fractography of Stage I Fatigue 87
4.2.1 Macroscopic Characteristics of Stage I Fatigue 87
4.2.2 Microscopic Characteristics of Stage I Fatigue 88
4.2.3 Fatigue Crack Nucleation Mechanisms 88
4.3 Fractography of Stage II Fatigue 93
4.3.1 Macroscopic Characteristics of Stage II Fatigue 93
4.3.2 Microscopic Characteristics of Stage II Fatigue 95
4.3.3 Striation Formation Mechanisms 99
4.3.4 Fractographic Characteristics of Stage II Fatigue Fracture in the Absence of Striations 101
4.4 Corrosion-Fatigue 102
5 Environmentally-Assisted Fracture 105
Abstract 105
5.1 General Aspects of Environmentally-Assisted Fracture 105
5.2 Fundamentals of Metal Corrosion 108
5.3 Stress Corrosion Cracking 112
5.3.1 Mechanical Aspects of Stress Corrosion Cracking 112
5.3.2 Characteristics of SCC Fractures 114
5.3.3 SCC Mechanisms 118
5.4 Creep Fracture 119
5.4.1 General Aspects of Creep Fracture 119
5.4.2 Creep Fracture Mechanism 121
5.4.3 Creep Crack Growth 123
5.5 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 125
5.5.1 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Mechanism 125
5.5.2 Fractography of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 126
5.5.3 Mechanical Aspects and Kinetics of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 130
6 Failure Analysis of Fractured Components 132
Abstract 132
6.1 Definitions of Failure 132
6.2 Procedure for the Analysis of Mechanical Failures 134
6.2.1 The ASTM E2332 Procedure 134
6.2.2 Failure Analysis Ethics 135
6.3 Failure Analysis Procedure of Fractured Components 137
6.4 Failure Analysis and Fracture Mehanics 148
6.4.1 Continuum Mechanics Yield Criteria 148
6.4.2 Linear-Elastic Fracture Mechanics 150
6.4.3 The Two-Parameter Criterion 151
6.4.4 Relation Between Fractography and Fracture Mechanics 153
6.5 Examples of Failure Analysis 153
6.5.1 Failure of a Diesel Engine 153
6.5.2 Fracture of a Cement Mill Reducer 160
6.5.3 In-Service Rupture of a Gasoline Pipeline 165
References 172

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 19.3.2018
• Reihe/Serie: Structural Integrity
• Reihe/Serie: Structural Integrity
• Zusatzinfo: XI, 165 p.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Engineering failures • Failure Mechanics • Fractography • fracture mechanics • structural integrity
• ISBN-10: 3-319-76651-1 / 3319766511
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-76651-5 / 9783319766515