Metal-Polymer Systems (eBook)

Interface Design and Chemical Bonding

Jörg Florian Friedrich (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2017
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
978-3-527-67992-8 (ISBN)

Infos

The result of decades of research by a pioneer in the field, this is the first book to deal exclusively with achieving high-performance metal-polymer composites by chemical bonding.
Covering both the academic and practical aspects, the author focuses on the chemistry of interfaces between metals and polymers with a particular emphasis on the chemical bonding between the different materials. He elucidates the various approaches to obtaining a stable interface, including, but not limited to, thermodynamically driven redox reactions, bond protection to prevent hydrolysis, the introduction of barrier layers, and stabilization by spacer molecules. Throughout, chemical bonding is promoted as a simple and economically viable alternative to adhesion based on reversible weak physical interaction.
Consequently, the text equips readers with the practical tools necessary for designing high-strength metal-polymer composites with such desired properties as resilience, flexibility, rigidity or degradation resistance.

Jorg Friedrich was the Department Head of Polymer Surfaces at the Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM) in Berlin, Germany. He has obtained his academic degrees from Humboldt University Berlin, Academy of Sciences Berlin (AdW) and the Technical University of Berlin. He spent most of his career working for AdW before taking up his present appointment at BAM. Professor Friedrich has authored more than 300 scientific publications and has received numerous scientific awards. He is member of the editorial boards of four international journals.

Autor

Jörg Friedrich was the Department Head of Polymer Surfaces at the Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM) in Berlin, Germany. He has obtained his academic degrees from Humboldt University Berlin, Academy of Sciences Berlin (AdW) and the Technical University of Berlin. He spent most of his career working for AdW before taking up his present appointment at BAM. Professor Friedrich has authored more than 300 scientific publications and has received numerous scientific awards. He is member of the editorial boards of four international journals.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Preface 13
Chapter 1 High-Performance Metal-Polymer Composites: Chemical Bonding, Adhesion, and Interface Design 15
1.1 Introduction 15
References 24
Chapter 2 Interpretation of Adhesion Phenomena - Review of Theories 27
2.1 General 27
2.2 Mechanical Interlocking 34
2.2.1 Mechanical Interlocking in a Macroscopic Scale 34
2.2.2 Mechanical Adhesion on a Microscale 34
2.2.3 Mechanical Anchoring on a Molecular Scale 35
2.3 Interdiffusion 37
2.3.1 Diblock Copolymers for Interface-Crossing Adhesion Promotion 37
2.3.2 Interdiffusion and Welding 37
2.3.3 Diffusion of Metals into Polymers 39
2.4 Interphase Formation 42
2.4.1 Polymer-Polymer Blends 42
2.4.2 Nanoparticle Composites 43
2.4.3 Transcrystalline Layers 43
2.4.4 Redox Reactions across the Metal-Polymer Interface 44
2.4.5 Reactions of Transition Metals with Aromatic Polymers 46
2.4.6 Loss in Anisotropic Orientation of Polymers Caused by Pretreatment or by Contact to Metals 48
2.4.7 Weak Boundary Layer 50
2.5 Weak Molecular Interactions (Cohesive Forces) 52
2.5.1 Thermodynamic Adsorption, Wetting Model 52
2.5.2 Contact Angle, Surface Properties, and Adhesion 53
2.5.3 Contact Angle Measurement 54
2.5.4 Advancing and Receding Contact Angles, Contact Angle Hysteresis 56
2.5.5 Real Surfaces 57
2.5.6 Critical Surface Tension - Zisman Plot 58
2.5.7 Surface Tension Theories 60
2.5.8 Polar and Dispersive Components of Surface Tension 61
2.5.9 Acid-Base Interactions 62
2.5.10 Rheological Model 65
2.5.11 Summary 65
2.6 Electrostatic Attraction 66
2.7 Contaminations, Role of Water, or Humidity 68
2.8 Coupling Agents 69
2.9 Use of Glues (Adhesives) 73
2.10 Hydrophobic Recovery 84
References 86
Chapter 3 Interactions at Interface 103
3.1 Composites and Laminates 103
3.2 Laminate Processing 104
3.3 Polymers as Substrate or as Coating 106
3.4 Chemical Reactions at Surfaces 106
3.4.1 Chemisorption 106
3.5 Reactions of Metal Atoms with Polyolefins 111
3.6 Reaction of Metal Atoms with O-Functional Groups at Polymer Surfaces 111
3.7 Reactions of Metal Atoms with Amino Groups on Polymer Surfaces 119
3.8 Silane and Siloxane Adhesion-Promoting Agents 119
References 121
Chapter 4 Chemical Bonds 127
4.1 Bonds in Polymers 127
4.1.1 Covalent chemical bonds chemical bonds in polymers polymers chemical bonds in C-H and C-C Bonds in Polymers 127
4.1.2 C-C Double, Triple, Conjugated, and Aromatic Bonds 130
4.1.3 C-O, C=O, O-C=O, and O=CO-O Bonds in Polymers 131
4.1.4 N-Containing Functional Groups 132
4.1.5 Chemical Bonds in Other Materials 133
4.2 Reactions of Chemical Bonds during Pretreatment 133
4.2.1 Aliphatic Chains 133
4.2.2 Preformed Degradation Products and Preferred Rearrangement Processes 135
4.3 Chemical Bonds at Interface 136
4.3.1 Polymer-Polymer Linking 136
4.3.2 Carbon-Metal Bonds 137
4.3.3 Covalent Bonds between Oxides and Polymers 140
4.3.4 Interface between Polymers and Transition Metals 141
References 144
Chapter 5 Functional Groups at Polymer Surface and Their Reactions 149
5.1 OH Groups at Surface 149
5.2 Primary Amino Groups at Polymer Surfaces 154
5.3 Carboxylic Groups as Anchor Points for Grafted Molecules 157
5.4 Bromination 160
5.5 Silane Bonds 161
5.6 Click Chemistry 162
5.7 ATRP 164
5.8 Grafting 166
5.8.1 Grafting of Fluorescence Markers onto Functional Groups at Polyolefin Surfaces 167
5.8.2 Covalent Linking of Spacer Bonded Dye Sensors onto Polyolefin Surfaces 168
5.8.3 Covalent Linking of Spacer Bonded Dye Sensors onto Polyolefin Surfaces Supported by a Cucurbituril Jacket 169
5.8.4 Grafting of Polyglycerols onto Polyolefin Surfaces for Introducing Antifouling Property 170
5.8.5 Summary of Complex Structures Covalently Grafted onto Polyolefin Surfaces 173
5.9 Polymers Deposited onto Silicon or Glass 176
5.10 Molecular Entanglement of Macromolecules of Coating and Substrate at Polymer Surfaces (Interpenetrating Network at Interface) 176
References 179
Chapter 6 Pretreatment of Polyolefin Surfaces for Introducing Functional Groups 187
6.1 Situation at Polyolefin Surfaces 187
6.2 Physical and Chemical Attacks of Polyolefin Surfaces 187
6.3 A Few General Remarks to the Pretreatment of Polyolefins 193
6.4 Introduction of Functional Groups to polyolefin Surfaces 198
6.5 Usual Pretreatment Processes and Their Advantages and Disadvantages 200
6.5.1 Oxygen Plasma Exposure 200
6.5.2 Structural Degradation of Polymer on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma 201
6.5.3 Degradation of Polymers by Exposure to Oxygen Plasma 206
6.5.4 Cross-linking of Polymers by Plasma-Emitted UV Radiation 212
6.6 Surface Oxidation by Atmospheric-Pressure Plasmas (Dielectric Barrier Discharge-DBD, Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge-APGD or Corona Discharge, Spark Jet, etc.) 215
6.7 Flame Treatment 218
6.8 Silicoater Process (Pyrosil) 219
6.9 Laser Ablation 219
6.10 UV Irradiation with Excimer Lamps 220
6.11 Ozone 225
6.12 Mechanical Pretreatment 227
6.13 Cryogenic Blasting 228
6.14 Skeletonizing 228
6.15 Roughening for Mechanical Interlocking and Increasing of Surface Area by Plasma and Sputter Etching 229
6.16 Solvent Cleaning 229
6.17 Solvent Welding 231
6.18 Chemical Treatment by Chromic Acid and Chromo-Sulfuric Acid 232
6.19 Chemical Etching and Functionalizing of Fluorine-Containing Polymers 234
6.20 Oxyfluorination 235
6.21 Sulfonation 236
6.22 Sputtering for Film Deposition 237
6.23 Cross-linking as Adhesion Improving Pretreatment (CASING) 239
6.24 Monosort Functionalization and Selective Chemical Reactions 240
6.24.1 Well-Defined Functionalization of Polymer Surfaces by Classic Organic Chemistry 240
6.24.2 Selective Monosort Functionalization of Polymer Surfaces by Oxygen Plasma Exposure and Post-Plasma Chemical Treatment for Producing OH Groups 241
References 251
Chapter 7 Adhesion-Promoting Polymer Layers 273
7.1 General 273
7.2 Historical Development 275
7.3 Influence of Plasma Wattage on Chemical Structure of Plasma Polymers 277
7.4 Pulsed-Plasma Polymerization 279
7.5 Pressure-Pulsed Plasma 281
7.6 Copolymerization in Pulsed Plasmas 285
7.7 Some Additional Details to the Mechanisms of Plasma Polymerization 289
7.8 Often-Observed Abnormal Side Reactions Occurring in the Plasma Only 292
7.9 Structure of Plasma Polymers 295
7.10 Use of Plasma Polymers as Adhesion-Promoting Layers 300
7.11 Adhesion Promotion of Very Thick Layers 303
7.12 Summary 304
References 304
Chapter 8 Monosort Functional Groups at Polymer Surfaces 313
8.1 Introduction 313
8.2 Bromination of Polyolefin Surface by Exposure to the Br2 Plasma 319
8.3 Bromoform as Precursor 323
8.4 Deposition of Plasma Polymers Carrying C-Br Groups 326
8.5 Loss in Bromine Groups by Wet-Chemical Processing 327
8.6 Other Halogenations 328
8.6.1 Chlorination 329
8.6.2 Fluorination 331
8.6.3 Iodination 331
8.6.4 Measuring the Electron Temperature in Haloform Plasmas 331
8.6.5 Comparison of Halogenation Processes 332
8.7 C-Br as Anchoring Point for Grafting 333
8.7.1 Changing the C-Br Functionalization into NH2 Functionalization 333
8.7.2 Other Functional Groups 335
8.7.3 Grafting onto C-Br Groups 336
8.8 Underwater Capillary Discharge Plasma or Glow Discharge Electrolysis (GDE) 337
8.9 Conclusions 337
References 346
Chapter 9 Chemical Grafting onto Monosort Functionalized Polyolefin Surfaces 351
9.1 General Aspects 351
9.2 Grafting of Spacers onto Radicals 358
9.3 Grafting of Spacers and Oligomers by Reaction with C-OH Groups at the Polyolefin Surface 360
9.4 Grafting of Linear Spacers and Oligomers onto C-Br Groups 361
9.5 Introduction of Spacers with Siloxane Cages (POSS) 363
9.6 Grafting via Click Reaction 364
9.7 Influence of Spacers on the Metal-Polymer Adhesion 365
9.8 Summary 366
References 367
Chapter 10 Conclusions and Outlook to the New Interface Design 371
10.1 Introduction 371
10.2 Physical Effects Produced by Covalent Bonding of Metal to Polymer 374
10.3 Introduction of Functional Groups onto Polyolefin Surfaces Associated with Damaging of Polymer Structure Near Surface 377
10.4 Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Metals and Polymers 379
10.5 Differences between Al-Polyolefin and Polyolefin-Al Laminates 380
10.6 Protection of Covalent Metal-Polymer Bonds along the Interface 381
10.7 Reaction Pays for Grafting Spacer Molecules onto Polyolefin Surfaces 382
10.8 Special Requirements for Metal Deposition Especially Aluminum 384
10.9 Used Ways to Introduce Spacers for Maximum Adhesion 386
10.9.1 Spacer Attachment onto NH2 Groups 386
10.9.2 Spacer Grafting onto OH-Groups at Polymer Surface 389
10.9.3 Spacer Anchoring onto C-Br Groups 390
10.9.4 Silane Attachment 390
10.9.5 Silane Hydrolysis and Subsequent Partial Cross-linking 391
10.9.6 Adhesion Strength Measurements 395
10.9.7 Summary and Conclusions 397
References 402
Chapter 11 Short Treatise on Analysis Chemical Features 409
11.1 General 409
11.2 Bulk Analysis 409
11.2.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 410
11.2.2 UV-vis spectroscopy 414
11.2.3 NMR Spectroscopy 415
11.2.4 MALDI- and ESI-ToF-MS 417
11.2.5 HPLC and GPC/SEC 419
11.3 Surface Analysis 420
11.3.1 Sampling Depth 420
11.3.2 XPS 422
11.3.3 ToF-SIMS 424
11.3.4 SEIRA and IRRAS 426
References 428
Index 429
EULA 446

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 13.9.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Adhesion • anchoring • Chemie • Chemistry • Composites • Dünne Schichten, Oberflächen u. Grenzflächen • highperformance • interlocking • Interpretation • Introduction • Macroscopic • Materials Science • Materialwissenschaften • Mechanical • Metall-Polymer • metalpolymer • microscale • molecular • Oberflächen- u. Kolloidchemie • phenomena review • Polymer Science & Technology • Polymersynthese • polymer synthesis • Polymerwissenschaft u. -technologie • References • scale • Surface & Colloid Chemistry • Thin Films, Surfaces & Interfaces
• ISBN-10: 3-527-67992-8 / 3527679928
• ISBN-13: 978-3-527-67992-8 / 9783527679928