Mobile Positioning and Tracking (eBook)

From Conventional to Cooperative Techniques

Simone Frattasi, Francescantonio Della Rosa (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 2. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
9781119068822 (ISBN)

Infos

The essential guide to state-of-the art mobile positioning and tracking techniques-fully updated for new and emerging trends in the field

Mobile Positioning and Tracking, Second Edition explores state-of-the-art mobile positioning solutions applied on top of current wireless communication networks. Application areas covered include positioning, data fusion and filtering, tracking, error mitigation, both conventional and cooperative positioning technologies and systems, and more. The authors fill the gap between positioning and communication systems, showing how features of wireless communications systems can be used for positioning purposes and how the retrieved location information can be used to enhance the performance of wireless networks.

Unlike other books on the subject, Mobile Positioning and Tracking: From Conventional to Cooperative Techniques, 2nd Edition covers the entire positioning and tracking value chain, starting from the measurement of positioning signals, and offering valuable insights into the theoretical fundamentals behind these methods and how they relate to application areas such as location-based services, as well as related disciplines and professional concerns, including global business considerations and the changing laws and standards governing wireless communication networks.

Fully updated and revised for the latest developments in the field, this Second Edition:

• Features new chapters on UWB positioning and tracking, indoor positioning in WLAN, and multi-tag positioning in RFID
• Explores an array of positioning and tracking systems based on satellite and terrestrial systems technologies and methods
• Introduces advanced and novel topics such as localisation in heterogeneous and cooperative scenarios
• Provides a bridge between research and industry with potential implementations of the solutions presented

Mobile positioning and tracking is subject to continuous innovations and improvements. This important working resource helps busy industry professionals and practitioners-including software and service developers-stay on top of emerging trends in the field. It is also a valuable reference for advanced students in related disciplines studying positioning and mobile technologies. 

Simone Frattasi, PhD, is currently Head of the Patent Section of Sony Mobile Communications in Lund, Sweden. Previously, he worked as Technical Project Manager at Aalborg University, Denmark.

Francescantonio Della Rosa, MSc, works on hybrid data fusion and software development for GNSS receiver prototypes and mobile devices within the EU FP7 project, GRAMMAR (Galileo Ready Advanced Mass Market Receiver), at Tampere University of Technology, Finland.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright 6
Contents 9
About the Authors 17
List of Contributors 19
Preface 21
Acknowledgements 23
List of Abbreviations 25
Notations 33
Chapter 1 Introduction 35
1.1 Application Areas of Positioning (Chapter 2) 39
1.2 Basics of Wireless Communications for Positioning (Chapter 3) 39
1.3 Fundamentals of Positioning (Chapter 4) 39
1.4 Data Fusion and Filtering Techniques (Chapter 5) 40
1.5 Fundamentals of Tracking (Chapter 6) 40
1.6 Error Mitigation Techniques (Chapter 7) 41
1.7 Positioning Systems and Technologies (Chapter 8) 41
1.8 Ultrawideband Positioning and Tracking (Chapter 9) 42
1.9 Indoor Positioning in WLAN (Chapter 10) 42
1.10 Cooperative Multi?tag Localization in RFID Systems (Chapter 11) 43
1.11 Cooperative Mobile Positioning (Chapter 12) 43
Chapter 2 Application Areas of Positioning 45
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Localization Framework 45
2.3 Location?based Services 47
2.3.1 LBS Ecosystem 47
2.3.2 Taxonomies 49
2.3.3 Context Awareness3 60
2.3.4 Privacy4 63
2.4 Location?based Network Optimization 66
2.4.1 Radio Network Planning 66
2.4.2 Radio Resource Management 66
2.5 Patent Trends 69
2.6 Conclusions 73
Chapter 3 Basics of Wireless Communications for Positioning 77
3.1 Introduction 77
3.2 Radio Propagation 78
3.2.1 Path Loss 79
3.2.2 Shadowing 82
3.2.3 Small?scale Fading 83
3.2.4 Radio Propagation and Mobile Positioning 86
3.2.5 RSS?based Positioning 88
3.3 Multiple?antenna Techniques 89
3.3.1 Spatial Diversity 89
3.3.2 Spatial Multiplexing 90
3.3.3 Gains Obtained by Exploiting the Spatial Domain 91
3.3.4 MIMO and Mobile Positioning 93
3.4 Duplexing Methods 93
3.4.1 Simplex Systems 93
3.4.2 Half?duplex 93
3.4.3 Full Duplex 94
3.5 Modulation and Multiple?access Techniques 95
3.5.1 Modulation Techniques 95
3.5.2 Multiple?access Techniques 99
3.5.3 OFDMA and Mobile Positioning 101
3.6 Radio Resource Management and Mobile Positioning 101
3.6.1 Handoff, Channel Reuse and Interference Adaptation 101
3.6.2 Power Control 103
3.7 Synchronization 104
3.7.1 Centralized Synchronization 104
3.7.2 Distributed Synchronization 105
3.8 Cooperative Communications 106
3.8.1 Cooperative MIMO 107
3.8.2 Clustering 108
3.8.3 Cooperative Routing 109
3.8.4 RSS?based Cooperative Positioning 109
3.9 Cognitive Radio and Mobile Positioning 109
3.10 Conclusions 112
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Positioning 115
4.1 Introduction 115
4.2 Classification of Positioning Infrastructures 115
4.2.1 Positioning?system Topology 116
4.2.2 Physical Coverage Range 117
4.2.3 Integration of Positioning Solutions 118
4.3 Types of Measurements and Methods for their Estimation 119
4.3.1 Cell ID 119
4.3.2 Signal Strength 119
4.3.3 Time of Arrival 120
4.3.4 Time Difference of Arrival 121
4.3.5 Angle of Arrival 122
4.3.6 Personal?information Identification 123
4.4 Positioning Techniques 123
4.4.1 Proximity Sensing 123
4.4.2 Triangulation 125
4.4.3 Fingerprinting 129
4.4.4 Dead Reckoning 132
4.4.5 Hybrid Approaches 132
4.5 Error Sources in Positioning 134
4.5.1 Propagation 134
4.5.2 Geometry 138
4.5.3 Equipment and Technology 139
4.6 Metrics of Location Accuracy 140
4.6.1 Circular Error Probability 140
4.6.2 Dilution of Precision 140
4.6.3 Cramér–Rao Lower Bound 141
4.7 Conclusions 141
Chapter 5 Data Fusion and Filtering Techniques 143
5.1 Introduction 143
5.2 Least?squares Methods 144
5.2.1 Linear Least Squares 145
5.2.2 Recursive Least Squares 146
5.2.3 Weighted Nonlinear Least Squares 147
5.2.4 The Absolute/Local?minimum Problem 151
5.3 Bayesian Filtering 151
5.3.1 The Kalman Filter 152
5.3.2 The Particle Filter 158
5.3.3 Grid?based Methods 160
5.4 Estimating Model Parameters and Biases in Observations 160
5.4.1 Precalibration 161
5.4.2 Joint Parameter and State Estimation 161
5.5 Alternative Approaches 162
5.5.1 Fingerprinting 162
5.5.2 Time Series Data 165
5.6 Conclusions 166
Chapter 6 Fundamentals of Tracking 169
6.1 Introduction 169
6.2 Impact of User Mobility on Positioning 170
6.2.1 Localizing Static Devices 170
6.2.2 Added Complexity in Tracking 170
6.2.3 Additional Knowledge in Cooperative Environments 170
6.3 Mobility Models 171
6.3.1 Conventional Models 171
6.3.2 Models Based on Stochastic Processes 171
6.3.3 Geographical?restriction Models 178
6.3.4 Group Mobility Models 180
6.3.5 Social?based Models 181
6.4 Tracking Moving Devices 184
6.4.1 Mitigating Obstructions in the Propagation Conditions 184
6.4.2 Tracking Nonmaneuvering Targets 185
6.4.3 Tracking Maneuvering Targets 186
6.4.4 Learning Position and Trajectory Patterns 189
6.5 Conclusions 194
Chapter 7 Error Mitigation Techniques 197
7.1 Introduction 197
7.2 System Model 199
7.2.1 Maximum?likelihood Algorithm for LOS Scenarios 200
7.2.2 Cramér–Rao Lower Bounds for LOS Scenarios 201
7.3 NLOS Scenarios: Fundamental Limits and Maximum?likelihood Solutions 204
7.3.1 ML?based Algorithms 204
7.3.2 Cramér–Rao Lower Bound 207
7.4 Least?squares Techniques for NLOS Localization 209
7.4.1 Weighted Least Squares 209
7.4.2 Residual?weighting Algorithm 210
7.5 Constraint?based Techniques for NLOS Localization 212
7.5.1 Constrained LS Algorithm and Quadratic Programming 212
7.5.2 Linear Programming 212
7.5.3 Geometry?constrained Location Estimation 214
7.5.4 Interior?point Optimization 215
7.6 Robust Estimators for NLOS Localization 216
7.6.1 Huber M?estimator 216
7.6.2 Least Median Squares 217
7.6.3 Other Robust Estimation Options 218
7.7 Identify and Discard Techniques for NLOS Localization 218
7.7.1 Residual Test Algorithm 218
7.8 Conclusions 222
Chapter 8 Positioning Systems and Technologies 223
8.1 Introduction 223
8.2 Satellite Positioning 224
8.2.1 Overview 224
8.2.2 Basic Principles 225
8.2.3 Satellite Positioning Systems 228
8.2.4 Accuracy and Reliability 229
8.2.5 Drawbacks When Applied to Mobile Positioning 229
8.3 Cellular Positioning 230
8.3.1 Overview 230
8.3.2 GSM 231
8.3.3 UMTS 240
8.3.4 LTE1 242
8.3.5 Emergency Applications in Cellular Networks 245
8.3.6 Drawbacks When Applied to Mobile Positioning 247
8.4 Wireless Local/Personal Area Network Positioning 247
8.4.1 Solutions on Top of Wireless Local Networks 247
8.4.2 Dedicated Solutions 251
8.5 Ad hoc Positioning 254
8.6 Hybrid Positioning 254
8.6.1 Heterogeneous Positioning 254
8.6.2 Cellular and WLAN 255
8.6.3 Assisted GPS 255
8.7 Conclusions 257
Acknowledgements 257
Chapter 9 Ultra?wideband Positioning and Tracking 259
9.1 Introduction 259
9.2 UWB Technology 260
9.2.1 History and Definitions 260
9.2.2 Theory 260
9.2.3 Regulations 262
9.3 The UWB Radio Channel 264
9.3.1 Path Loss 265
9.3.2 Multipath 265
9.3.3 UWB Channel Models for Positioning 266
9.4 UWB Standards 267
9.4.1 IEEE 802.15.4a Standard 267
9.4.2 IEEE 802.15.4f Standard 269
9.4.3 Other Standards 271
9.5 Time?of?arrival Measurements 271
9.5.1 Two?way Ranging 271
9.5.2 Time Difference of Arrival 272
9.5.3 Fundamental Limits in TOA Estimation 272
9.5.4 Main Issues in TOA Estimation 274
9.5.5 Clock Drift 276
9.6 Ranging Algoritms in Real Conditions 277
9.6.1 ML TOA Estimation in the Presence of a Multipath 277
9.6.2 Clock Drift Mitigation 282
9.6.3 Localization and Tracking with UWB 284
9.7 Passive UWB Localization 287
9.7.1 UWB?RFID 287
9.8 Conclusions and Perspectives 292
Acknowledgments 294
Chapter 10 Indoor Positioning in WLAN 295
10.1 Introduction 295
10.2 Potential and Limitations of WLAN 296
10.3 Empirical Approaches 297
10.3.1 Probe Requests and Beacon Frames 298
10.3.2 Positioning Methods 299
10.3.3 Evaluation Criteria for Indoor Positioning Systems Based on WLANs 306
10.4 Error Sources in RSS Measurements 308
10.4.1 Heterogeneous WiFi Cards 309
10.4.2 Device Orientation 311
10.4.3 Channel in the Presence of the User and Body Loss 312
10.4.4 The Hand Grip 312
10.5 Experimental Activities 313
10.6 Conclusions 315
Chapter 11 Cooperative Multi?tag Localization in RFID Systems: Exploiting Multiplicity, Diversity and Polarization of Tags 317
11.1 Introduction 317
11.2 RFID Positioning Systems 319
11.2.1 Single?tag Localization 319
11.3 Cooperative Multi?tag Localization 320
11.3.1 Multi?tagged Objects and Persons 320
11.3.2 Localization of Mobile RFID Readers: CoopAOA 324
11.3.3 Performance Evaluation 331
11.3.4 Experimental Activity for Tag Localization 343
11.4 Conclusions 348
Chapter 12 Cooperative Mobile Positioning 349
12.1 Introduction 349
12.2 Cooperative Localization 350
12.2.1 Robot Networks 350
12.2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks 351
12.2.3 Wireless Mobile Networks 355
12.3 Cooperative Data Fusion and Filtering Techniques 357
12.3.1 Coop?WNLLS: Cooperative Weighted Nonlinear Least Squares 357
12.3.2 Coop?EKF: Cooperative Extended Kalman Filter 360
12.4 COMET: A Cooperative Mobile Positioning System 362
12.4.1 System Architecture3 362
12.4.2 Data Fusion Methods 364
12.4.3 Performance Evaluation 371
12.5 Experimental Activity in a Cooperative WLAN Scenario 383
12.5.1 Scenario 384
12.5.2 Results 384
12.6 Conclusions 386
References 387
Index 407
EULA 412

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 21.7.2017
• Reihe/Serie: IEEE Press
• Reihe/Serie: Wiley - IEEE
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Nachrichtentechnik
• Schlagworte: Communication Technology - Networks • cooperative mobile positioning algorithms • cooperative mobile positioning and tracking • cooperative mobile positioning and tracking systems • cooperative mobile positioning and tracking techniques • cooperative mobile positioning and tracking technologies • cooperative mobile positioning systems • cooperative mobile positioning technologies • cooperative mobile tracking • developments in mobile positioning and tracking • Drahtlose Kommunikation • Electrical & Electronics Engineering • Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik • GNSS • indoor positioning in WLAN • inertial navigation systems • Kommunikationsnetze • Kommunikationstechnik • Mobile & Wireless Communications • Mobile positioning • mobile positioning algorithms • mobile positioning and tracking algorithms • mobile positioning and tracking systems • mobile positioning and tracking technologies • mobile positioning systems • mobile positioning technologies • mobile tracking • mobile tracking algorithms • mobile tracking and positioning • mobile tracking systems • mobile tracking technology • multisensor integrated navigation systems • multi-tag positioning in RFID • Satellite communications • Satellitenkommunikation • UWB positioning and tracking
• ISBN-13: 9781119068822 / 9781119068822