Electrical Power System Essentials (eBook)

Pieter Schavemaker, Lou Van Der Sluis (Autoren)

eBook Download: EPUB

2017 | 2. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-80346-2 (ISBN)

Infos

The electrical power supply is about to change; future generation will increasingly take place in and near local neighborhoods with diminishing reliance on distant power plants. The existing grid is not adapted for this purpose as it is largely a remnant from the 20th century. Can the grid be transformed into an intelligent and flexible grid that is future proof?

This revised edition of Electrical Power System Essentials contains not only an accessible, broad and up-to-date overview of alternating current (AC) power systems, but also end-of-chapter exercises in every chapter, aiding readers in their understanding of the material introduced.

With an original approach the book covers the generation of electric energy from thermal power plants as from renewable energy sources and treats the incorporation of power electronic devices and FACTS. Throughout there are examples and case studies that back up the theory or techniques presented.

The authors set out information on mathematical modelling and equations in appendices rather than integrated in the main text. This unique approach distinguishes it from other text books on Electrical Power Systems and makes the resource highly accessible for undergraduate students and readers without a technical background directly related to power engineering.

After laying out the basics for a steady-state analysis of the three-phase power system, the book examines:

• generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric energy
• wind energy, solar energy and hydro power
• power system protection and circuit breakers
• power system control and operation
• the organization of electricity markets and the changes currently taking place
• system blackouts
• future developments in power systems, HVDC connections and smart grids

The book is supplemented by a companion website from which teaching materials can be downloaded.

Pieter Schavemaker, Principal Consultant, the Netherlands (nl.linkedin.com/in/pieterschavemaker)

Lou van der Sluis, Professor emeritus Electrical Power Systems, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

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The electrical power supply is about to change; future generation will increasingly take place in and near local neighborhoods with diminishing reliance on distant power plants. The existing grid is not adapted for this purpose as it is largely a remnant from the 20th century. Can the grid be transformed into an intelligent and flexible grid that is future proof? This revised edition of Electrical Power System Essentials contains not only an accessible, broad and up-to-date overview of alternating current (AC) power systems, but also end-of-chapter exercises in every chapter, aiding readers in their understanding of the material introduced. With an original approach the book covers the generation of electric energy from thermal power plants as from renewable energy sources and treats the incorporation of power electronic devices and FACTS. Throughout there are examples and case studies that back up the theory or techniques presented. The authors set out information on mathematical modelling and equations in appendices rather than integrated in the main text. This unique approach distinguishes it from other text books on Electrical Power Systems and makes the resource highly accessible for undergraduate students and readers without a technical background directly related to power engineering. After laying out the basics for a steady-state analysis of the three-phase power system, the book examines: generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric energy wind energy, solar energy and hydro power power system protection and circuit breakers power system control and operation the organization of electricity markets and the changes currently taking place system blackouts future developments in power systems, HVDC connections and smart grids The book is supplemented by a companion website from which teaching materials can be downloaded. https://www.wiley.com//legacy/wileychi/powersystem/material.html

Textauszug

Preface

In the field of power system analysis, an extensive amount of high-quality literature is available. Most of these textbooks follow more or less the same line and cover the same topics. This book differs from existing materials because the (steady-state) modeling of the power system components is covered in appendices. Therefore, the focus in the chapters itself is not on the modeling, but on the structure, functioning, and organization of the power system. The appendices contribute to the book by offering material that is not an integral part of the main text, but support and enhance it and as such are an integral part of the book. The book contains a large number of problems of which the extensive solutions are presented in a separate chapter.

The following is a short summary of the contents of the chapters and the appendices.

1. Chapter 1 (Introduction to Power System Analysis)This first chapter describes the scope of the material and is an introduction to the steady-state analysis of power systems. Questions such as “why AC,” “why 50 or 60 Hz,” “why sinusoidally shaped AC,” “why a three-phase system” are addressed. The basics for a steady-state analysis of balanced three-phase power systems are outlined, such as phasors, single-line diagrams, active power, reactive power, complex power, power factor, and per-unit normalization.
2. Chapter 2 (The Generation of Electric Energy)The conversion from a primary source of energy to electrical energy is the topic of Chapter 2. The primary source of energy can be fossil fuels such as gas, oil, and coal or uranium, but can come from renewable sources as well: wind energy, hydropower, solar power, or geothermal power. In order to understand the nature of a thermal power plant, which is still the main source of power in the system, the principles of thermodynamics are briefly discussed. The final conversion from mechanical energy to electrical energy is achieved by the synchronous machine. The coupling of the machine with the grid and the actual power injection is analyzed.
3. Chapter 3 (The Transmission of Electric Energy)The transmission and distribution network is formed by the overhead lines, the underground cables, the transformers, and the substations between the points of power injection and power consumption. Various substation concepts are presented, together with substation components and the protection installed. The transformers, overhead transmission lines, underground cables, gas-insulated transmission lines, protective relay operating principles, surge arresters, fuses, and circuit breakers are then considered in more detail. The transformer design, possible phase shift, and specific properties due to the magnetic core are highlighted. As overhead transmission lines are the most visible part of the power system, they are discussed from the point of view of what may be seen and why it is like that. The underground cables are also considered, contrasting them with overhead transmission. The chapter ends with the principles of HVDC transmission.
4. Chapter 4 (The Utilization of Electric Energy)The power system is designed and arranged in such a way that demand may be fulfilled: consumers are supplied with the requested amount of active and reactive power at constant frequency and with a constant voltage. A load actually transforms the AC electrical energy into another form of energy. The focus in this chapter is on the various types of loads that transform the AC electrical energy into mechanical energy (synchronous and induction motors), light, heat, DC electrical energy (rectifiers), and chemical energy. After that, the individual loads in the system are clustered and classified as grid users according to three categories: residential loads (mostly single-phase loads), commercial and industrial loads (often three-phase loads), and electric railways (either DC or single-phase AC).
5. Chapter 5 (Power System Control)Continuous control actions are necessary in the system for the control of the voltage, to maintain the balance between the amount of generated and consumed electricity, and to keep the system frequency at either 50 or 60 Hz. It is demonstrated that, in transmission networks, there is more or less a “decoupling” between the active power and the voltage angles on one side and the reactive power and voltage magnitudes on the other, which is the basis for the control. The power balance is maintained (primary control), and the system frequency deviation minimized (secondary control), by controlling the active power output of the generators. Voltage is controlled locally either at generator buses by adjusting the generator voltage control or at fixed points in the system where tap-changing transformers, capacitor banks, or other reactive power consumers/producers are connected. Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices are large power-electronic devices; they are operated in a shunt configuration for reactive power and voltage control, or they are connected in series to control the power flow.
6. Chapter 6 (Energy Management Systems)In the control center, the transmission and distribution of electrical energy are monitored, coordinated, and controlled. The energy management system (EMS) is the interface between the operator and the actual power system. The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system collects real-time measured data from the system and presents it to the computer screen of the operator, and it sends control signals from the control center to the actual components in the network. The EMS is in fact an extension of the basic functionality of the SCADA system and includes tools for the analysis and the optimal operation of the power system. The state estimator serves as a “filter” for the collected measurement data; it determines the state of the power system that matches best with the available measurements. This is necessary input for other analysis programs in the EMS, such as the load flow or power flow and the optimal power flow. The load flow computation is one of the most important power system computations, giving us insight into the steady-state behavior of the power system. Therefore, besides the well-known Newton–Raphson load flow, a decoupled load flow and the DC load flow are also presented.
7. Chapter 7 (Electricity Markets)At a broad conceptual level, there exists such a thing as a “common market model” that provides for both spot market trading coordinated by a grid/market operator and for bilateral contract arrangements scheduled through the same entity. The spot market is based on a two-sided auction model: both the supply and demand bids are sent to the power exchange. Market equilibrium occurs when the economic balance among all participants is satisfied and the benefits for society, called “the social welfare,” are at their maximum value. The power system is a large interconnected system, so that multiple market areas are physically interconnected with each other: this facilitates the export of electricity from low-price areas to high-price areas.
8. Chapter 8 (Future Power Systems)In this chapter some developments, originating from the complex technological, ecological, sociological, and political playing field and their possible consequences on the power system, are highlighted. A large-scale implementation of electricity generation based on renewable sources, for example, will cause structural changes in the existing distribution and transmission networks. Many of these units are decentralized generation units, rather small-scale units that are connected to the distribution networks often by means of a power-electronic interface. A transition from the current “vertically operated power system” into a “horizontally operated power system” in the future is not unlikely. Energy storage can be applied to level out large power fluctuations when the power is generated by renewable energy sources, driven by intermittent primary energy. The complexity of the system increases because of the use of FACTS devices, power-electronic interfaces, intermittent power production, and so on. Chaotic phenomena are likely to occur in the near future and large system blackouts will probably happen more often.
9. Appendix A (Maxwell's Laws)Circuit theory can be regarded as describing a restricted class of solutions of Maxwell's equations. In this appendix, power series approximations will be applied to describe the electromagnetic field. It is shown that the zero- and first-order terms in these approximations (i.e., the quasi-static fields) form the basis for the lumped-circuit theory. By means of the second-order terms, the validity of the lumped-circuit theory at various frequencies can be estimated. It is the electrical size of the structure – its size in terms of the minimum wavelength of interest in the bandwidth over which the model must be valid – that dictates the sophistication and complexity of the required model. A criterion is derived that relates the dimensions of the electromagnetic structure to the smallest wavelength under consideration so that the validity of the lumped-element model can be verified.
10. Appendix B (Power Transformer Model)Transformers essentially consist of two coils around an iron core. The iron core increases the magnetic coupling between the two coils and ensures that almost all the magnetic flux created by one coil links the other coil. The central item of this appendix is the mathematical description of the voltage–current...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 8.5.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Schlagworte: AC transmission • DC transmission • Electrical & Electronics Engineering • electrical power system • electricity markets • Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik • Energie • Energietechnik • Energy • future power systems • Leistungselektronik • Maxwell's Laws • Power Electronics • Power Flow • Power System Operation • Power system protection • Power Technology & Power Engineering • renewable energy • Smart Grids • Systems Engineering & Management • Systemtechnik u. -management • The generation of Electric Energy
• ISBN-10: 1-118-80346-9 / 1118803469
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-80346-2 / 9781118803462