Electrical Power System Essentials (eBook)

Pieter Schavemaker, Lou van der Sluis (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 2. Auflage
424 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-1-118-80345-5 (ISBN)

Infos

The electrical power supply is about to change; future generation will increasingly take place in and near local neighborhoods with diminishing reliance on distant power plants. The existing grid is not adapted for this purpose as it is largely a remnant from the 20th century. Can the grid be transformed into an intelligent and flexible grid that is future proof?

This revised edition of Electrical Power System Essentials contains not only an accessible, broad and up-to-date overview of alternating current (AC) power systems, but also end-of-chapter exercises in every chapter, aiding readers in their understanding of the material introduced.

With an original approach the book covers the generation of electric energy from thermal power plants as from renewable energy sources and treats the incorporation of power electronic devices and FACTS. Throughout there are examples and case studies that back up the theory or techniques presented.

The authors set out information on mathematical modelling and equations in appendices rather than integrated in the main text. This unique approach distinguishes it from other text books on Electrical Power Systems and makes the resource highly accessible for undergraduate students and readers without a technical background directly related to power engineering.

After laying out the basics for a steady-state analysis of the three-phase power system, the book examines:

• generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric energy
• wind energy, solar energy and hydro power
• power system protection and circuit breakers
• power system control and operation
• the organization of electricity markets and the changes currently taking place
• system blackouts
• future developments in power systems, HVDC connections and smart grids

The book is supplemented by a companion website from which teaching materials can be downloaded.

Pieter Schavemaker, Principal Consultant, the Netherlands (nl.linkedin.com/in/pieterschavemaker)

Lou van der Sluis, Professor emeritus Electrical Power Systems, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Inhalt

Cover???????????????????????? 1
Title Page?????????????????????????????????? 5
Copyright???????????????????????????????? 6
Contents?????????????????????????????? 7
Preface???????????????????????????? 13
List of Abbreviations???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 19
List of Symbols???????????????????????????????????????????? 21
Chapter 1 Introduction to Power System Analysis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 25
1.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 25
1.2 Scope of the Material???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 26
1.3 General Characteristics of Power Systems?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 29
1.3.1 AC versus DC Systems?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 29
Shape of the alternating voltage?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 30
Sinusoidal alternating voltage?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 31
1.3.2 50 and 60 Hz Frequency?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 33
1.3.3 Balanced Three-Phase Systems?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 34
Power considerations?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 36
Rotating magnetic field???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 38
1.3.4 Voltage Levels?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 41
Line-to-line and line-to-neutral voltages???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 43
1.4 Phasors???????????????????????????????????? 44
1.4.1 Network Elements in the Phasor Domain???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 46
1.4.2 Calculations in the Phasor Domain???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 48
1.5 Equivalent Line-to-neutral Diagrams???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 52
1.6 Power in Single-phase Circuits?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 54
1.6.1 Active and Reactive Power???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 55
1.6.2 Complex Power???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 58
1.6.3 Power Factor?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 62
1.7 Power in Three-phase Circuits???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 64
1.8 Per-unit Normalization?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 65
1.9 Power System Structure?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 69
Problems?????????????????????????????? 71
References?????????????????????????????????? 73
Chapter 2 The Generation of Electric Energy???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 75
2.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 75
2.2 Thermal Power Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 77
2.2.1 The Principles of Thermodynamics?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 77
2.3 Nuclear Power Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 82
2.3.1 Nuclear Fission???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 83
2.3.2 Nuclear Fusion?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 86
2.4 Renewable Energy?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 87
2.4.1 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Concepts???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 87
2.4.2 Hydropower and Pumped Storage???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 91
2.4.3 Solar Power???????????????????????????????????????????????? 93
2.4.4 Geothermal Power?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 95
2.5 The Synchronous Machine???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 98
Problems?????????????????????????????? 106
References?????????????????????????????????? 108
Chapter 3 The Transmission of Electric Energy???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 109
3.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 109
3.2 Transmission and Distribution Network???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 110
3.3 Network Structures?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 113
3.4 Substations???????????????????????????????????????????? 115
3.5 Substation Concepts???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 117
3.5.1 Single Bus System???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 118
3.5.2 Double Bus System???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 119
3.5.3 Polygon Bus System?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 120
3.5.4 One-and-a-Half Circuit Breaker Concept?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 120
3.6 Protection of Transmission and Distribution Networks?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 121
3.6.1 Protective Relay Operating Principles???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 123
3.6.2 Fuses???????????????????????????????????? 128
3.6.3 Circuit Breakers?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 130
3.6.4 The Switching Arc???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 131
3.6.5 Oil Circuit Breakers?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 133
3.6.6 Air-Blast Circuit Breakers?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 133
3.6.7 SF6 Circuit Breakers 134
3.6.8 Vacuum Circuit Breakers???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 136
3.7 Surge Arresters???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 137
3.8 Transformers?????????????????????????????????????????????? 139
3.8.1 Phase Shifts in Three-Phase Transformers?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 143
3.8.2 The Magnetizing Current???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 147
3.8.3 Transformer Inrush Current?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 150
3.8.4 Open Circuit and Short Circuit Tests?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 151
3.9 Power Carriers?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 153
3.9.1 Overhead Transmission Lines???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 155
Insulators?????????????????????????????????? 155
Bundled conductors?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 158
Galloping lines???????????????????????????????????????????? 162
Ground wires or shield wires?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 165
Transposition???????????????????????????????????????? 168
3.9.2 Underground Cables?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 169
Plastic insulation?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 171
Paper-oil insulation?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 172
3.9.3 Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 175
3.10 High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 176
From AC to DC???????????????????????????????????????? 180
Problems?????????????????????????????? 184
References?????????????????????????????????? 185
Chapter 4 The Utilization of Electric Energy?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 187
4.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 187
4.2 Types of Load???????????????????????????????????????????????? 188
4.2.1 Mechanical Energy???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 189
Synchronous motors?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 190
Induction motors?????????????????????????????????????????????? 192
4.2.2 Light???????????????????????????????????? 195
4.2.3 Heat?????????????????????????????????? 197
4.2.4 DC Electrical Energy?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 197
4.2.5 Chemical Energy???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 199
4.3 Classification of Grid Users?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 201
4.3.1 Residential Loads???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 201
4.3.2 Commercial and Industrial Loads???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 203
4.3.3 Electric Railways???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 204
Problems?????????????????????????????? 206
Reference???????????????????????????????? 208
Chapter 5 Power System Control?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 209
5.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 209
5.2 Basics of Power System Control?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 211
5.3 Active Power and Frequency Control?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 214
5.3.1 Primary Control???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 214
5.3.2 Secondary Control or Load Frequency Control (LFC)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 220
5.4 Voltage Control and Reactive Power?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 222
5.4.1 Generator Control (AVR)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 223
5.4.2 Tap-Changing Transformers???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 225
5.4.3 Reactive Power Injection?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 227
Static shunt capacitors and reactors?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 227
Synchronous compensators?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 228
Static var compensator (SVC)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 228
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 230
5.5 Control of Transported Power?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 231
5.5.1 Controlling Active Power Flows?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 231
The phase shifter???????????????????????????????????????????????? 232
5.5.2 Controlling Reactive Power Flows?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 234
Static series capacitors?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 235
Thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 235
Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 236
5.5.3 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 238
5.6 Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 239
Problems?????????????????????????????? 239
References?????????????????????????????????? 242
Chapter 6 Energy Management Systems???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 243
6.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 243
6.2 Load Flow or Power Flow Computation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 244
6.2.1 Load Flow Equations???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 244
6.2.2 General Scheme of the Newton-Raphson Load Flow?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 254
6.2.3 Decoupled Load Flow???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 258
6.2.4 DC Load Flow?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 262
Active power equations?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 263
Reactive power equations?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 264
6.3 Optimal Power Flow?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 265
6.4 State Estimator???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 266
6.4.1 General Scheme of the State Estimator???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 269
6.4.2 Bad Data Analysis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 271
6.4.3 Statistical Analysis of the State Estimator???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 278
Properties of the estimates???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 278
Bad data detection?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 279
Bad data identification???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 280
Problems?????????????????????????????? 281
References?????????????????????????????????? 284
Chapter 7 Electricity Markets???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 285
7.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 285
7.2 Electricity Market Structure?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 286
7.2.1 Transmission and Distribution???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 286
7.2.2 Market Architecture???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 287
7.3 Market Clearing???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 289
7.4 Social Welfare?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 291
7.5 Market Coupling???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 293
7.6 Allocation Mechanism and Zonal/Nodal Markets?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 298
References?????????????????????????????????? 301
Chapter 8 Future Power Systems?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 303
8.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 303
8.2 Renewable Energy?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 304
8.3 Decentralized or Distributed Generation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 305
8.4 Power-Electronic Interfaces???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 309
8.5 Energy Storage?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 310
8.6 Blackouts and Chaotic Phenomena???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 311
8.6.1 Nonlinear Phenomena and Chaos???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 311
8.6.2 Blackouts???????????????????????????????????????????? 314
References?????????????????????????????????? 322
Appendix A Maxwell's Laws 323
A.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 323
A.2 Power Series Approach to Time-Varying Fields?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 324
A.3 Quasi-static Field of a Parallel-plate Capacitor?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 326
A.3.1 Quasi-static Solution???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 327
A.3.2 Validity of the Quasi-static Approach???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 329
A.4 Quasi-static Field of a Single-turn Inductor?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 331
A.4.1 Quasi-static Solution???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 332
A.4.2 Validity of the Quasi-static Approach???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 334
A.5 Quasi-static Field of a Resistor?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 336
A.5.1 Quasi-static Solution???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 336
A.6 Circuit Modeling?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 339
Reference???????????????????????????????? 340
Appendix B Power Transformer Model 341
B.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 341
B.2 The Ideal Transformer???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 341
B.3 Magnetically Coupled Coils?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 344
B.3.1 Equivalence with the Ideal Transformer?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 347
B.4 The Nonideal Transformer?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 348
B.5 Three-Phase Transformer???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 351
Appendix C Synchronous Machine Model 353
C.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 353
C.2 The Primitive Synchronous Machine???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 353
C.3 The Single-Phase Synchronous Machine?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 359
C.4 The Three-Phase Synchronous Machine???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 365
C.5 Synchronous Generator in the Power System???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 369
Appendix D Induction Machine Model 373
D.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 373
D.2 The Basic Principle of the Induction Machine?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 374
D.2.1 A Single Rotor Winding?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 375
D.2.2 Two Rotor Windings?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 378
D.2.3 Rotating Rotor?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 378
D.3 The Magnetic Field in the Air Gap???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 380
D.3.1 Contribution of the Rotor Currents to the Air-Gap Field???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 380
D.3.2 The Flux Linkage with the Stator Windings???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 383
D.4 A Simple Circuit Model for the Induction Machine?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 384
D.4.1 The Stator Voltage Equation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 384
D.4.2 The Induction Machine as Two Magnetically Coupled Coils???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 385
D.4.3 A Practical Model of the Induction Machine?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 386
D.5 Induction Motor in the Power System???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 387
Appendix E The Representation of Lines and Cables 389
E.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? 389
E.2 The Long Transmission Line?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 389
E.3 The Medium-Length Transmission Line???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 394
E.4 The Short Transmission Line???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 395
E.5 Comparison of the Three Line Models???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 395
E.6 The Underground Cable???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 398
Solutions???????????????????????????????? 399
Further Reading???????????????????????????????????????????? 415
supplemental images 423
Index???????????????????????? 417
EULA 425

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 8.5.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Schlagworte: AC transmission • DC transmission • Electrical & Electronics Engineering • electrical power system • electricity markets • Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik • Energie • Energietechnik • Energy • future power systems • Leistungselektronik • Maxwell's Laws • Power Electronics • Power Flow • Power System Operation • Power system protection • Power Technology & Power Engineering • renewable energy • Smart Grids • Systems Engineering & Management • Systemtechnik u. -management • The generation of Electric Energy
• ISBN-10: 1-118-80345-0 / 1118803450
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-80345-5 / 9781118803455