Aquatic Pollution (eBook)

An Introductory Text

Edward A. Laws (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 4. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-30455-5 (ISBN)

Infos

Since the publication of the third edition of Aquatic Pollution in 2000, there have been many major developments within the field in terms of research, regulations, and also large-scale catastrophes that have had a significant impact on the aquatic environment; the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and the Fukushima nuclear disaster have taken their toll, and research on ocean acidification has developed enormously over the last decade. Recognizing, controlling, and mitigating aquatic pollution on a global scale is one of the most important and most difficult challenges facing society today.
Fully updated to reflect current understanding and discussing these major recent developments, this fourth edition of Aquatic Pollution covers every aspect of pollution associated with urban runoff, acid rain, sewage disposal, pesticides, oil spills, nutrient loading, and more. Case studies of major pollution sites, all original to this new edition, help to illustrate points made in general discussion.
Offering unprecedented depth of coverage, and discussing both fresh and sea water environments, this unique text provides a key teaching and learning tool for courses in environmental science, zoology, oceanography, biology, and civil or sanitary engineering, as well as a vital book for government policy makers. It is also an excellent primer for policymakers and activists focused on environmental issues.

Edward Laws is a professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences in the College of the Coast & Environment at Louisiana State University and a founding team member and investigator in the Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education at the University of Hawaii, Manoa. In addition to the earlier editions of Aquatic Pollution, he is the author of El Nino and the Peruvian Anchovy Fishery (1996) and Mathematical Methods for Oceanographers (Wiley, 1997).

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Preface 17
Chapter 1 Fundamental Concepts 21
Simple Food Chain Theory 21
Ecological Pyramids 23
Recycling and the Microbial Loop 26
Food Chain Magnification 29
Food Webs 30
Food Webs and Ecosystem Stability 32
Questions 33
References 35
Chapter 2 Photosynthesis 37
Light Limitation of Photosynthesis 38
Nutrient Limitation of Photosynthesis 42
Nutrient Enrichment Experiments 46
Nitrogen versus Phosphorus Limitation 53
Questions 57
References 58
Chapter 3 Physical Factors Affecting Production 63
Physical Properties of Water 63
Water Column Stability and Overturning 65
The Importance of Overturning 68
Seasonal Production Cycles 69
Trophic Status 70
Susceptibility of Systems to Oxygen Depletion 71
Estuaries: A Special Case 72
Chesapeake Bay 75
The Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone 84
Questions 87
References 88
Chapter 4 Cultural Eutrophication Case Studies 91
Case Study 1: Lake Washington 92
History of Eutrophication 93
Effects of Sewage Diversion 96
Nutrient Limitation 99
Oxygen Depletion 100
Water Clarity 103
Cyanobacteria 104
Theoretical Predictions 105
Case Study 2: Lake Erie 108
The Destruction of Fish Spawning and Nursery Grounds as a Result of Land?Use Modifications 109
The Depletion of Fish Stocks Due to Overfishing 110
The Creation of Anoxic Bottom Water Conditions Due to Cultural Eutrophication 113
The Disposal of Toxic Wastes 114
Sediment in Land Runoff 116
Contamination of Nearshore Areas with Sewage Wastes 116
Remedial Efforts 118
Toxic Substances 118
Eutrophication 119
Prospects for Lake Erie 125
Case Study 3: Kaneohe Bay 134
Physical Setting 134
The Coral Reefs 136
Urbanization of the Watershed 136
Changes in Land Runoff 136
Sewage Disposal 139
Response to Sewage Diversion 141
Current Status and Prospects for Kaneohe Bay 143
Questions 146
References 148
Chapter 5 Nonpoint Source Pollution 153
Definitions 153
Composition of Land Runoff 154
Types of Sewer Systems 156
Corrective Measures 158
Use of Settling Basins 158
Ground Recharge Basins 159
Storage in Underflow Tunnels or Tanks 160
Minimizing Runoff 161
Summary 163
A Case Study: Lake Jackson, Florida 163
Correctives 170
Questions 175
References 176
Chapter 6 Sewage Treatment 179
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Treatment 179
Secondary Treatment for BOD Removal 181
The Anaerobic Digester 184
Tertiary Treatment 185
Cost of Conventional Sewage Treatment 189
Land Application of Sewage 190
Results of Spray Irrigation Studies 192
Use of Sewage Sludge 200
Unconventional Sewage Treatment 203
Detergent Phosphates 205
Questions 208
References 210
Chapter 7 Pathogens in Natural Waters 215
Sources of Pathogens 217
Types of Pathogens and Their Detection 218
Bacterial Pathogens 219
Protozoan Pathogens 226
Viral Pathogens 228
Helminths 232
Tests for Pathogens 233
Treatment of Public Water Supplies 239
Removal of Suspended Solids 239
Filtration 239
Chlorination 240
Alternatives to Chlorination 241
Impact of Treatment 242
Questions 242
References 244
Chapter 8 Toxicology 249
The Role of Toxicology in Water Quality Management 249
Kinds of Toxicity 251
Sublethal Effects 251
Determination of Toxicity 257
Acute Toxicity Determination 258
Chronic Toxicity Determination 259
Water Quality Standards 263
Acute Effects 263
Toxicity to Plants 267
The Two-Number Criterion 267
Complicating Factors 268
Interactions with Harmless Substances or Conditions 268
Conditioning and Acclimation 272
Interactions between Toxic Substances 273
Public Health 277
Noncarcinogenic Effects 277
Carcinogenic Effects 282
Protection of Wildlife 284
Commentary 284
Questions 285
References 288
Chapter 9 Industrial Pollution 293
The Oxygen Sag 293
Innovative Strategies for Reducing Industrial Pollution 296
The Hawaiian Sugar Cane Industry 299
Sugar Cane Production: Field Operations 302
Sugar Cane Production: Harvesting 302
Sugar Cane Production: Factory Operations 303
Survey of Water Pollution Problems 305
Response to the EPA Survey 306
Present Status of the Industry 308
The Pulp and Paper Industry 310
Steps in the Production of Paper 312
Objectionable Characteristics of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent 315
Suspended Solids 316
Dissolved Organics 318
Toxic Substances 319
Wastewater Treatment 320
A Case Study: The Buckeye Cellulose Corporation Pulp and Paper Mill at Perry, Florida 321
Commentary 324
Questions 326
References 327
Chapter 10 Pesticides and Persistent Organic Pollutants 331
Classification of Pesticides 333
Mode of Action 335
Pesticide Use 336
Public Health 336
Agriculture 339
Forestry 341
Pesticide Effects on Nontarget Species 342
Forest Spraying with DDT to Control Spruce Budworms in New Brunswick, Canada 342
DDD Treatment to Control Gnat Populations on Clear Lake, California 343
Exaggerated and/or Erroneous Charges against Pesticide Use 344
The Destruction of Speckled Sea Trout in the Laguna Madre, Texas 345
DDT Reduces Photosynthesis by Marine Phytoplankton 346
DDT Residues of 5?ppm (Wet Weight) in the Eggs of Freshwater Trout Result in 100% Mortality of Fry 348
DDT Causes Cancer 350
Implications 351
Pesticide Persistence in the Biosphere and Food Chain Magnification 352
Pesticide Effects on Birds 356
Field Observations 357
Laboratory Studies 359
Summary of Pesticide Effects on Birds 362
Pest Resistance 363
Mechanisms of Resistance 364
The Cost of Pest Resistance 364
Alternatives to Synthetic Pesticide Use 365
Biological Control 365
Genetic Control 367
Chemical Control 370
Integrated Pest Management 371
Commentary 373
Persistent Organic Pollutants 379
Polychlorinated Biphenyls 379
Problems with PCBs 381
Persistence of PCBs 383
Questions 385
References 387
Chapter 11 Thermal Pollution and Power Plants 395
Power Plant Design 396
Water Quality Criteria 397
Cooling Water System Characteristics 398
Toxic Effects of Effluent Waters on Biota 399
Sublethal Effects 401
A Case Study – The Florida Power and Light Power Plant at Turkey Point 403
The Study Area 403
The Power Plant 405
Effects on Biota 406
Modifications 408
Commentary 409
Correctives 409
Cooling Canals 410
Cooling Towers 410
Problems 410
Internal Plant Kills 412
Screen Impingements 412
Inner Plant Kills 415
Commentary 417
Correctives 418
Possible Beneficial Uses of Thermal Discharges 420
Cogeneration Power Plants 420
Agriculture 422
Aquaculture 423
Other Uses 426
Questions 427
References 428
Chapter 12 Metals 433
The Question of Biological Magnification 436
Case Studies 437
Mercury 438
Minamata Bay: A Case Study 452
Seafood Consumption 458
Cadmium 459
Natural Fluxes to Aquatic Systems 465
Anthropogenic Fluxes to Aquatic Systems 465
Lead 473
Questions 489
References 491
Chapter 13 Oil Pollution 499
Oil Discharges to the Marine Environment 500
Natural Sources 500
Anthropogenic Sources 501
Commentary 506
The Genesis of Oil 508
Sedimentation 508
Metamorphosis 509
Migration 509
What Is Oil? 510
Alkanes: Paraffins or Aliphatic Compounds 510
Cycloalkanes or Naphthenes 511
Aromatics 511
Toxicology 513
Oiling and Ingestion 513
Weathering 516
Lethal and Sublethal Effects 518
Human Health 520
Case Studies 521
Exxon Valdez 521
Summary 533
Correctives 534
Prevention 534
Cleanup 535
Oil Fingerprinting 540
Commentary 542
Questions 543
References 544
Chapter 14 Radioactivity 549
Physical Background 549
Radiation Toxicology 552
The No Threshold and Linear Dose–Response Hypotheses 554
Health Effect Estimates 556
Current Levels of Exposure 558
Importance of Certain Radionuclides 561
Effects on Aquatic Systems 562
Nuclear Fission and Fission Reactors 564
Nuclear Fusion 570
Radiation Releases by Power Plants 572
Routine Radionuclide Releases 573
Accidents 576
Chernobyl 583
Fukushima Daiichi 585
Waste Disposal 589
Transmutation 596
Uranium Mine Wastes 596
Decommissioning Nuclear Reactors 599
Commentary 601
Questions 602
References 604
Chapter 15 Acid Deposition and Ocean Acidification 609
Acid Deposition 609
Acid Rain 610
History of the Acid Deposition Problem 611
Susceptibility of Lakes to Acid Deposition Effects 614
Acid Deposition Toxicology 615
Magnitude of Anthropogenic Emissions 618
Correctives 620
SOx Removal 621
Conversion 622
Combustion 623
Post-combustion 623
NOx Removal 624
Pretreatment and Conversion 624
Combustion 624
Post-combustion 625
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 625
Comments 625
Legal Aspects 626
A Case Study: The Netherlands 628
Commentary 630
Ocean Acidification 630
Solutions 637
Questions 638
References 638
Chapter 16 Groundwater Pollution 643
Reliance on Groundwater 643
General Aquifer Information 644
Overdrafting 645
The Extent of Groundwater Pollution 647
Septic Tanks 647
Saltwater Contamination 647
Fracking 648
Sewage 648
Mining Activities 649
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 649
Toxic Chemicals 649
Illegal Disposal 652
Magnitude of the Problem 654
A Case Study: The Rocky Mountain Arsenal 656
Legal Considerations 661
RCRA 661
SDWA 662
CWA 663
CERCLA 664
Other Legislation 666
Enforcement 667
Correctives 668
Cleanup 668
Prevention 670
The EPA Groundwater Protection Strategy 673
Questions 674
References 675
Chapter 17 Plastics in the Sea 679
The Nature of the Problem 679
Effects 681
Aesthetics 681
Ingestion 682
Entanglement 684
Damage to Vessels 688
Correctives 688
MARPOL Annex V 688
Other Legislation 691
Degradable Plastic 693
Solutions Through Technology 693
Education 694
Questions 695
References 696
Units of Measurement and Abbreviations 701
Reference 703
Aquatic Pollution 705
Answers to Questions 705
References 725
Glossary 727
Index 753
EULA 761

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 2.2.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Limnologie / Meeresbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Ökologie / Aquatische Lebensräume • Ökotoxikologie • Ökotoxikologie, Umweltverschmutzung • aquatic ecology • Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen • Biowissenschaften • BOD • Chain • Chronic • Civil Engineering & Construction • Concepts • Ecological • Ecotoxicology & Pollution Science • Environmental Studies • Filter • Filters • florida correctives • Food • fundamental • Life Sciences • magnification • microbial • Ökologie / Aquatische Lebensräume • Ökotoxikologie • Ökotoxikologie, Umweltverschmutzung • pros • questions • References • removal • Secondary • Sewage • Simple • Sludge • theory • Treatment • twonumber • Umweltforschung • Wasserverschmutzung • Wasserversorgung • Water • Water Supply Engineering • webs
• ISBN-10: 1-119-30455-5 / 1119304555
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-30455-5 / 9781119304555