Hydrometeorology (eBook)

Christopher G. Collier (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2016
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-41493-4 (ISBN)

Infos

Hydrometeorology presents an introduction to relevant topics in the interdisciplinary fields of hydrology and meteorology. This book is one of the few books aiming to provide a balance between aspects of meteorological and hydrological processes. The transfer of energy and water between the land surface and lower atmosphere within the hydrological cycle is addressed followed by a description of the nature of precipitation, and how it is formed. Forecasting precipitation is reviewed on all scales, and the range of rainfall-runoff models and coastal surge models and forecasts (including tsunamis) which have been, and are being, used are discussed.

The mechanisms of snow, ice (glacier, sea and tundra), evaporation and transpiration, how drought occurs and the representation of wind are described. How rainfall (including radar measurements) and river flow information is gathered and analysed (including, frequency analysis, Probable Maximum Precipitation and Flood) are presented. Satellite measurements of precipitation are discussed. Examples of major past floods and droughts are given.

Past and future climate change, which is included, underpins the importance of hydro-meteorological processes. The structure of the general circulation of the atmosphere and how it influences weather and climate including the Hadley, Ferrel and Polar cells, the Trade winds and the El Nino, is outlined. Finally, the influence of urban areas on rainfall formation, dealing with urban drainage and air quality are described.

Each chapter ends with one or two specific points as appendices, elements discussed in the chapter and a list of sample problems to aid understanding.

Readership: This book is aimed at 3rd year undergraduate and postgraduate students on hydrology/hydrometeorology, environmental science and geography courses. Professionals in environmental protection agencies and consultancies will also find the book of great interest. It contains a balance of both the physics and mathematics which underpin such courses and activities.

Christopher G. Collier received a BSc in Physics and ARCS in Science at Imperial College, London in 1968. Subsequently he received a PhD (1999) and a DSc (2008) from the University of Salford. He joined the Meteorological Office in 1968, and later chaired the European Union International Weather Radar Networking project, and served on numerous World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), BNSC, EUMETSAT, ESA and NERC committees. He is a Chartered Meteorologist of the Royal Meteorological Society, and was President of that Society 2004-2006 being elected an Honorary Fellow in 2012, and served on the committees of the British Hydrological Society. He is a member of the American Meteorological Society. He left the Met Office in 1995 becoming a Professor of Environmental Remote Sensing at the University of Salford, and joined the National Centre for Atmospheric Science based at the University of Leeds becoming Professor of Atmospheric Science and Head of Strategic Partnerships in 2009. He was awarded the First Vaisala Prize for radar measurements of precipitation in 1986.

Inhalt

Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 9
Series Foreword 16
Preface 17
Acknowledgements 19
About the Companion Website 20
Chapter 1 The Hydrological Cycle 21
1.1 Overview 21
1.2 Processes comprising the hydrological cycle 23
1.3 Global influences on the hydrological cycle 24
1.4 Water balance 26
1.5 Impact of aerosols on the hydrological cycle 26
1.6 Coupled models for the hydrological cycle 27
1.7 Global Energy and Water Cycle Exchanges Project (GEWEX) 28
1.8 Flooding 28
Summary of key points in this chapter 29
Problems 30
References 30
Chapter 2 Precipitation 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Equation of state for a perfect gas 31
2.3 Hydrostatic pressure law 32
2.4 First law of thermodynamics 32
2.5 Atmospheric processes: dry adiabatic lapse rate 33
2.6 Water vapour in the atmosphere 35
2.7 Atmospheric processes: saturated adiabatic lapse rate 36
2.8 Stability and convection in the atmosphere 36
2.9 The growth of precipitation particles 38
2.10 Precipitation systems 41
2.10.1 Localized convection 42
2.10.2 Mesoscale precipitation systems 43
2.10.3 Mid-latitude depressions 46
2.10.4 Tropical storms 50
2.10.5 Orographic effects on precipitation distribution 51
2.10.6 Topographical effects on precipitation distribution 53
2.11 Global atmospheric circulation 53
Appendix 2.1 Growth of a raindrop 53
Summary of key points in this chapter 55
Problems 56
References 57
Chapter 3 Evaporation and Transpiration 61
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Modelling potential evaporation based upon observations 61
3.3 Aerodynamic approach 62
3.4 Energy balance 64
3.5 The Penman equation 64
3.6 Sensible and water vapour fluxes 65
3.7 Evaporation of water from wet vegetation surfaces: the interception process 67
3.8 Measuring evaporation and transpiration 67
3.9 Water circulation in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum 68
3.10 Water circulation and transpiration 70
3.11 Water flux in plants 70
3.12 Modelling land surface temperatures and fluxes 71
3.13 Soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer schemes 74
3.14 Estimation of large scale evapotranspiration and total water storage in a river basin 76
Appendix 3.1 ?Combination of aerodynamic and energy balance methods of computing lake evaporation 77
Appendix 3.2 Modelling soil moisture wetness 77
Summary of key points in this chapter 78
Problems 79
References 80
Chapter 4 Snow and Ice 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Basic processes 83
4.2.1 Formation of snow 83
4.2.2 Formation of snow cover and its effects on the atmosphere 85
4.2.3 Formation of ice 87
4.3 Characteristics of snow cover 88
4.4 Glaciers 90
4.5 Sea ice 91
4.6 Permafrost 91
4.7 The physics of melting and water movement through snow 91
4.8 Water equivalent of snow 94
4.9 Modelling snowmelt and stream flow 96
4.10 Snow avalanches 100
4.11 Worldwide distribution and extremes of snow cover 101
Appendix 4.1 Estimates of catchment snowmelt inflow rates 103
Summary of key points in this chapter 104
Problems 106
References 107
Chapter 5 Measurements and Instrumentation 110
5.1 Measurement, resolution, precision and accuracy 110
5.2 Point measurements of precipitation 110
5.2.1 Raingauge types 110
5.2.2 Measuring snow and hail 112
5.2.3 Errors in measurement 114
5.3 Areal measurements of precipitation using raingauge networks 116
5.4 Radar measurements of rainfall 116
5.4.1 Basics 116
5.4.2 Errors in radar measurements 117
5.4.3 Adjustment using raingauges 121
5.4.4 Summary of problem areas associated with radar measurements of precipitation 122
5.4.5 The use of multi?parameter radar 123
5.4.6 Drop size distributions 124
5.4.7 Rainfall estimation using parametric variables 124
5.4.8 Measurement of snow 126
5.4.9 Measurement of hail 127
5.4.10 Precipitation type 128
5.5 Soil moisture 129
5.5.1 Approaches 129
5.5.2 Gravimetric method 129
5.5.3 Electrical resistance method 130
5.5.4 Neutron method 130
5.5.5 Gamma ray attenuation method 130
5.5.6 COSMOS-UK 131
5.5.7 Dielectric methods 131
5.5.8 Tensiometric method 133
5.5.9 Satellite remote sensing 133
5.6 Evaporation and evapotranspiration 133
5.7 Flow measurement: basic hydrometry 133
5.8 Measuring stream discharge 135
5.8.1 The stage-discharge curve 135
5.8.2 Automated moving boat methods 137
5.9 Brief overview of modern telemetry 137
5.9.1 Ground-based telemetry links 137
5.9.2 VHF and UHF radio links 137
5.9.3 Satellite links 138
Appendix 5.1 Combining dissimilar estimates by the method of least squares 138
Summary of key points in this chapter 139
Problems 141
References 141
Chapter 6 Satellite-Based Remote Sensing 145
6.1 Overview of satellite remote sensing 145
6.2 Surface scattering of electromagnetic radiation 149
6.3 Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the atmosphere 151
6.4 Visible and infrared data 152
6.4.1 Precipitation 154
6.4.2 Snow depth 155
6.4.3 Soil moisture and evapotranspiration 156
6.5 Multispectral data 157
6.5.1 Precipitation 157
6.5.2 Cloud recognition 157
6.5.3 Snow 158
6.6 Passive microwave techniques 158
6.6.1 Precipitation 161
6.6.2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) 163
6.6.3 Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM) 163
6.6.4 Snow depth 163
6.6.5 Sea ice and sea surface temperature 165
6.6.6 Soil moisture and evapotranspiration 165
6.7 Active (radar) microwave techniques 167
6.7.1 Synthetic aperture radar 167
6.7.2 Radar systems 169
6.7.3 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 170
6.8 The surface energy balance system (SEBS) 170
6.9 Summary of satellite measurement issues 171
Appendix 6.1 Radiation balance 174
Summary of key points in this chapter 175
Problems 177
References 177
Chapter 7 Analysis of Precipitation Fields and Flood Frequency 183
7.1 Introduction 183
7.2 Areal mean precipitation 183
7.3 Spatial and temporal storm analysis 185
7.3.1 Spatial statistical analyses 185
7.3.2 Temporal analyses 187
7.3.3 Oscillations in precipitation 188
7.3.4 Conditional probabilities 189
7.3.5 Kriging 189
7.3.6 Accuracy of the precipitation products 191
7.4 Model storms for design 192
7.5 Approaches to estimating flood frequency 193
7.6 Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) 195
7.7 Probable maximum flood (PMF) 197
7.8 Flood Studies Report (FSR) 197
7.9 Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH) 200
Appendix 7.1 Three-dimensional description of a rainfall surface 202
Appendix 7.2 Gumbel distribution 203
Summary of key points in this chapter 203
Problems 205
References 205
Chapter 8 Precipitation Forecasting 208
8.1 Introduction 208
8.2 Nowcasting 208
8.2.1 Definition 208
8.2.2 Impact of errors in precipitation measurements 209
8.2.3 Extrapolation of radar data 209
8.3 Probabilistic radar nowcasting 212
8.4 Numerical models: structure, data requirements, data assimilation 214
8.4.1 Probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasting 214
8.4.2 Mesoscale models 217
8.4.3 Data assimilation 217
8.4.4 Performance of high resolution mesoscale model?based nowcasting systems 218
8.5 Medium range forecasting 218
8.6 Seasonal forecasting 221
Appendix 8.1 Brier skill score 223
Summary of key points in this chapter 223
Problems 225
References 225
Chapter 9 Flow Forecasting 229
9.1 Basic flood forecasting techniques 229
9.2 Model calibration and equifinality 230
9.3 Flood forecasting model development 230
9.4 Conversion of detailed hydrodynamic models to simplified models suitable for real?time flood forecasting 233
9.5 Probabilistic flood forecasting and decision support methods 235
9.6 Derivation of station rating (stage?discharge) curves 236
9.7 Performance testing of forecasting models and updating procedures 236
9.8 Configuration of models on to national and international forecasting platforms 238
9.9 Flood warnings and levels of service 242
9.9.1 United Kingdom 242
9.9.2 United States and Canada 242
9.10 Case studies worldwide: river and urban 244
Appendix 9.1 St Venant equations 244
Appendix 9.2 Flow in unsaturated and saturated zones 246
Summary of key points in this chapter 247
Problems 248
References 249
Chapter 10 Coastal Flood Forecasting 253
10.1 Types of coastal flooding 253
10.2 Models used to predict storm surge flooding 253
10.2.1 Empirical models 254
10.2.2 First-generation models 255
10.2.3 Second-generation models 255
10.2.4 Third-generation models 255
10.2.5 Wave, tide and surge models 255
10.3 Probabilistic surge forecasting 258
10.4 Tsunamis 259
10.5 Examples of coastal flooding in the United Kingdom 261
10.5.1 The surge of 1953 261
10.5.2 Wirral floods 2013 261
10.5.3 Surges along the east coast of England, December 2013 261
10.5.4 Aberystwyth floods January 2014 262
10.6 Some examples of coastal flooding worldwide 263
Appendix 10.1 Wave overtopping at the coast 264
Summary of key points in this chapter 265
Problems 267
References 267
Chapter 11 Drought 269
11.1 Definitions 269
11.2 Drought indices 270
11.3 The physics of drought 273
11.4 Frequency analysis: predictability 274
11.5 Modelling the occurrence of drought 276
11.6 Major drought worldwide 278
11.7 Examples of the consequences of drought 278
11.8 Strategies for drought protection, mitigation or relief 280
Appendix 11.1 Defining aridity 281
Summary of key points in this chapter 281
Problems 283
References 283
Chapter 12 Wind and the Global Circulation 286
12.1 Equations of motion 286
12.2 Atmospheric Ekman layer 288
12.3 Fronts 289
12.4 Jet streams 290
12.5 Hurricanes 291
12.6 Lee waves 292
12.7 Land and sea breezes 292
12.8 The wind structure of the atmospheric circulation 293
12.9 Hadley cell 293
12.10 Polar cell 294
12.11 Ferrel cell 295
12.12 Walker circulation 295
12.13 El Niño/Southern Oscillation 296
12.14 Monsoons 296
Appendix 12.1 Large scale air motion 298
Appendix 12.2 Ageostrophic motion 298
Summary of key points in this chapter 299
Problems 301
References 302
Chapter 13 Climatic Variations and the Hydrological Cycle 304
13.1 An introduction to climate 304
13.2 Evidence of climate change 306
13.2.1 Climatology of the last ice age 312
13.2.2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 315
13.3 Causes of climatic change 317
13.3.1 The natural energy system 318
13.3.2 The hydrological cycle 319
13.3.3 The carbon cycle 321
13.3.4 Other biochemical cycles 321
13.4 Modelling climatic change 323
13.5 Possible effects of climate change upon the hydrological cycle and water resources 327
Appendix 13.1 Estimating return times for events in a long term climate record 330
Summary of key points in this chapter 330
Problems 333
References 334
Chapter 14 Hydrometeorology in the Urban Environment 338
14.1 Introduction 338
14.2 Urban boundary layer and the water cycle 338
14.3 Urban development and rainfall 340
14.4 Sewer flooding 342
14.5 Surface runoff from urban areas 344
14.6 Floodplain development 346
14.7 Acid rain 347
14.7.1 Basics 347
14.7.2 Modelling wet deposition 348
14.8 Urban air and water pollution 349
Appendix 14.1 Number of runoff events from an urban drainage system 350
Summary of key points in this chapter 351
Problems 352
References 353
Glossary 356
Index 367
Supplemental Images 374
EULA 390

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.7.2016
• Reihe/Serie: Advancing Weather and Climate Science
• Reihe/Serie: Advancing Weather and Climate Science
• Reihe/Serie: Advancing Weather and Climate Science
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Hydrologie / Ozeanografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Meteorologie / Klimatologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Aspects • Atmosphere • balance between • Book • books • Climatology & Palaeoclimatology • Cycle • earth sciences • Energy • Geowissenschaften • hydrological • Hydrology • hydrometeorology • interdisciplinary fields • Introduction • Klimatologie u. Paläoklimatologie • Klimatologie u. Paläoklimatologie • Land • Lower • Meteorological • Meteorologie • meteorology • precipitation • processes • relevant topics • Surface • Transfer
• ISBN-10: 1-118-41493-4 / 1118414934
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-41493-4 / 9781118414934