Aerospace Navigation Systems (eBook)

Alexander V. Nebylov, Joseph Watson (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2016
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-16304-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Compiled by leading authorities, Aerospace Navigation Systems is a compendium of chapters that present modern aircraft and spacecraft navigation methods based on up-to-date inertial, satellite, map matching and other guidance techniques. Ranging from the practical to the theoretical, this book covers navigational applications over a wide range of aerospace vehicles including aircraft, spacecraft and drones, both remotely controlled and operating as autonomous vehicles.  It provides a comprehensive background of fundamental theory, the utilisation of newly-developed techniques, incorporates the most complex and advanced types of technical innovation currently available and presents a vision for future developments. Satellite Navigation Systems (SNS), long range navigation systems, short range navigation systems and navigational displays are introduced, and many other detailed topics include Radio Navigation Systems (RNS), Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), Homing Systems, Map Matching and other correlated-extremalsystems, and both  optimal and sub-optimal filtering in integrated navigation systems.

Autor

Alexander V. Nebylov, State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Russia Professor and Chairman of Aerospace Devices and Measuring Complexes, State University of Aerospace Instrumentation in St. Petersburg and Director of the International Institute for Advanced Aerospace Technologies. He is a member of the leadership of the IFAC Aerospace Technical Committee since 2002. Dr. Joseph Watson, Swansea University, UK Dr. Joseph Watson is retired former Associate Editor of the IEEE Sensors Journal and Visiting Professor at the University of Calgary, Canada, the University of California, Davis and Santa Barbara. He is a Fellow of IET, Senior Member of the IEEE. Dr. Watson has continued as President of the UK-based Gas Analysis and Sensing Group.

Inhalt

The Editors

Acknowledgments

Foreword
Alexander V. Nebylov and Joseph Watson

1. Inertial Navigation Systems
M.S. Braash

2. Satellite Navigation Systems
W. Geri, B.V. Shebshaevich and M. Ganzi

3. Radio Systems for Long-Range Navigation
A. V. Balov, S. B. Boloshin, A. E. Choglokov and S. P. Zarubin

4. Radio Systems for Short-Range Navigation
J.P. Sims and J. Watson

5. Radio Technical Landing Systems
J.P. Sims

6. Correlated-extremal Systems and Sensors
E.A. Konovalov and S.P. Faleev

7. Homing Devices
G.V. Antsev and V.A. Sarychev

8. Optimal and sub-optimal filtrering in integrated navigation systems
O. A. Stepanov

9. Navigational Displays
R. T. Ogan

10. Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle (UAV) Navigation
Vladimir Y. Raspopov, Alexander V. Nebylov, Sukrit Sharan and Bijay Agarwal

Textauszug

Preface

The generic term “aerospace vehicles” refers to both air and space vehicles, which is logical because they both imply the possibility of three-dimensional controlled motion, high maximum attainable speeds, largely similar methods and parameters of motion, and the need for accurate location measurement. This last aspect was the key factor in determining the title and content of this book.

The main difference between aerospace navigation sensors and systems is actually in the level of complexity. Usually, a system has several sensors and other integral elements (like an Inertial Navigation System or INS), or a set of airborne and ground components (like a radio navigation system); or a set of airborne and space-based elements (like a Satellite Navigation System or SNS), or is constructed using radar or photometry principles (like correlated-extremal systems or map-matching systems). However, the raison d’être for navigation sensors and navigation systems is the same—to give valuable and reliable information about changes in the navigation parameters of any aerospace vehicle. In fact, in an integrated navigation complex, all sensors and systems are elements of equal importance, each contributing to the navigational efficiency determined not by the complexity of the design, but by the dynamic properties and spectral characteristics of the measurement error.

It is precisely such properties of navigation systems that make them vastly important to investigate for ensuring high precision in navigation complexes—hence it is this wide-ranging material that is the main subject of the book. When selecting optimum sets of onboard navigational information sources, it is important to know their error properties, their reliabilities, their masses and indicator dimensions, and of course their cost effectiveness. The book also contains material on future prospects for the development of different types of navigation system and opportunities for improving their performances.

Seven different systems are considered, only one of which provides complete autonomous navigation under all conditions, though unfortunately for short periods only. This is the INS, which is based on a set of gyroscopes and accelerometers, various types of which are amongst the most well developed of all devices and are generically termed inertial sensors. These provide very wide choices for the INS designer from some extremely accurate versions such as fiber-optic and electrostatic gyros, to some very small and cheap sensors based on MEMS. Principles of INS design, algorithms of INS functioning, and estimations of achievable accuracy are described in Chapter 1, and special attention is paid to the strapdown INS: the most widely used of all aerospace navigation complexes.

Chapter 2 describes SNSs, which in recent years, have become the most common means of determining the positions and velocities of aerospace objects. Global SNS was literally a revolution in navigation and fundamentally changed the available capabilities. It became possible to reduce navigation errors in favorable cases down to several meters, and even (in phase mode) to decimeters and centimeters. However, because of the risk of integrity loss in the satellite measurements and the low interference immunity of satellite navigation, it is not possible to consider the use of SNS as a cardinal approach to satisfying the rapidly increasing requirements for accuracy and reliability in navigation measurements. For personal navigation in large cities, and especially for indoor navigation, the SNS may be complemented by local navigation systems based on electronic maps of Wi-Fi network signal availability. However, for most aerospace vehicles the needed addition to SNS is the use of time-proven classic radio navigation systems.

Chapter 3 describes long-range navigation systems that are extremely reliable but not very accurate in comparison with SNS. Networks for long-range radio navigation cover almost all conceivable aviation routes, making it possible to solve the problem of aircraft, including helicopters, determining their en route positions without an SNS receiver, or after losing the working capacity of an SNS.

Chapter 4 is devoted to short-range navigation systems for the very accurate and reliable positioning of aircraft in specific areas with high requirements for precision motion control, usually near airports. Such methods can also be used in aircraft or spacecraft rendezvous applications.

Chapter 5 describes the landing navigation systems that allow aircraft to accurately maintain descending and landing paths under the control of all the necessary movement parameters. Course, glide slope, and marker beacons within the VOR/DME system allow the generation of radio fields for the trajectory control of landing aircraft. The use of these well-established landing systems provides a high level of safety, and they are in the mandatory list of equipment for all higher category aerodromes.

All the radio navigation systems considered in Chapters 2–5 require the deployment of a set of numerous ground radio beacons for creating the artificial radio-fields that permit perfect aircraft navigation. However, in nature there also exist various natural fields exhibiting different physical parameters of the solid underlying surface of the Earth and of other planets, and which can also be used for accurate navigation. The height of the surface relief of the earth under a flying aircraft and its terrain shape are certainly informative parameters for navigation, and it is currently possible to measure such parameters with the help of onboard instruments and to compare their values with pre-prepared maps. There are also some other physical parameters, the actual values of which can be compared with the map values, whence the resulting information will give coordinates for an aircraft’s location. These approaches are usually implemented by the principle of correlation-extreme image analysis. Navigation systems based on this principle are described in Chapter 6.

Chapter 7 is devoted to the homing systems that solve problems connected with the docking of two aerospace vehicles where, as for missile guidance, information about the relative position of one vehicle with respect to the other is needed. This information can be obtained on the basis of the principles of active or passive location in different electromagnetic radiation frequency ranges. Guidance systems are rapidly improving performance and becoming “smarter,” these trends also being described in Chapter 7.

Chapter 8 describes different approaches to the design of the filtering algorithms used in integrated navigation systems with two or more sensors having different physical properties and principles of operation. The output signals of such sensors invariably need to be subjected to filtering in order to more effectively suppress the measurement error of each sensor. In the case of two different sensors, their outputs are usually passed through a low-pass and high-pass filter, respectively. However, the specific parameters of these filters must be chosen in accordance with the theory of optimal linear filtering; and recently, even nonlinear filtering has been quite frequently used. The synthesis of integrated navigation systems is one of the most popular testing procedures for developing and for checking the reliability of methods for optimal and suboptimal filtering, and it is this that dictated the advisability of devoting a complete chapter to the subject. Hence, the main variants of the filtering problem statement and the algorithms used for their solutions are included in this chapter.

Chapter 9 describes the modern navigational displays that are able to provide effective exchange of information between the crew and the automatic navigation systems of the aircraft. Such displays actually show the result of the entire piloting and navigation system operations. Both hardware and structural means of implementing these displays are shown for a wide class of aircraft including commercial, military, and general aviation categories to illustrate cockpit avionic systems of varying complexities.

Finally, Chapter 10 deals with the navigational requirements of unmanned aerospace vehicles (UAVs)—rapidly becoming generically known as “drones.” It is intended to provide a basis for the understanding of new developments of this burgeoning field, which encompasses both civil and military applications.

The systems described throughout the book include those representing the complex and advanced types of technical innovation that made possible the remarkably high levels of development in navigation and motion control systems that occurred near the turn of the century. They are widely used in both civil and military aircraft as well as partially in space technology. In civil aviation, standards for the use of these instruments are determined by the ICAO, and common approaches are used in practically all countries of the world. In military aviation, such complete uniformity does not exist, but many of the design principles used by different developers are similar to each other because of parallel development resulting from the need to find the best technical solutions according to the basic physical principles utilized in the equipment operation. For example, the American GPS, the Russian GLONASS, and the European GALILEO are rather similar in their principles of construction.

Actually, the development of major hardware for...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 24.5.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Fahrzeugbau / Schiffbau
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Luft- / Raumfahrttechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Aeronautic & Aerospace Engineering • Aerospace navigation systems • Correlation-extreme systems • Electrical & Electronics Engineering • Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik • Flight control and guidance • Homing devices • Luft- u. Raumfahrttechnik • Maschinenbau • mechanical engineering • Navigational Displays • Navigation data processing • Optimal and sub-optimal filtering in integrated navigation systems • Radio technical navigation systems • Satellite communications • Satellite navigation systems • Satellitenkommunikation • Sensoren, Instrumente u. Messung • Sensors, Instrumentation & Measurement • UAV Navigation
• ISBN-10: 1-119-16304-8 / 1119163048
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-16304-6 / 9781119163046