Water Supply (eBook)

Malcolm J. Brandt, Michael Johnson, Don D. Ratnayaka (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 6. Auflage
744 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-094084-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Water Supply has been the most comprehensive guide to the design, construction and operation of water supply systems for more than 40 years. The combined experience of its authors make it an unparalleled resource for professionals and students alike.
This new sixth edition has been fully updated to reflect the latest WHO, European, UK and US standards, including the European Water Framework Directive. The structure of the book has been changed to give increased emphasis to environmental aspects of water supply, in particular the critical issue of waste reduction and conservation of supplies.
Written for both the professionals and students, this book is essential reading for anyone working in water engineering.
•Comprehensive coverage of all aspects of public water supply and treatment
•Details of US, European and WHO standards and practice
•Based on decades of practical professional experience

Chemical engineer with extensive specialist knowledge of water treatment techniques; responsible for all aspects of water treatment process design for projects in UK, Europe, Africa, Asian sub-continent, Middle East, Far East, and Australia.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Half Title Page 2
Title Page 4
Copyright Page 5
Dedication 6
Table of Contents 8
Foreword 26
Preface 28
Abbreviations for Organisations 30
Contributing Authors, Reviewers and Advisors 32
Chapter 1. The Demand for Public Water Supplies 34
1.1 Categories of Consumption 34
1.2 Levels of Total Consumption 35
1.3 Domestic Demand 35
Components of Domestic In-House Consumption 37
Outdoor Domestic Use for Garden Irrigation and Bathing Pools 38
1.4 Standpipe Demand 42
1.5 Suggested Domestic Design Allowances 43
1.6 Non Domestic Demand 43
1.7 Public and Miscellaneous Use of Water 47
1.8 Water Losses 48
1.9 Real Losses (leakage) from 24-hour Supply Systems 53
1.10 Supply Pipe Leakage and Consumer Wastage 55
1.11 Minimum Night Flow as Indicator of Leakage and Wastage 55
1.12 Variations in Demand (Peaking Factors) 56
Maximum and Minimum Hourly rate of consumption 57
Seasonal Variations 57
1.13 Growth Trends of Consumption and Forecasting Future Demand 58
1.14 Water Conservation and Demand Management 59
1.15 The Question of Metering Domestic Supplies in the UK 61
1.16 Effect of Price on Water Demand 63
1.17 Assessing Future Demand in Developing Countries 64
1.18 Consumption Surveys 65
1.19 Test-metering In-house Domestic Consumption 66
References 67
Chapter 2. Water Supply Regulation, Protection, Organisation and Financing 70
Development, Regulation and Protection 70
2.1 Control of Public Water Supplies 70
2.2 Control of Abstractions 71
2.3 Public Water Supplies in the USA 71
2.4 Public Water Supplies in Mainland Europe 72
2.5 Public Water Supplies in Scotland and Northern Ireland 72
2.6 Water Supply Abstraction and Regulation in the England and Wales 73
2.7 The ‘Privatisation’ of Water in England and Wales 73
2.8 Experience with Water Privatisation in UK 74
2.9 Functions of the US Environmental Protection Agency 75
2.10 The Environment Agency (UK) 76
2.11 The European Water Framework Directive 77
2.12 Other Pollution Control Measures in the UK 78
Organisation 80
2.13 Organization of a Water Utility 80
2.14 Staffing Levels 81
Project Appraisal and Financing of Capital Works 82
2.15 Appraisal Requirements 82
2.16 Economic Comparison of Proposed Capital Projects 83
2.17 Comments on the Use of Discounting 84
2.18 Short and Long Term Marginal Costing 85
2.19 Other Aspects of Project Assessment 85
2.20 Sustainability and Engineering Choices 86
2.21 Financing of Capital Works 86
2.22 Depreciation and Asset Management Planning 87
2.23 Private Sector Participation in Water Supply 88
2.24 Private Sector Build Contracts 88
2.25 Private Sector Operation Agreements 89
2.26 Charging for Public Water Supplies 90
2.27 Comparison of Charges for Water and Other Data 91
References 93
Chapter 3. Hydrology and Surface Supplies 96
Part I Hydrological Considerations 96
3.1 Introduction 96
3.2 Catchment Areas 97
3.3 Data Collection 98
3.4 Streamflow Measurement 98
3.5 Rainfall Measurement 101
Measurement of Catchment Rainfall 102
3.6 Evaporation and Transpiration Measurement 104
3.7 Soil Moisture Measurement 106
3.8 Catchment Losses 106
3.9 Streamflow Naturalisation 108
3.10 Long Term Average Catchment Run-off 110
3.11 Minimum Rainfalls 111
3.12 Minimum Rates of Run-off 112
3.13 Maximum Rainfalls 114
3.14 Maximum Run-offs 115
Part II Yield of Surface Sources 118
3.15 Introduction, Definitions and Concepts 118
3.16 History of Yield Estimation in the UK 123
3.17 Methods of Yield Estimation—General 123
3.18 River Intake Yields 123
3.19 Yield of Direct Supply Impounding Reservoirs 126
3.20 Yield of a Pumped Storage Reservoir 129
3.21 Yield of Regulating Reservoirs 130
3.22 Yield of Catchwaters 132
3.23 Compensation Water 134
3.24 Yield of Water Resources Systems 135
3.25 Conjunctive Use and Operation Rules 136
3.26 Rainwater Collection Systems 137
3.27 The Likely Effects of Climate Change 138
References 140
Chapter 4. Groundwater Supplies 144
4.1 Groundwater, Aquifers and their Management 144
4.2 Yield Uncertainties and Types of Abstraction Works 147
Need for Hydrogeological Survey 148
Types of Abstraction Works 148
4.3 Potential Yield of an Aquifer 148
4.4 Assessment of Aquifer Characteristics 152
4.5 Groundwater Modelling 155
Data Requirements 156
Model Calibration 157
4.6 Test Pumping of Boreholes and Wells 157
Test Pumping Regimes 158
Use of Observation Wells and Monitoring 159
4.7 Geophysical and Other Investigation Methods 160
4.8 Borehole Linings, Screens and Gravel Packs 161
4.9 Construction of Boreholes and Wells 163
4.10 Development and Refurbishing Boreholes and Wells 166
4.11 Pollution Protective Measures: Monitoring and Sampling 166
4.12 River Flow Augmentation by Groundwater Pumping 168
4.13 Artificial Recharge and Aquifer Storage Recharge 169
4.14 Groundwater Mining 171
4.15 Island Water Supplies 172
4.16 Collector Wells and Other Underground Water Developments 175
4.17 Borehole and Well Layouts 176
4.18 Choice of Pumping Plant for Wells and Boreholes 178
4.19 Environmental Impact Assessments 180
References 180
Chapter 5. Dams, Reservoirs and River Intakes 184
5.1 Introduction 184
5.2 Essential Reservoir Conditions 185
5.3 Watertightness 185
5.4 Strength and Durability of a Dam 188
5.5 Types of Dam 188
Embankment Dams 189
5.6 Types of Design 189
5.7 Pore Pressure and Instrumentation in Earth Dams 190
5.8 Stability Analysis in Dam Design 192
5.9 Drainage Requirements for an Earth Dam 194
5.10 Surface Protection of Earth Dams 195
5.11 Rockfill and Composite Dams 196
Concrete and Masonry Dams 200
5.12 Gravity Dam Design 200
5.13 Gravity Dam Construction 202
5.14 Roller-compacted Concrete Dams 203
5.15 Arch Dam Design 204
5.16 Buttress or Multiple Arch Dams 205
Flood and Discharge Provision 205
5.17 Design Flood Estimation 205
Unit Hydrograph Approach 207
5.18 Spillway Flood Routing 209
5.19 Diversion During Construction 211
5.20 Flood Spillways 212
Integral Spillway 212
Chute Spillway 213
Bellmouth Spillway 214
Emergency Spillways 219
5.21 Draw-off Arrangements 220
5.22 Seismic Considerations 221
Dam Regulation, Supervision and Inspection 221
5.23 Statutory Control Over Dam Safety 221
5.24 Dam Deterioration Signs 223
5.25 Reservoir Sedimentation 224
5.26 Environmental Considerations and Fishpasses 226
5.27 Statutory Consents and Requirements 227
5.28 River Intakes 227
Appendix—Dam Incidents 231
References 232
Chapter 6. Chemistry, Microbiology and Biology of Water 236
6.1 Introduction 236
Part I Significant Chemical and Physico-Chemical Parameters in Water 236
6.2 Acidity 236
6.3 Acrylamide 237
6.4 Algal Toxins 237
6.5 Alkalinity 237
6.6 Aluminium 238
6.7 Ammoniacal Compounds 238
6.8 Antimony 239
6.9 Arsenic 239
6.10 Asbestos 239
6.11 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (Bod) 240
6.12 Boron 240
6.13 Bromide and Iodide 240
6.14 Cadmium 240
6.15 Calcium 241
6.16 Carbon Dioxide 241
6.17 Chloride 241
6.18 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 241
6.19 Chlorine Residual 242
6.20 Colour 242
6.21 Copper 243
6.22 Corrosive Quality 243
6.23 Cyanide 244
6.24 Detergents 244
6.25 Disinfection By-products 244
6.26 Electrical Conductivity and Dissolved Solids 246
6.27 Endocrine Disrupting Substances 246
6.28 Epichlorohydrin 247
6.29 Fluoride 247
6.30 Hardness 247
6.31 Hydrocarbons 248
6.32 Iron 249
6.33 Lead 249
6.34 Manganese 250
6.35 Nickel 250
6.36 Nitrate And Nitrite 250
Nitrate 251
Nitrite 251
6.37 Organic Matter and Chemical Oxygen Demand (Cod) 252
Organic Micropollutants 252
6.38 Pesticides 253
6.39 pH Value or Hydrogen Ion 254
6.40 Phenols 254
6.41 Phosphates 254
6.42 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 255
6.43 Radioactive Substances 255
6.44 Selenium 257
6.45 Silica 257
6.46 Silver 257
6.47 Sodium 257
6.48 Sulphates 258
6.49 Suspended Solids 258
6.50 Taste And Odour 258
6.51 Turbidity 259
6.52 Zinc 259
Part II Water Quality Standards for Chemical and Physical Parameters 260
6.53 Drinking Water Standards (Chemical and Physical) 260
The WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 260
The European Commission Directive on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption (CEU, 1998a) 260
The UK Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 262
The US EPA National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 265
6.54 Comment on the Application of Health Related Standards 266
6.55 Raw Water Quality 268
6.56 Sampling for Physical and Chemical Parameters 272
Sampling Frequencies to WHO, EC, UK and US EPA Requirements 272
Minimum Sampling Requirements Where no Regulations Apply 273
Sampling Techniques for Physical and Chemical Parameters 273
On-site Testing and Field Analysis 273
Water Quality Monitoring at Treatment Works 274
6.57 Priorities in Water Quality Control 275
Simple Checks at Source Works 275
Microbiological Testing (See Also Sections 6.69 and 6.70) 275
Chemical Testing 275
Source Watch (See Also Part VI) 276
6.58 Methods of Chemical Analysis 276
6.59 Quality Assurance of Water Treatment Chemicals and Materials in Contact with Drinking Water 277
Part III Water Microbiology 278
6.60 Diseases in Man that may be caused by Water-borne Bacteria and other Organisms 278
6.61 Bacterial Diseases 278
6.62 Other Bacteria 280
6.63 Protozoal Diseases 280
6.64 Viral Diseases 282
6.65 Microbiological Standards for Drinking Water 282
6.66 Use of Coliforms as an Indicator of Microbiological Pollution 284
6.67 Frequency of Sampling for Microbiological Parameters 285
6.68 Sampling for Routine Microbiological Parameters 285
Method of Sampling 286
6.69 Routine Tests for Bacterial Contamination of Water 287
6.70 Methodology for Microbiological Examination 288
6.71 Protozoal Examination 289
6.72 Virological Examination 290
6.73 Nuisance Organisms 290
Part IV Water Biology 291
6.74 Introduction 291
6.75 Source Water and Storage Reservoirs 291
6.76 Transfer Stages 295
6.77 Treatment Stages 295
6.78 Service Reservoirs and Distribution Systems 296
Part V New and Emerging Issues 296
6.79 Introduction 296
6.80 Chemical Issues 296
6.81 Microbiological Issues 298
Part VI Water Safety Plans 300
6.82 Introduction 300
6.83 Water Safety Plans 301
6.84 Development of Water Safety Plans 301
Catchment 302
Treatment 302
Piped Distribution Systems 302
Non-piped, Community and Household Systems 303
References 303
Chapter 7. Storage, Clarification and Chemical Treatment 308
7.1 Raw Water Storage 308
Potential Problems in Raw Water Storage 309
Screening 311
7.2 Passive Screens 311
7.3 Active Screens 312
7.4 Microstrainers 313
Sedimentation and Settling Tanks 314
7.5 General Design Considerations 314
7.6 Plain Settling 314
7.7 Theory of Design of Tanks 318
7.8 Grit Tanks 319
Chemically Assisted Sedimentation or Clarification 319
7.9 Chemically Assisted Sedimentation 319
7.10 Chemical Mixing 320
7.11 Chemical Coagulation and Flocculation 323
7.12 Types of Flocculators 324
Performance Considerations 325
7.13 Effect of Organic Content and Algae 326
Clarifiers 329
7.14 Horizontal Flow Clarifiers 329
7.15 Design Criteria 331
7.16 Sludge Blanket or Solids Contact Clarifiers 332
7.17 High Rate Clarifiers 335
Tube or Plate Settlers 335
Lamella Clarifiers 337
Other High Rate Clarifiers 338
7.18 Dissolved Air Flotation 339
7.19 Sludge Removal From Clarifiers 344
7.20 Chemical Dosing Equipment and Plant Layout 346
Plant Layouts 350
Coagulants and Coagulant Aids 352
7.21 Aluminium Coagulants 352
7.22 Iron Coagulants 354
7.23 Coagulant Aids and Polyelectrolytes 355
7.24 Rainwater Harvesting 356
References 356
Chapter 8. Water Filtration Granular Media Filtration 360
8.1 Rapid Filtration—Mechanism 360
8.2 Design And Construction Of Rapid Gravity Filters 361
Filter Media 361
Underdrain Systems 362
Filter Configuration 364
Filtration Rates 364
Head Loss, Air Binding and Negative Head 365
Solids Retention 366
Flow Control 366
8.3 Backwashing 367
8.4 Operation of Filters 369
8.5 Construction and Operation of Pressure Filters 370
Multilayer and Other Methods of Filtration 372
8.6 Use of Anthracite Media 372
8.7 Use of Anthracite to Uprate Filters 375
8.8 Granular Activated Carbon Adsorbers 376
8.9 Upward Flow Filtration 378
8.10 Direct Filtration 379
8.11 Filter Problems 379
Slow Sand Filtration 380
8.12 Introduction and History 380
8.13 Mode of Action of Slow Sand Filters 381
8.14 Construction and Cleaning of Slow Sand Filters 382
8.15 Use of Pre-treatment with Slow Sand Filters 384
8.16 Limitations and Advantages of Slow Sand Filters 385
8.17 Membrane Filtration 386
8.18 Miscellaneous Filters 391
Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts Removal 392
8.19 Cryptosporidium 392
8.20 Giardia Cysts 394
References 394
Chapter 9. Waterworks Waste and Sludge Disposal 398
9.1 Types of Waste 398
9.2 Types and Quantities of Sludges 398
Quantities 400
9.3 Methods of Disposal 402
9.4 Sludge Thickening and Disposal 406
9.5 Sludge Dewatering 407
9.6 Beneficial Uses of Sludge 411
References 412
Chapter 10. Specialized and Advanced Water Treatment Processes 414
Softening of Water 414
10.1 Hardness Compounds 414
10.2 Principal Methods of Softening 414
10.3 The Lime-soda Process of Softening 415
10.4 Softening Plant 416
10.5 Water Softening by Crystallisation 416
10.6 Stabilisation after Softening 417
10.7 Base Exchange Softening 418
10.8 Plant for Ion Exchange Softening 418
10.9 Removal of Hardness and Alkalinity by Ion Exchange 419
10.10 Demineralisation of Water by Ion Exchange 419
Removal of Iron, Manganese and Other Metals 421
10.11 Iron and Manganese–General 421
10.12 Removal of Iron and Manganese from Underground Waters 421
10.13 Removal of Iron and Manganese from River and Reservoir Waters 425
10.14 Removal of Other Metals 426
Arsenic 426
Lead 427
Aluminium 430
10.15 Removal of Radionuclides 430
Defluoridation and Fluoridation 431
10.16 Defluoridation 431
10.17 Fluoridation 432
Aeration 432
10.18 Purpose 432
10.19 Cascade Aerators 433
10.20 Packed Tower Aerators 434
10.21 Spray Aerators 435
10.22 Injection Aerators 436
10.23 Other Types of Aerators 436
Nitrate Removal 437
10.24 General 437
10.25 Ion Exchange Process for Nitrate Removal 437
10.26 Biological Process for Nitrate Removal 438
10.27 Membrane Processes for Nitrate Removal 439
Removal of Ammonia 439
10.28 Chemical and Physical Methods 439
10.29 Biological Methods 442
Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Groundwater 443
10.30 General 443
10.31 Packed Tower Aerators 443
10.32 Adsorption and Chemical Oxidation 444
Taste and Odour Removal 444
10.33 Causes of Tastes and Odours 444
10.34 Methods of Removal of Tastes and Odours 445
Hydrogen Sulphide Removal 446
Natural Organic Matter and Micropollutants Removal 447
10.35 General 447
Granular Activated Carbon Adsorbers 448
10.36 Advanced Treatment Processes 448
Biological Activated Carbon Reactors 449
Magnetic Ion Exchange Process 449
10.37 Advanced Oxidation Processes 450
10.38 Colour Removal 451
Corrosion Causes and Prevention 452
10.39 Physical and Electrochemical Corrosion 452
10.40 Bacterial Corrosion 453
10.41 Corrosion Caused by Adverse Water Quality 453
10.42 Corrosiveness of Various Waters 455
10.43 Dezincification 456
Desalination 457
10.44 Introduction 457
10.45 Ion Exchange 458
10.46 Electrodialysis 458
10.47 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration 459
10.48 RO and NF Plant Design 463
10.49 Thermal Processes 467
10.50 The Costs of Desalination 468
References 470
Chapter 11. Disinfection of Water 476
11.1 Disinfectants Available 476
Chlorine and Chloramine Processes of Disinfection 476
11.2 Action of Chlorine 476
11.3 Chlorine Compounds Produced 477
11.4 Factors Relating to the Disinfection Efficiency of Chlorine 478
11.5 Chlorine Residual Concentration and Contact Time 479
11.6 Efficiency of Chlorine in Relation to Bacteria, Enteric Viruses and Protozoa 481
11.7 Chlorination and the Production of Disinfection by Products 483
11.8 The Ammonia–Chlorine or Chloramination Process 483
11.9 Breakpoint Chlorination 484
11.10 Superchlorination 485
11.11 Typical Chlorine Dose Taste and Odour Problems
11.12 Use of Chlorine Gas 486
11.13 Dechlorination 490
11.14 Ammoniation 491
11.15 Hypochlorite Production on Site by Electrolysis 492
11.16 Testing for Chlorine 494
11.17 Use of Chlorine Dioxide 495
11.18 Calcium Hypochlorite Powder 496
11.19 Calcium Hypochlorite Granules 496
11.20 Sodium Hypochlorite Solution 497
Ozone Process of Disinfection 497
11.21 Action of Ozone 497
11.22 Production of Ozone 499
11.23 Ozone Dissolution and Contact 501
Ultraviolet Radiation 504
11.24 UV Disinfection 504
11.25 Generation of UV Radiation 504
11.26 Concept of UV Dose and Factors Influencing Dose Delivery in UV Reactors 507
11.27 By-product Formation 508
11.28 Validation of UV Reactors 509
11.29 Boiling Water 509
Disinfection of Waterworks Facilities 510
11.30 Disinfection of Water Mains and Tanks 510
11.31 Control of Aftergrowth in Distribution Mains 511
11.32 Disinfestation of Distribution Mains, Wells and Boreholes 511
References 512
Chapter 12. Hydraulics 516
12.1 The Energy Equation of Fluid Flow 516
12.2 Boundary Layers 518
12.3 Pipe Flow 519
Units Used 521
12.4 Headlosses in Pipes (1)—The Colebrook–White Formula 521
Darcy–Weisbach Formula 521
Colebrook–White Formula 522
12.5 Headlosses in Pipes (2)—Empirical Formulae 524
12.6 Local Head Losses at Fittings 526
12.7 Open Channel Flow 527
12.8 Critical Depth of Flow 530
12.9 Weirs, Flumes and Gates 532
Weirs 533
Flumes 534
Gates 535
12.10 Froude Numbers 536
12.11 Head Losses in Channels 537
12.12 Hydraulic Jump 540
12.13 Non-uniform, Gradually Varied Flow 541
12.14 Measurement Weirs 543
Broad-Crested Weir 544
Sharp-Crested, or Thin-Plate Weirs 544
Crump Weirs 546
12.15 Measurement flumes 547
Rectangular-Throated Flume 547
Other Standard Flumes 548
12.16 Venturi and Orifice Flow Meters 549
12.17 Other Flow Meters 550
Appendix—Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 553
References 553
Chapter 13. System Design and Analysis 554
13.1 Introduction 554
13.2 System Layouts 557
13.3 Pipeline Planning 559
13.4 Distribution System Characteristics 561
13.5 Designing Trunk Mains 563
13.6 Designing Distribution Pipework 564
13.7 Hydraulic Design of Pipelines 565
13.8 System Curves 566
13.9 Longitudinal Profile 569
13.10 Air in Pipes 571
13.11 Transient Pressures: Water Hammer and Surge 573
13.12 Cavitation 576
13.13 Example of Sizing a Pumping Main 577
13.14 Design of a Gravity Main 579
13.15 Pipeline Design Techniques 581
Manual and Spreadsheet Calculations of Network Flows 581
Analysing Existing Systems using Modelling Software 582
13.16 Water Quality Modelling 585
13.17 Updating of Network Models 585
13.18 Software Developments 586
References 587
Chapter 14. Distribution Practice 588
14.1 Management of Network Assets 588
14.2 Service Levels 590
14.3 Distribution Organisation 592
Differences Under Intermittent Supply Conditions 594
Distribution Network Extensions 594
14.4 Fire-Fighting Requirements 595
14.5 Service Pipes 596
Service Pipe Materials 597
14.6 Domestic Flow Requirements and Design of Service Pipes 600
Flow Requirements 600
Service Pipe Design 602
14.7 Waterworks Byelaws 602
Distribution System Maintenance 603
14.8 Network Performance 603
14.9 Mains Rehabilitation and Cleaning 604
Mains Cleaning Methods 604
14.10 Pipe Lining Methods 605
14.11 Pipe Replacement 606
14.12 Controlling Water Losses 609
14.13 Leakage Strategy 610
14.14 District Metering 612
14.15 Locating Leaks 613
Waste Metering and Step-Testing 613
Locating Leaks by Sound 614
Other Leak Location Technologies 615
14.16 Repairing Leaks 616
14.17 Rehabilitation, Leak Detection and Development of Distribution Systems in Disrepair 616
Reference Standards 618
References 618
Chapter 15. Pipeline Design and Construction 620
15.1 Pipe Development 620
15.2 Materials and Potable Water 620
15.3 Types of Pipes and Organisations Setting Standards 621
Pipeline Design 621
15.4 Introduction 621
Structural Design of Pipes 621
15.6 Flexible Pipe Design 624
15.7 Above Ground Pipelines 625
Iron Pipes 626
15.8 Cast or ‘Grey’ Iron Pipes 626
15.9 Ductile Iron Pipes 626
15.10 External Coatings and Internal Linings 628
15.11 Joints for Iron Pipes 628
Steel Pipes 630
15.12 Steel Pipe Manufacture and Materials 630
15.13 External and Internal Protection of Steel Pipe 631
15.14 Mortar and Concrete Linings 633
15.15 Joints for Steel Pipes 634
15.16 Cathodic Protection 636
Plastic Pipes 637
15.17 Polyethylene Pipes 637
15.18 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes 639
15.19 Glass Reinforced Plastics (GRP) 640
Concrete Pipes 642
15.20 Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipes 642
15.21 Reinforced Concrete Cylinder Pipes 644
15.22 Asbestos Cement Pipes 645
15.23 Anchorage and Thrust Blocks 646
Pipeline Construction 648
15.24 Choice of Pipes 648
15.25 Pipe Laying and Installation 649
15.26 Testing of Pipelines 652
15.27 Making Connections 654
15.28 Underwater Pipelines 654
Reference Standards 655
References 659
Chapter 16. Valves and Meters 660
Part I Valves 660
16.1 Valve Development 660
16.2 Valve Functions 660
16.3 Isolation 661
16.4 Regulation 661
16.5 Control 661
16.6 Valve Selection and Specification 664
16.7 Gate Valves 666
16.8 Butterfly Valves 667
16.9 Globe Valves 668
16.10 Screwdown Valves 668
16.11 Ball Valves 669
16.12 Plug Valves 670
16.13 Diaphragm Valves 670
16.14 Pinch Valves 671
16.15 Needle Valves 671
16.16 Sleeve Valves 672
16.17 Hollow Jet Discharge Valves 672
16.18 Non-return (or check) Valves 672
16.19 Flap Valves 673
16.20 Cavitation at Valves 674
16.21 Valve Operating Equipment 675
16.22 Valve Closure Speed 675
16.23 Washouts 676
16.24 Air Valves 677
16.25 Valve Chambers 682
Part II Measurement of Flow and Consumption 683
16.26 Purposes of Flow Measurement 683
16.27 Types of Flowmeter 684
16.28 Volumetric Flowmeters 684
16.29 Permanent Flowmeter Installations 687
16.30 Temporary Flow Measurement Devices 688
16.31 Supply (Revenue) Meters 688
16.32 The Accuracy of Water Meters 690
16.33 Future Trends in Metering 691
References 692
Chapter 17. Pumping electrical plant
Part I Pumps 694
17.1 Pumping Plant 694
17.2 Centrifugal Pumps 694
17.3 Types of Centrifugal Pump 695
Submersible Pumps 696
17.4 Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps 698
Affinity Laws 701
NPSH 702
Specific Speed 703
17.5 Axial Flow and Mixed Flow Pumps 703
17.6 Reciprocating Pumps 705
17.7 Choice of Pumps for Water Supply 706
Standby Pumping Plant 706
17.8 Boosting 707
Addition of Fixed Extra Flow or Pressure 707
Maintenance of a Given Pressure 708
17.9 Increasing Pumping Station Output 709
17.10 Station Arrangement and Plant Layout 709
17.11 Pump Suction Design 710
17.12 Thermodynamic Pump Performance Monitoring System 712
17.13 Cavitation Damage 713
17.14 Corrosion Protection 713
17.15 Transient Pressures: Water Hammer and Surge 713
17.16 Efficiencies and Fuel Consumptions 714
17.17 Pump Drives 715
Part II Electrical Plant 715
17.18 Electric Motors for Pump Drives 715
17.19 The Induction Motor 716
Rated Output, Starting Torque and Start Frequency 717
17.20 Induction Motor Starting Methods 718
17.21 Induction Motor Protection 720
17.22 Speed Control of Induction Motors 720
17.23 Effect of Electricity Tariffs 722
17.24 Electrical Power Supplies 722
17.25 Standby and Site Power Generation 723
17.26 Transformers 724
17.27 HV and LV Switchboards 725
17.28 Motor Control Centres 725
17.29 Electrical Cabling 726
17.30 Heating and Ventilation 726
Part III Control and Instrumentation (C& I)
17.31 Introduction 726
17.32 Control 727
17.33 Automation 727
17.34 Instrumentation 728
Level 728
Pressure 729
Water Quality 729
17.35 Systems 730
17.36 Communications 734
17.37 Hardware 735
17.38 Ancillary Equipment 736
17.39 Operation and Maintenance 736
References 736
Chapter 18. Treated Water Storage 738
18.1 Functions of Treated Water Storage 738
18.2 Storage Capacity Required 739
Minimum Storage to Even Out Hourly Demand 739
Contingency Storage 740
18.3 Ground or Elevated Storage 741
18.4 Statutory Consents and Requirements 741
18.5 Water Quality Considerations 742
18.6 Sampling and Water Testing 742
18.7 Instrumentation 742
18.8 Overflow and Drain Down Capacity 743
18.9 Ventilation 744
18.10 Water Retaining Concrete Design 744
18.11 Welded Steel Plate Design 745
Service Reservoirs 746
18.12 Reservoir Shape and Depth 746
18.13 Covering and Protecting Reservoirs 747
18.14 Service Reservoir Structures 748
18.15 Rectangular Jointed Concrete Reservoirs 748
18.16 Monolithic Concrete Reservoirs 751
18.17 Circular Reinforced Concrete Reservoirs 752
18.18 Pre-stressed Concrete Reservoirs 753
18.19 Steel Plate Reservoirs 754
18.20 Other types of Ground Level Tank 755
18.21 Drainage and Waterproofing Concrete Service Reservoirs 756
18.22 Access to Service Reservoirs 756
18.23 Service Reservoir Pipework 757
Inlet Pipework 757
Outlet Pipework 758
Overflow and Draindown Arrangements 759
Valves 759
18.24 Valve Houses for Service Reservoirs 760
18.25 Baffles in Service Reservoirs 760
18.26 Testing Service Reservoirs 761
18.27 Searching for Leaks 761
Water Towers 762
18.28 Use of Water Towers 762
18.29 Concrete Water Towers 763
18.30 Welded Steel Water Towers 764
19.31 Segmental Plate Tanks 765
18.32 Pipework and Access for Water Towers 765
Reference Standards 765
References 765
Conversion Table 766
Index 768

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 26.6.2009
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-094084-6 / 0080940846
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-094084-7 / 9780080940847