Disaster Risk Reduction for the Built Environment (eBook)

Lee Bosher, Ksenia Chmutina (Autoren)

eBook Download: EPUB

2017
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-92151-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Disaster Risk Reduction for the Built Environment provides a multi-facetted introduction to how a wide range of risk reduction options can be mainstreamed into formal and informal construction decision making processes, so that Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) can become part of the 'developmental DNA'.  The contents highlight the positive roles that practitioners such as civil and structural engineers, urban planners and designers, and architects (to name just a few) can undertake to ensure that disaster risk is addressed when (re)developing the built environment. The book does not set out prescriptive ('context blind') solutions to complex problems because such solutions can invariably generate new problems. Instead it raises awareness, and in doing so, inspires a broad range of people to consider DRR in their work or everyday practices.

This highly-illustrated text book provides a broad range of examples, case studies and thinking points that can help the reader to consider how DRR approaches might be adapted for differing contexts. 

About the Authors
Lee Bosher is Senior Lecturer in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in the School of Civil and Building Engineering at Loughborough University. Lee has a background in disaster risk management and his research and teaching includes disaster risk reduction and the multi-disciplinary integration of proactive hazard mitigation strategies into the decision-making processes of key stakeholders, particularly stakeholders from the construction industry. He is coordinator of the International Council for Building (CIB) Working Commission W120 on 'Disasters and the Built Environment', has undertaken consultancy work on DRR matters for the United Nations and has been an invited speaker at conferences in USA, UK, Iran, Israel and Pakistan.

Ksenia Chmutina is a Research Associate in the School of Civil and Building Engineering at Loughborough University. Ksenia has a background in sustainability and her research includes synergies of resilience and sustainability in the built environment and resilience of small developing island states. Other research interests are related to the stakeholders' engagement in disaster risk reduction activities, policy environment for the DRR, as well as energy efficiency, decentralised energy and energy policy.

Autor

About the Authors Dr Lee Bosher is a Senior Lecturer in Disaster Risk Reduction in the Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) at Loughborough University, England. He has a background in disaster risk management and his research and teaching includes disaster risk reduction and the multidisciplinary integration of proactive hazard mitigation strategies into the decision-making processes of key stakeholders, involved with the planning, design, construction and operation of the built environment. Lee is coordinator of the International Council for Building's Working Commission W120 on 'Disasters and the Built Environment', a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and he has been involved in research projects that investigated how urban resilience can be increased in the UK, Haiti, India, Nigeria and across parts of Europe. Lee's previous books include 'Hazards and the Built Environment' (2008) and 'Social and Institutional Elements of Disaster Vulnerability' (2007). Dr Ksenia Chmutina is a Lecturer in sustainable and resilient urbanism in the School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University. Her main research interest is in synergies of resilience and sustainability in the built environment, including holistic approaches to enhancing resilience to natural hazards and human-induced threats, and a better understanding of the systemic implications of sustainability and resilience under the pressures of urbanisation and climate change. She has extensive experience of working on RCUK and EU-funded projects that have focused on resilience and sustainability of urban spaces in Europe, China and the Caribbean.

Textauszug

List of Figures

1. Chapter 1: Introduction
   1. Figure 1.1 Locals dealing with the aftermath of the 2015 Nepalese earthquake
   2. Figure 1.2 Potential interrelationships between climate change and hazards/threats
   3. Figure 1.3 Global GHG emissions by country and by sector
   4. Figure 1.4 IPCC Sea level rise projections: Compilation of paleo sea level data, tide gauge data, altimeter data, and central estimates and likely ranges for projections of global mean sea level rise for RCP2.6 (blue) and RCP8.5 (red) scenarios (Section 13.5.1), all relative to pre-industrial values (2013)
   5. Figure 1.5 Total number of people reported affected by disasters, globally between 1915–2015
   6. Figure 1.6 Total number of disasters associated with natural hazards 1915–2015
   7. Figure 1.7 Total number of people killed by disasters associated with natural hazards 1915–2015
   8. Figure 1.8 Total number of people killed by technological disasters 1915–2015
   9. Figure 1.9 Total number of people affected by technological disasters 1915–2015
   10. Figure 1.10 Total number of disasters associated with different types of natural hazards 1965–2015
   11. Figure 1.11 Total economic damages caused by disasters associated with natural hazards between 1960–2015 (values normalized to 2014 US$)
   12. Figure 1.12 Share of life years lost across income groups
2. Chapter 2: Disaster Risk Reduction
   1. Figure 2.1 Devastation caused by the 2010 Haiti earthquake
   2. Figure 2.2 Example of a two-person 72-hour emergency kit go bag
   3. Figure 2.3 Reconstruction in Nepal after the 2015 earthquakes
   4. Figure 2.4 The components of resilience.
   5. Figure 2.5 El Niño and La Nina conditions
   6. Figure 2.6 Sendai UN Conference on DRR in March 2015
   7. Figure 2.7 Making cities resilient campaign
   8. Figure 2.8 Promoting community resilience to extreme weather in Cambodia.
   9. Figure 2.9 Phases of disaster risk management.
   10. Figure 2.10 Typical illustration of the “disaster cycle.”
   11. Figure 2.11 Phases of disaster
   12. Figure 2.12 A typical risk matrix.
   13. Figure 2.13 Overview of the risk management decision-making framework.
3. Chapter 3: Flooding
   1. Figure 3.1 Amount of climate related disasters globally 1980–2011 (UNISDR, 2012).
   2. Figure 3.2 Illustration of the different types of flood risk
   3. Figure 3.3 Flooding in Carlisle, England in January 2005. Poor planning contributed to critical services such as the emergency services, local government offices and electricity substations being located in flood prone areas
   4. Figure 3.4 A flood plain is an area of land adjacent to a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge
   5. Figure 3.5 The stretch of track at Dawlish in south Devon was left hanging when the sea wall built to protect it was destroyed during a storm, which battered the south west of England in February 2014
   6. Figure 3.6 Tewkesbury Abbey located on high ground and thus protected from the 2007 floods that affected the rest of the Tewkesbury, England
   7. Figure 3.7 Shushtar, Historical Hydraulic System (in modern day Iran) inscribed as a UNESCO heritage site is an ancient wonder of water management that can be traced back to Darius the Great in the fifth century B.C.
   8. Figure 3.8 Traditional house elevated over a floodplain in Cambodia
   9. Figure 3.9 Example of an EA flood risk map that has been designed for use by the general public, in this case showing Carlisle, England
   10. Figure 3.10 Photo of flood marker (height of the line is approximately 1.8 meters from pavement level) recording the November 2009 flood level in Main Street, Cockermouth, England
   11. Figure 3.11 Last but vulnerable remnant of mangrove forest (that used to line this coastal area) on the east coast of Havelock Island, The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
   12. Figure 3.12 Vulnerability table based on English Planning Policy Statement 25. Buildings/sites that are used for high vulnerability activities (such as schools and emergency services) should ideally be located away from high flood risk areas
   13. Figure 3.13 Flood zoning that can be used to encourage appropriate developments and discourage inappropriate developments based upon English Planning Policy Statement 25
   14. Figure 3.14 Inundation modelling results showing different building treatments. (i) Digital Terrain Model (DTM) treatment where all buildings and vegetation are stripped from the topography, (ii) DTM has the building footprints stamped on (iii) DTM+ Thresholds has buildings footprints stamped on at threshold height
   15. Figure 3.15 Three fundamental approaches to dealing with flood risk. a) Retreat - To retreat is to step back from the problem and avoid a potentially catastrophic blow. It is to move critical infrastructure and housing to safer ground and to allow the water into the city to alleviate flood risk, b) Defend - To defend is to ensure the sea water does not enter the existing built environment and c) Attack - To attack is to advance and step seaward of the existing coastline
   16. Figure 3.16 Site on the Blackwater estuary in Essex, England, showing a proposed sea wall breach to allow arable land to develop into coastal marshland
   17. Figure 3.17 Natural storm and flood protection provided by mangroves on Iriomote Island, Japan
   18. Figure 3.18 A woody debris dam used as part of an environmentally friendly and cost effective flood alleviation scheme on the upper catchment of the River Derwent, England
   19. Figure 3.19 The Oosterscheldekering surge barrier, Netherlands
   20. Figure 3.20 Overview of the principles of SUDS. During a storm event, surface water flows through swales and filter trenches that remove pollutants(1). The peak river discharge is delated and reduced by: storage of water for re-use (2), storage in ponds (3), or infiltration of water to the ground through infiltration basins and soakaways (4). This process improves the quality of the water in rivers and decreases peak river discharge (5)
   21. Figure 3.21 SUDS in use at the Building Research Establishment's Innovation Park (Scotland): Examples of swales and permeable paving
   22. Figure 3.22 The Foss Flood Barrier in York, shown in the opened position to allow water to pass through
   23. Figure 3.23 Part of the innovative temporary aluminium barrier system being deployed on the banks of the River Severn in Bewdley, England
   24. Figure 3.24 Overview of types of flood resilient and resistant measures that can be used for housing
   25. Figure 3.25 Flood gates at an entrance to the Tokyo Metro system. These barriers can be deployed quickly to protect the Metro system in the event of a potential flood
   26. Figure 3.26 Example of an amphibious house, as designed by BACA Architects. When a flood occurs, the entire building rises up in its dock and floats there, buoyed by the floodwater
4. Chapter 4: Windstorms
   1. Figure 4.1 Global distribution of tropical windstorms
   2. Figure 4.2 Cross section of a tropical windstorm (H = High pressure; L = Low pressure)
   3. Figure 4.3 Illustration of a storm surge
   4. Figure 4.4 Tornado hazard map
   5. Figure 4.5 Cross section of a tornado
   6. Figure 4.6 Typical faleo'o beach fale, Manono Island, Samoa
   7. Figure 4.7 Traditional thatched ‘kutcha’ hut with fishing net used as storm protection. A practice used in the cyclone prone East Godavari region of Andhra Pradesh, India
   8. Figure 4.8 Traditional high status house in coastal area of Sri Potti Sri Ramulu, Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh, India. The house is built on an elevated plinth to protect the property from localised flooding caused by storm surges
   9. Figure 4.9 Tracks of tropical cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons between 1945 and 2006
   10. Figure 4.10 Predicted path of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 that turned out to be quite accurate
   11. Figure 4.11 New York City: Hurricane Evacuation Zone finder
   12. Figure 4.12 Example of storm surge risk zoning maps that can be used for urban zoning and planning
   13. Figure 4.13 Examples of natural, constructed and hybrid approaches to coastal defence
   14. Figure 4.14 Example of residential safe room
   15. Figure 4.15 Typical plans for a concrete masonry unit (CMU) safe room (FEMA, 1998).
   16. Figure 4.16 Example of a community generated vulnerability map of the village of Laxmipathipuram in Andhra Pradesh, India, indicating households/areas most at risk of the impacts of a cyclone and flood
5. Chapter 5: Earthquakes
   1. Figure 5.1 The deserted main square of Poggioreale; a village abandoned after the 1968 Belice earthquake in Sicily
   2. Figure 5.2 Extensive damage to housing caused by the Haitian earthquake in 2010
   3. Figure 5.3 The tectonic plates of the world
   4. Figure 5.4 The main types of tectonic plate boundaries
   5. Figure 5.5 Types of...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 3.4.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Schlagworte: Architects • Baubetrieb • Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen • Building Codes • Building Design • building management • building operation • Building planning • Business & Management • Civil Engineering & Construction • Civil Engineers • climate change • construction decision making • construction decisions • Construction Management • construction managers • Cyclones • Designers • Developers • disaster risk reduction • Disaster Risks • DRR • earthquakes • environmental concerns • Geological Hazards • Human-induced Threats • hydro-meteorological hazards • Infrastructure Planning • multi-hazard adaptation issues • national development strategies • Natural Hazards • non-structural adaptions for risk reduction • non-structural elements of multi-hazard/threat adaptation • planners • reduce disaster impact • reduce disaster threat • regulatory controls • Risikomanagement • Risiko-, Notfall- u. Krisenmanagement • Risk, Contingency & Crisis Management • Risk reduction • structural adaptations for risk reduction • structural engineers • terrorism • threat adaptation issues • Tsunamis • unregulated urban planning • Urban Design • urban planning • Wirtschaft u. Management
• ISBN-10: 1-118-92151-8 / 1118921518
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-92151-7 / 9781118921517