Sample Preparation with Nanomaterials (eBook)

Next Generation Techniques and Applications

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Rustem Kecili, Chaudhery Ghazanfar Hussain (Autoren)

eBook Download: EPUB

2021
Wiley-VCH GmbH (Verlag)
978-3-527-68561-5 (ISBN)

Infos

Discover this timely, comprehensive, and up-to-date exploration of crucial aspects of the use of nanomaterials in analytical chemistry  

Sample Preparation with Nanomaterials: Next Generation Techniques for Sample Preparation delivers insightful and complete overview of recent progress in the use of nanomaterials in sample preparation. The book begins with an overview of special features of nanomaterials and their applications in analytical sciences. Important types of nanomaterials, like carbon nanotubes and magnetic particles, are reviewed and biological sample preparation and lab-on-a-chip systems are presented.  

The distinguished author places special emphasis on approaches that tend to green and reduce the cost of sample treatment processes. He also discusses the legal, economical, and toxicity aspects of nanomaterial samples. This book includes extensive reference material, like a complete list of manufacturers, that makes it invaluable for professionals in analytical chemistry.  

Sample Preparation with Nanomaterials offers considerations of the economic aspects of nanomaterials, as well as the assessment of their toxicity and risk. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:  

• A thorough introduction to nanomaterials in the analytical sciences and special properties of nanomaterials for sample preparation 
• An exploration of the mechanism of adsorption and desorption on nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials used as adsorbents 
• Discussions of membrane applications of nanomaterials, surface enhanced raman spectroscopy, and the use of nanomaterials for biological sample preparation 
• A treatment of magnetic nanomaterials, lab-on-a-chip nanomaterials, and toxicity and risk assessment of nanomaterials 

Perfect for analytical chemists, materials scientists, and process engineers, Sample Preparation with Nanomaterials: Next Generation Techniques for Sample Preparation will also earn a place in the libraries of analytical laboratories, universities, and companies who conduct research into nanomaterials and seek a one-stop resource for sample preparation. 

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an Adjunct Professor and Director of Labs in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, USA. His research is focused on nanotechnology, analytical chemistry, advanced technologies & materials, environmental management, and various industries. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as prolific author and editor of several (around 50 books) scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

Rüstem Keçili is currently an Associate Professor at the Yunus Emre Vocational School of Health Services, Anadolu University, Turkey. He worked as a researcher at MIP Technologies AB, Sweden, and was a visiting researcher at the University of Manchester, UK. His professional background covers nanomaterials, molecularly imprinted polymers and chromatography.

Chaudhery Ghazanfar Hussain is a Research Scholar in Computer Science and Technology at the Department of Education, Punjab, Pakistan. His key areas of research are Data Science, Computer Networks, Environmental Modeling, nanomaterials and Industrial development. He is author of monographs on software technology. He is a true IT professional and affiliated with several companies.

Inhalt

1 Nanomaterials (NMs) in Analytical Sciences
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of NMs
1.3 Applications of NMs
1.4 Conclusions
References

2 Special Properties of Nanomaterials (NMs) for SamplePreparation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mechanical Properties of NMs
2.3 Thermal Properties of NMs
2.4 Electrical Properties of NMs
2.5 Optical Properties of NMs
2.6 Magnetic Properties of NMs
2.7 Adsorption Properties of NMs
2.8 Conclusions
References

3 Adsorption Mechanism on Nanomaterials (NMs)
3. 1Introduction
3.2 Adsorption Process
3.3 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References

4 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) as Adsorbents for SamplePreparation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs)
4.3 Adsorption on CNMs
4.4 Applications of CNMs
4.5 Conclusions
References

5 Membrane Applications of Nanomaterials (NMs)
5.1 Introduction935.2Traditional Membranes
5.2 Traditional Membranes
5.3 Carbon Nanomaterial-based Membranes
5.4 Nanoparticle-based Membranes
5.5 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP)-based Membranes
5.6 Conclusions
References

6 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) withNanomaterials (NMs)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Theory of SERS
6.3 SERS Mechanisms
6.4 Determination of SERS Enhancement Factor
6.5 Selection Rules
6.6 Fabrications of SERS Substrates
6.7 Applications of SERS
6.8 Conclusions
References

7 Nanomaterials (NMs) for Biological Sample Preparations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Use of NMs in Diagnostic Platforms
7.3 NMs-based Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) Platforms
7.4 Biomedical Applications of NMs
7.5 Sensor Applications of NMs
7.6 Conclusions

8 Magnetic Nanomaterials for Sample Preparation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
8.3 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE)
8.4 Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction (MSPE)
8.5 Conclusions and Future Trends
References

9 Lab on Chip with Nanomaterials (NMs)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) Concept
9.3 NM-Based LOC Platforms
9.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References

10 Toxicity and Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials
10.3 Toxicity Mechanism of Nanomaterials
10.4 The Traditional Risk Assessment Paradigm
10.5 Strategies for Improving Specific Risk Assessment
10.6 Conclusions
References

11 Economic Aspects of Nanomaterials (NMs) for SamplePreparation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Toxicity Concerns of NMs
11.3 Global Market for NM-Based Products
11.4 Conclusions
References

12 Legal Aspects of Nanomaterials (NMs) for SamplePreparation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Safety Issues of NMs
12.3 Regulatory Aspects of NMs
12.4 Conclusions
References

13 Monitoring of Nanomaterials (NMs) in the Environment
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Toxicity and Safety Concerns of NMs
13.3 Main Sources and Transport Routes of Nanopollutants
13.4 Requirements of Analytical Approaches
13.5 Sampling of NMs in Environmental Samples
13.6 Separation of NMs in Environmental Samples
13.7 Detection Techniques for the Characterization of NMs
13.8 Conclusions
References

14 Future Prospect of Sampling
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sampling
14.3 Sample Preparation
14.4 Green Chemistry
14.5 Miniaturization of Analytical Systems
14.6 Conclusions
References

Textauszug

1
Nanomaterials (NMs) in Analytical Sciences

1.1 Introduction

Analytical science is the branch of science that finds solutions and improvement of classical methods by fulfilling the demands for analytical information modeled by modern economic and scientific society [1]. Analytical information is about describing chemical systems and determination of their components. Technically, analytical information consists of two major components, i.e. analytical capabilities and analytical properties of the system to be analyzed. The measurement of upgrading of an analytical method, characterization, and its results is called analytical capabilities, while analytical properties can be of three different types, i.e. basic, principal, and socio-environmental. In the past, most of the developments are generally focused on techniques and solving instrumental problems, and there was no scope of socio-environmental aspects.

The rapid progresses of the microelectronic industry since 1960s established semiconductor preparation techniques to enhance the density of transistors in integrated circuits. In 1980s, these techniques led to the first design and fabrication of the microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) [2]. With the introduction of microelectronics and computer technologies, analytical science has undergone remarkable expansions in terms of automation, miniaturization, higher sensitivities, and greater precision and complete analytical effectiveness.

Nanotechnology is defined as the technology that appreciates and controls the matter at dimensions between 1 and 100 nm, called nanomaterials (NMs). NMs have received much attention in the past decade due to the novel physical and chemical properties associated with their size and shape [3–12]. Widespread applications and outstanding performance of NMs not only have accelerated the development of materials science but also offer many opportunities in other related disciplines and have a significant impact on many fields of science, including chemistry, electronics, optics, medicine, and bioanalysis. NMs possess different properties compared to the same material in their coarser or bulk form. NM structures can be in the form of particles, pores, wires, or tubes or combination of these. Unusual properties such as high conductivity, greater heat transfer, higher melting temperature, exceptional optical and magnetic properties, and super adsorbent, etc., provide NMs for a wide range of novel applications [13–20]. The main objective of nanotechnology is to use these exceptional properties of NMs and develop new products, tools, and methods. Nanotechnology can play an important role in analytical sciences. Principal design and fabrication of NMs with the incorporation of interfacial elements would be of paramount importance for the whole process of molecular analysis at present times and near future. The objective of this chapter is to focus on recent developments with different types of NMs in analytical sciences, i.e. sample preparation, separation, extraction, and identification techniques.

NMs can be highly selective materials when it comes to purification techniques. During last few years, these have been intensively researched in all types of chromatographic techniques such as gas chromatography [21], liquid chromatography [22], capillary chromatography [23], and membrane technology [24]. Overall, NMs are proven extremely important and exhibited effective improvements over present systems. However, obstacles to overcome them in separation sciences are the aggregations, stability, safety, and economic issues.

This chapter provides an overview of NMs in analytical sciences. The chapter starts with the description of the types of NMs including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes (FULs), graphene, inorganic nanoparticles, and magnetic nanoparticles. Then, various examples on the application of NMs are demonstrated.

1.2 Types of NMs

Unique properties of NMs and new methods for the analysis of NMs are strong areas for research these days. NMs have initiated the development of new ways of performing target concentration and detection and new analytical methods and instrumentation for measuring the properties of NMs. The optical and electronic properties of NMs are often dominated by their surface chemistry, and this makes the task of analyzing NMs immensely more challenging than bulk materials or homogeneous solutions. A particularly intriguing incentive for developing new approaches to NMs fabrication is the potential for creating new constructs with nanoscale order and unique functional properties. NMs for analysis can be constructed with the manipulation of one or more components.

1.2.1 Graphene

Graphene was discovered in 2004 by Professor Andre Geim and Professor Kostya Novoselov from the University of Manchester [25]. Since then, many efforts were put into the design and development of new graphene-based functional materials. In addition, the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2010 was awarded to Geim and Novoselov in the University of Manchester for their research on graphene [26]. The excellent features of graphene make it the starting point of new technologies in many application areas. Although graphene has a very low thickness, it is more robust than the diamond and 300 times stronger than steel. It conducts electricity better than copper, passes light, and bends without any deformation and can be put into any desired shape. It also exhibits great features such as large surface area, high stability, and layered structure. These superior features of graphene make it as an excellent NM in many applications such as separation processes, sensors, bioimaging, and drug delivery [27–30].

Due to the large requirement for research and applications, there has been much investment put into the development of methods to prepare the high-quality graphene in bulk. The preparation methods can be classified into two categories, one is “top-down” and the other is “bottom-up.” The former one is to break graphite into graphene through approaches like mechanical cleavage, liquid exfoliation, thermal expansion, and electrochemical exfoliation. The latter one is to synthesize graphene by the techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), arc discharge, epitaxial growth on SiC, and unzipping CNTs [31–34].

1.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

CNTs were first discovered by Ijima [35] in 1991 and were successfully employed for different purposes in analytical sciences due to their mechanical, electric, optical, and magnetic properties as well as their extremely large surface area [36, 37]. CNTs are hollow graphitic materials composed of one or multiple layers of graphene sheets: single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), respectively. The schematic depiction of the formation of SWCNTs and MWCNTs by rolling of graphite layer is shown in Figure 1.1.

The synthesis of CNTs can be carried out by means of three main techniques: CVD [39], laser ablation (LA) [40], and catalytic arc discharge (CAD) [41]. CVD seems to be the most efficient approach for the synthesis of CNTs for analytical applications due to high purity and desirable tuning at low temperature. However, for all the synthesis methods, the presence of different undesired by-products (such as carbonaceous residues, amorphous carbon, metal impurities, and others) makes it necessary to purify CNTs. To purify the synthesized nanotubes, different strategies including chemical oxidation, physical separation, or combination of both chemical and physical techniques have been employed so far. Chemical oxidation is a purification system based on the fact that carbonaceous impurity residues are oxidized sooner than CNTs. The main advantage is its easy use, but it should be noted that the oxidation process affects the structure of the nanotube introducing functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl) and defects in the side walls. Physical purification procedures are based on the different physical properties (such as size, ratio, weight, electrical and magnetic characteristics, etc.) between impurities and CNTs. Filtration, centrifugation, chromatography, and electrophoresis are the commonly employed techniques. The disadvantages of these procedures are: first, the elimination of certain impurities is inefficient; second, a high dispersion of CNTs is required; and third, only a low quantity of CNT can be purified.

Figure 1.1 The schematic depiction of the formation of SWCNTs and MWCNTs by rolling of graphite layer.

Source: Khan et al. [38]. © 2017, Elsevier.

The adsorption sites on CNTs are on the wall and in the interstitial spaces between tubes. These sites are easily accessed for both adsorption and rapid desorption. The impurity coverage on the CNT reduces their availability because the sorbate has to diffuse through these impurities to reach the CNT. Moreover, the porous structure of impurities introduces mass transfer limitations, slowing both adsorption and desorption. Understanding these characteristics is important for their application separation media. The excellent features of CNTs, along with their nanoscale features, make them ideal...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 30.4.2021
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Schlagworte: Carbon Nanomaterials • Chemical Analysis / Sample Preparation • Chemie • Chemische Analyse / Probenvorbereitung • Chemistry • <p>Nanomaterial properties • magnetic nanomaterials </p> • Nanomaterial • nanomaterial adsorbents • Nanomaterialien • nanomaterials • nanomaterials membranes • nanomaterials sample preparation • nanomaterials sample preparation textbook • nanomaterials samples • Nanostrukturiertes Material • Nanotechnologie • nanotechnology • Physical Chemistry • Physikalische Chemie
• ISBN-10: 3-527-68561-8 / 3527685618
• ISBN-13: 978-3-527-68561-5 / 9783527685615