Structural Analysis and Synthesis (eBook)

A Laboratory Course in Structural Geology

Stephen M. Rowland, Ernest M. Duebendorfer, Alexander Gates (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2021 | 4. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-53546-1 (ISBN)

Infos

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & SYNTHESIS

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & SYNTHESIS A LABORATORY COURSE IN STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

Structural Analysis and Synthesis is the best-selling laboratory manual of its kind. Specifically designed to support the laboratory work of undergraduates in structural geology courses, the book helps students analyze the various aspects of geological structures, and to combine their analyses into an overarching synthesis.

This book is intended for use in the laboratory portion of a first course in structural geology. As is explicit in the book's title, it is concerned with both the analysis and synthesis of structural features. In this fourth edition, the has been broadened to include a range of new content and features, including:

Video content that demonstrates how to perform some of the more challenging structural geology techniques

An acknowledgment of the increasing importance of environmental applications of structural geology - vital to students who may go on to pursue careers in the environmental sphere

An increased emphasis on quantitative techniques, complete with descriptions of computer program applications

Contingent with this quantitative emphasis, the book also outlines the limitations of such techniques, helping students to appropriately apply the techniques and evaluate their trustworthiness

Structural Analysis and Synthesis is a renowned and widely recognized aid to students in grasping and mastering the techniques required in structural geology, and will find a home wherever the principles and practices of structural geology are taught.

About the Authors

Stephen M. Rowland is Professor Emeritus of Geology at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.

Ernest M. Duebendorfer is Professor Emeritus of Geology at Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.

Alexander Gates is Distinguished Service Professor & Chair in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Preface 9
About the Companion Website 11
Chapter 1 Attitudes of Lines and Planes 13
Definitions 14
Structural Elements 16
Symbols for Common Structural Elements 16
Structural Grain 17
Chapter 2 Outcrop Patterns and Structure Contours 21
Structure Contours 24
The Three-Point Problem 25
Step-by-Step Solution 25
Drawing a Topographic Profile 26
Drawing Cross Sections of Structure Contour Maps 27
Determining Outcrop Patterns with Structure Contours 27
Gently Bent Layers 29
Determining Exact Attitudes from Outcrop Patterns 30
Determining Stratigraphic Thickness in Flat Terrain 31
Determining Stratigraphic Thickness on Slopes 32
Determining Stratigraphic Thickness by Orthographic Projection 32
Chapter 3 Stereographic Projection 43
Plotting a Plane 45
Plotting a Line 45
Plotting the Pole to a Plane 46
Line of Intersection of Two Planes 47
Angles of Lines within a Plane 48
Determining True Dip from Strike and Apparent Dip 49
Determining Strike and Dip from Two Apparent Dips 50
Chapter 4 Folds and Cross Sections 55
Glossary of Fold Terms 55
Parts of a Fold 55
Classification by Shape 57
Classification by Orientation 57
Fold Classification Based on Dip Isogons 59
Outcrop Patterns of Folds 60
Cross or Structure Sections of Folded Layers 61
The Arc Method 62
Down-Plunge Projection 62
Chapter 5 Stereographic Analysis of Folded Rocks 79
Beta (?) Diagrams 79
Pi (?) Diagrams 80
Pole Plotter 80
Determining the Orientation of the Axial Plane Using Fold Trace 81
Constructing the Profile of a Fold Exposed in Flat Terrain 81
Determining the Orientation of the Axial Plane Without a Fold Trace 82
Simple Equal-Area Diagrams of Fold Orientation 83
Contour Diagrams 83
Determining the Fold Style and Interlimb Angle from Contoured Pi Diagrams 87
Chapter 6 Rotations and Determining Original Directions in Folded Rocks 99
Rotation of Lines 99
The Two-Tilt Problem 101
Cones: The Drill-Hole Problem 102
Unfolding Folds 105
Chapter 7 Foliations, Parasitic Folds,and Superposed Folds 107
Foliations 107
Axial Planar, Fanning, and Transecting Foliations 108
Bedding/Cleavage Relations in Folds 109
Parasitic Folds 109
Multiple Deformations 110
Multiple Foliations 111
Superposed Folds 111
Chapter 8 Strain Measurements in Ductile Rocks 119
Longitudinal Strain 119
Shear Strain 120
The Strain Ellipse 120
Strain Fields 120
The Coaxial Total Strain Ellipse 121
Measuring Strain in Deformed Objects 122
Strain in Folds 123
Deformed Fossils as Strain Indicators 123
Mohr Circle for Sheared Fossils 124
Mohr Circle for Boudinage 125
Chapter 9 Advanced Strain Measurements 137
Fry Method 138
Rf/ Method 139
Chapter 10 Brittle Failure 143
Quantifying Two-Dimensional Stress 143
The Mohr Diagram 145
The Mohr Circle of Stress 146
Rules for Going Between Mohr Space and Real Space 147
The Failure Envelope 147
The Importance of Pore Pressure 150
Chapter 11 Analysis of Fracture Systems 159
Data Collection 160
Rose Diagram 160
Length vs Strike Graphs 161
Interpreting Joint Strike Diagrams 162
Contouring Joint Density 162
Accounting for Dip in Joints 164
Chapter 12 Faults 169
Measuring Slip 171
Rotational (Scissor) Faulting 173
Map Patterns of Faults 174
Normal Faults 174
Reverse and Thrust Faults 175
Strike-Slip Faults 175
Timing of Faults 175
Chapter 13 Dynamic and Kinematic Analysis of Faults 181
Dynamic Analysis 181
Three Principal Stresses 181
Fault Attitudes and Orientation of the Stress Ellipsoid 182
Complications Due to Pre-existing Planes of Weakness 183
Non-Uniform Stress Fields 184
Kinematic Analysis 186
Quantifying the Direction of Shortening or Extension 187
Kinematic Compatibility 187
Chapter 14 Structural Synthesis 203
Structural Synthesis 203
Some Suggestions for Writing Style 205
Common Errors in Geologic Reports 205
Chapter 15 Deformation Mechanisms in Mylonites 209
Deformation Mechanisms 209
Fracture Processes (Cataclasis) 209
Diffusive Mass Transfer 210
Intracrystalline Plastic Deformation/Crystal Plasticity 210
Recrystallization 211
Fault Rocks 212
Kinematic Indicators 214
S-C Fabrics 214
Asymmetric Porphyroclasts 214
Oblique Grain Shapes in Recrystallized Quartz Aggregates 215
Antithetic Shears 215
Strain and Offset in Shear Zones 216
Potential Sources of Error 217
Chapter 16 Construction of Balanced Cross Sections 225
Thrust-Belt “Rules” 225
Recognizing Ramps and Flats 226
Relations Between Folds and Thrusts 227
Fault-Bend Folds 227
Fault-Propagation Folds 229
Requirements of a Balanced Cross Section 230
Constructing a Restored Cross Section 231
Constructing a Balanced Cross Section 232
Chapter 17 Introduction to Plate Tectonics 245
Fundamental Principles 245
Plate Boundaries 246
Triple Junctions 247
Focal-Mechanism Solutions (“Beach-Ball” Diagrams) 248
Earth Magnetism 252
Paleomagnetism 253
Magnetic Stripes on the Ocean Floor 253
Apparent Polar Wander 254
Chapter 18 Virtual Field Trip 265
Newfoundland Folds Field Trip 266
Writing the Technical Report 266
Ramapo Fault Field Trip 267
Writing the Technical Report 267
References 269
Further Reading 271
Index 277
EULA 285

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 17.2.2021
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Schlagworte: earth sciences • Geologie • Geologie u. Geophysik • Geology & Geophysics • Geowissenschaften • Structural Geology & Tectonics • Strukturgeologie • Strukturgeologie, Tektonik
• ISBN-10: 1-119-53546-8 / 1119535468
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-53546-1 / 9781119535461