The Proceedings of 11th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology (eBook)

Guan-Yuan Wu, Kuang-Chung Tsai, W. K. Chow (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2019 | 1st ed. 2020
XIII, 1101 Seiten
Springer Singapore (Verlag)
978-981-329-139-3 (ISBN)

Infos

This book features selected papers from the 11th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology (AOSFST 2018), held in Taipei, Taiwan. Covering the entire spectrum of fire safety science, it focuses on research on fires, explosions, combustion science, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, risk analysis and structural engineering, as well as other topics. Presenting advanced scientific insights, the book introduces and advances new ideas in all areas of fire safety science. As such it is a valuable resource for academic researchers, fire safety engineers, and regulators of fire, construction and safety authorities. Further it provides new ideas for more efficient fire protection.

Guan-Yuan Wu is a professor of the Department and Graduate School of Fire Science at Central Police University, Taiwan. His research interests include fire science and technology, and structural analysis.

Kuang-Chung Tsai is a professor at National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology. His research interests include fire safety engineering, building codes, and investigation of fire accidents.

Wan-Ki Chow is the Chair Professor of Architectural Science and Fire Engineering, Department of Building Services Engineering of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He was elected to be a Fellow of Hong Kong Academy of Engineering Sciences in December 2012; and appointed as a Justice of the Peace by the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in 2013.

Inhalt

Contents 5
Fire Physics and Chemistry 14
Numerical Investigation on Temperature Profile of Horizontally Oriented Subsonic Jet Fires with Square Fuel Source 15
1 Introduction 16
2 Theoretical Models 17
3 CFD Numerical Modeling 18
3.1 Physical Model 19
3.2 Grid Sensitivity Analyses 19
4 Results and Discussion 21
4.1 Horizontal Temperature 21
4.2 Vertical Temperature 24
5 Conclusions 25
References 26
Fire Dynamics in Informal Settlement “Shacks”: Lessons Learnt and Appraisal of Fire Behavior Based on Full-Scale Testing 27
1 Introduction 28
2 Full-Scale Shack Fire Tests 29
2.1 Smoldering Test and CFD Analysis 30
2.2 Corrugated Steel Shack with Timber and “Representative” Fuel Loads 31
2.3 Double Corrugated Steel Shack Test 33
2.4 Timber and Corrugated Steel Clad Shacks with Wall Lining and Timber Fuel Load 35
3 Conclusions 37
References 38
Investigation of the Effect of DMMP Addition on the Methane–Air Premixed Flame Thickness 40
1 Introduction 40
2 Numerical Approach 42
3 Results and Discussion 43
3.1 Laminar Flame Speed and Temperature 43
3.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Laminar Flame Speed 45
3.3 Unstretched Flame Thickness Discussion 46
3.4 Stretched Flame Thickness Discussion 47
3.5 Flame Chemical Kinetic Structures 48
4 Conclusions 49
Appendix 1: Digital Coding of the Elementary Reactions Mentioned in Fig. 3b 50
References 51
Influence of Initial Humidity on the Flame Propagation Rate of LPG/Air and LPG/O2/N2 Mixtures 53
1 Introduction 54
2 Experiment 54
2.1 Experimental Setup 54
2.2 Experimental Conditions 56
3 Conditions of Chemical Equilibrium Analysis 56
4 Experimental Results 57
4.1 Influence of Moisture to the Qualitative Flame Propagation 57
4.2 Characteristics of Flame Propagation Rate in the Presence of Moisture 58
4.3 Dependence of the Initial Humidity on the Flame Propagation Rate 60
5 Discussion of the Influence of Moisture and Relative Humidity to the Combustion Behavior 61
6 Validation of the Hypothesis by the Chemical Equilibrium Analysis 62
7 Conclusions 63
References 64
The Influence of Compartment Temperature on Backdraught Dynamics 65
1 Introduction 65
2 Experimental Set-up and Procedure 67
2.1 Experimental Set-up 67
2.2 Experimental Procedure 68
3 Result and Discussion 70
3.1 Temperature Distribution 70
3.2 Delay Time of Backdraught with the Relationship to Temperature 72
4 Conclusion and Future Work 73
References 74
Shape and Oscillation of Ethylene and Propane Laminar Diffusion Flames in Micro- and Normal Gravities 75
1 Introduction 75
2 Experimental Methods 76
3 Results and Discussion 78
3.1 Flame Shapes 78
3.2 Flame Oscillation 81
4 Conclusion 85
References 86
Importance of Intersystem Crossing on Flammability Properties of Carbon Disulphide (CS2) 87
1 Introduction 87
2 Methodology 89
3 Results and Discussion 90
3.1 Location of ISC Points of CS + O2 Reaction 90
3.2 Minimum Energy Crossing Point (MECP) Calculation for CS + O2 and CS2 + O2 94
4 Conclusion 97
References 98
Fire and Smoke Modeling and Experiment 99
Unsteady Three-Layer Fluid Model for Smoke Movement Prediction 100
1 Introduction 101
2 Modeling 102
2.1 Computation Domain 102
2.2 Governing Equations 104
2.3 Other Submodels 105
3 Comparison with Full-Scale Experimental Data 106
3.1 Overview of Experiments 106
3.2 Calculation Setting 107
3.3 Vertical Section of Contour Graphs 107
4 Result 109
4.1 Outline of the Smoke Spreading Transition 109
4.2 Comparison with the Experiment 110
5 Summary and Conclusions 110
References 111
Side Wind Effect on the Flow Behavior of the Window Plume 112
1 Introduction 113
2 Theoretical Analysis of the Window Plume Tilted Angle Under the Effect of Side Wind 114
3 Numerical Simulations 115
4 Conclusions 118
References 119
Assessment of Radiation Solvers for Fire Simulation Models Using RADNNET-ZM 121
1 Introduction 122
2 Mathematical Formulation 124
3 Results and Discussion 128
3.1 Verification Case: Comparison Between RADNNET-ZM and Benchmark Results 128
3.2 Assessment of CFAST Radiation Solver Using RADNNET-ZM 130
4 Conclusions 132
References 133
Study on the Effect of Platform Screen Door of Different Types on Smoke Control of Platform Fire at a Subway Station 135
1 Introduction 135
2 Numerical Simulation 137
2.1 The Physical Model 137
2.2 Numerical Modeling 138
2.3 The Grid Sensitivity Analysis 139
2.4 Fire Scenario 139
2.5 Initial and Boundary Conditions 140
3 Results and Discussion 140
4 Conclusions 143
References 147
An Experimental Study on Pressurization Smoke Control System in Staircase 148
1 Introduction 149
2 Overview of the Experiment 150
2.1 Overview of the Real-Scale Experiment 150
2.2 Dynamic Pressure Control System 151
2.3 Differential Pressure Adjustment Damper 151
2.4 Measurements and Methodology 152
2.5 Experiment Conditions 153
3 Measurement Results and Discussion 154
3.1 Control Using a Dynamic Pressure Control System 154
3.2 Pressure Fluctuation in Staircases by Opening Staircase and Vestibule Doors 156
3.3 Confirmation of Performance of Differential Pressure Adjustment Dampers in Staircases 157
4 Conclusion 159
References 160
FDS Software Simulation for Control Effect of Fire Dikes on Leakage of Cryogenic Ethylene Storage Tank 161
1 Introduction 161
2 Low Temperature Ethylene Leakage Process and the Consequences of the Accident 162
2.1 Analysis of Ethylene Leakage and Diffusion Process 162
2.2 Description of Consequence of Leakage Accident 163
3 Low Temperature Ethylene Leakage Process and the Consequences of the Accident 163
3.1 Introduction to FDS Software Reliability 163
3.2 Establishment of Physical Model of Ethylene Storage Tan 163
3.3 Analysis of the Prevention of Tank Fire Dike 165
4 Conclusion 169
References 170
Fire-Induced Horizontal Vent Flow Pattern in a Ceiling Vented Enclosure: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Verification 172
1 Introduction 173
2 Experimental 175
3 Results and Discussions 177
3.1 Experimental Observation 177
3.2 Theoretical Analysis 179
3.3 Experimental Validation and Discussion 179
4 Conclusions 182
References 183
Numerical Study on the Smoke Control Effect of the Air Inlet Setting in the Vestibule of Building 185
1 Introduction 185
2 Numerical Modeling 187
2.1 Physical Model 187
2.2 Numerical Setup 188
2.3 Simulation Scenario 189
3 Results and Discussion 190
3.1 Directly Opposite 190
3.2 Diagonally Opposite 191
3.3 Perpendicular 192
3.4 Effect of the Relative Position on Smoke Control 195
4 Conclusions 195
References 196
Modeling of the Effect of Heat Release Rates on Fire Smoke Control in Multilevel Underground Parking Garage 198
1 Introduction 198
2 Setup of the Simulation 199
3 Result and Discussion 202
3.1 Effect of the Variation in the Design Fire Load to the Obscuration of Beam Detector 203
3.2 Effect of the Variation of the Quantity of Makeup Airflow Rate 204
3.3 Effect of the Presence and Absence of Jet Fan Over the Smoke Clearance Time 205
3.4 Smoke Extract Using Ducting and Jet Fan 206
4 Comparison to Full-Scale Experiment 208
5 Conclusion 208
References 210
Human Behavior in Fire 211
Human Behavior During an Evacuation of a Large Office Building Adjacent a Fire Site 212
1 Background 212
2 Situation of the Evacuation 213
2.1 The Fire Incident 213
2.2 The Subject Office Building 214
3 Methodology of the Survey 216
3.1 Organization-Side Interviews 216
3.2 Evacuee-Side Interviews 216
4 Evacuation Process 217
4.1 Recognition of the Fire and Decision to Make the Evacuation Order 217
4.2 Delivery of the Evacuation Order 218
4.3 Execution of the Evacuation and Issuance of the Go-Home Order 218
5 Evacuees’ Behaviors 219
5.1 Fire Recognition 219
5.2 Decision-Making for the Evacuation 220
5.3 Choice of Evacuation Route 221
6 Discussion 223
6.1 Decision-Making for Evacuation Under Unclear Circumstances 223
6.2 Evacuees’ Assessment of the Adjacent Fire 223
6.3 Use of Emergency/Non-emergency Stairs 224
7 Conclusions 224
References 225
Fire Evacuation in a Large Railway Interchange Station 226
1 Introduction 226
2 Egress Time Analysis 227
3 Methodology 229
3.1 Selected Interchange Railway Station 229
3.2 Estimation of ASET 229
3.3 Prediction of RSET 233
4 Results 235
4.1 Simulation Results 235
4.2 Safety Margin 235
5 Discussion 235
6 Conclusion 238
References 238
Experimental Study on Single-File Movement with Different Stop Distances 241
1 Introduction 242
2 Experimental Setup 243
3 Ethics Statement 245
4 Measurement and Method 245
4.1 Data Extraction 245
4.2 Data Analysis 245
5 Results and Discussion 246
5.1 Fast and Normal Moving Speed 246
5.2 Close and Normal Stop 247
6 Conclusions 251
References 252
Study on Pedestrian Flow Prediction of Specific Flow Using Dimensionless Width 254
1 Background and Aim 255
2 Crowd Evacuation Experiment 256
2.1 Experimental Overview 256
2.2 Experimental Cases 257
3 Analysis Results 257
3.1 Trajectories 257
3.2 Areas and Sections of Analysis 259
3.3 Dimensionless Width D* and Density ? 261
3.4 Dimensionless Width D* and Specific Flow N 263
3.5 Density ? and Specific Flow N3 263
4 Calculation of Specific Flow N 264
4.1 Calculation of Junction Specific Flow Njunction 264
4.2 Calculation of Mainstream and Sidestream Specific Flow Nmain, Nside 265
4.3 Calculation Results and Comparison with Experimental Results 266
5 Conclusion 267
References 267
Influence of Congestion in Upper Floor on Pedestrian Flow in Staircase Based on Observational Survey of Evacuation Drill in a High-Rise Building 268
1 Introduction 268
2 Purpose 269
3 Methods 270
3.1 Overview of Total Evacuation Drill in High-Rise Building 270
3.2 Recording Participants’ Movement 271
3.3 Determination of Evacuation Flow Containing Non-merging Flow 271
4 Results 272
4.1 Temporal Change of Specific Flow 272
4.2 Average Specific Flow of Steady State in Non-merging Flow 274
4.3 Merging State in Upper Floor of Non-merging Flow 275
5 Discussion 279
6 Conclusion 279
References 280
Time Gaps for Passing Through Bus Exits in Tunnel Fires by an Experimental Evacuation and Ordinary Use 282
1 Introduction 283
2 Bus Evacuation Experiment 285
3 Normal Alighting from the Bus by Observation 288
3.1 Places 288
3.2 Methodology 289
4 Result and Discussion 289
4.1 Time Gap Data in Bus Evacuation Experiment and Normal Alighting 289
4.2 Characteristics of Time Delay 292
5 Conclusions 294
References 295
Investigation on Residents’ Usage for Public Facility of Evacuation at Ordinary Time 296
1 Purpose of the Study 296
2 The Background of Research Objects 297
3 Process of Investigation on Usage for Facilities of Evacuation at Ordinary Time 298
4 Analysis of Investigation on Residents’ Usage for Public Facility 299
4.1 Analysis of Sample Background 299
4.2 Analysis of Location Choice 300
4.3 Analysis of Usage Purpose 303
4.4 Analysis of Usage Problem 305
5 Findings and Conclusion 307
References 307
Safety Study on Load-Limiting Device for Rope Rescue 308
1 Introduction 308
2 Methods 310
2.1 Test Samples 310
2.2 Test Arrangement and Procedure 310
3 Results and Discussion 312
3.1 2-wrap and 3-wrap Ø8 mm Prusik on Tendon Ø11 mm Low Stretch Rope 312
3.2 Mechanical Devices as Load-Limiting Devices 313
3.3 Visual and Tactile Examinations 315
3.4 Comparison of Suitability as Load-Limiting Device: Prusik Versus Mechanical Devices 317
4 Conclusions 318
References 318
Study on Subway Station Evacuation Performance by the Improved Cellular Automata Evacuation Model 320
1 Introduction 321
2 Improved Cellular Automata Model 322
2.1 Improved Static Force Field with the Introduction of the Toxicity Coefficient to the Static Force Field 323
2.2 Improved Dynamic Force Field with the Introduction of Pheromone 323
3 Model ICAM Validation by Evacuation Test in a Classroom 325
3.1 ICAEM Model Verification by Experimental Tests 326
3.2 ICAEM Model Verification 327
4 Simulation of Crowd Evacuation Behavior 329
4.1 Crowd Flow Around Obstacles 329
4.2 Self-lining Phenomenon 329
5 ICAEM Application in Subway Station Platform 329
5.1 Exit LayOut Improvement by ICAM Model 333
6 Conclusion 335
References 336
Fire Statistics and Risk Assessment 337
Assessing Probability of Fire in an Administrative District 338
1 Introduction 338
1.1 Research Framework and Procedures 339
1.2 Defining Probability of Fire 340
1.3 Factors as Items of AHP Concerning Probability of Fire 340
2 Ratings and Results of the Indices for Assessing Probability of Fire by AHP 342
2.1 Survey Statistics of the Assessment Indices 342
2.2 Rating Definitions of the Assessment Indices 343
2.3 Rating Classification and Results of the Probability of Fire Indices 343
3 Analytic Hierarchy Process Results 343
3.1 Questionnaire Design and Survey 343
3.2 Probability of Fire Item and Index Weights 347
4 Validation of Probability of Fire Assessment Results 347
5 Conclusion 352
References 354
Investigation of Factors and Construction of Statistical Models on Predicting Life Casualties in Building Fires in New Taipei City 356
1 Introduction 356
2 Literature Review 357
3 Materials and Methods 359
3.1 Variables and Database 359
3.2 Empirical and Statistical Procedures 359
4 Results 359
4.1 Chi-Square Test and Independent Samples T-test 359
4.2 Explanatory Model of Life Casualties in Building Fires (Human Factors) 360
4.3 Explanatory Model of Life Casualties in Building Fires (Ignited and Building Environmental Factors) 361
4.4 Explanatory Model of Life Casualties in Building Fires (Built-in Fire Safety Measures, Rescue and Fire Growth Factors) 362
5 Discussion 362
5.1 Human Factors 362
5.2 Ignited and Building Environmental Factors 363
5.3 Built-in Fire Safety Measures, Rescue and Fire Growth Factors 364
6 Limitations 364
7 Conclusion 364
Appendix 1 365
Appendix 2 370
Appendix 3 372
References 374
Preliminary Investigation of Critical Separation Distance Between Shacks in Informal Settlements Fire 375
1 Introduction 376
2 Analysis Results 377
2.1 Theoretical Prediction of Heat Flux Distribution 377
2.2 Critical Separation Distance in Real Fire 380
3 Discussion 382
4 Conclusions 384
References 385
Spectral Characteristic Analysis of Burned Area Based on MODIS Data 386
1 Introduction 387
2 Study Area 388
3 Methodology 389
3.1 MODIS Data 390
3.2 Extraction of Sample Sets 391
3.3 Analysis of Spectral Indices 393
4 Results and Discussion 395
5 Conclusions 397
References 397
Fire Hazard Assessment of Typical Flammable Liquid Oils in Wind Turbine Nacelle 400
1 Introduction 401
2 Materials and Methods 403
2.1 Sample Preparation and Investigation Methods 403
3 Results and Discussions 403
3.1 Identification of Potential Fire Sources in a Wind Turbine Nacelle 403
3.2 Thermal Hazards and Nonthermal Hazards Analysis of Oil Samples 404
3.3 Theoretical Analyses of Flammability and Ignition Characteristics 409
4 Conclusion 411
References 411
Fire Safety Design and Codes 413
A Risk-Based Approach to the Performance-Based Fire Safety Design of a Building in Regard to Preventing Building-to-Building Fire Spread 414
1 Introduction 415
2 Schematic of the Risk-Based Validation Model 416
3 Evaluation of Fire Spread Preventive Performance of Building Members 419
3.1 Common Expression for Failure Probability of Building Members 419
3.2 Occurrence Probability of Events 420
3.3 Equivalent Fire Duration Time 421
4 Case Study 423
5 Conclusions 425
References 426
Development of Testing Environment for Thermal Protective Clothing at Critical Conditions 427
1 Introduction 428
2 Creation of Critical Thermal Environment 430
2.1 Quantification of Heat Flux Indicative of Critical Fire Hazard 430
2.2 Development of a Series of High-Radiation Emitting Apparatuses 432
3 Establishment of Measurement System 434
3.1 Introduction to Measurement Criteria 434
3.2 Development of Skin Simulant 436
4 Conclusions 438
References 440
Effect of Ice Slurry on Suppression and Cooling of Body Temperature in Firefighters 442
1 Background of Study 443
2 Purpose and Outline of Study 443
3 Experimental Overview 444
3.1 Participants 444
3.2 Exercise and Rest Times 444
3.3 Clothing of Participants 445
3.4 Exercise Stop Conditions 445
3.5 Experimental Environment Parameters 446
3.6 Methods of Fluid Intake 447
3.7 Time Schedule of Experiments 447
4 Measured Items 447
4.1 Vital Signs 447
5 Results of Experiment 448
5.1 Exercise Time and Exercise Stop Conditions 449
5.2 Various Vital Data 449
6 Controlling Temperature Increases and Analyzing Decreases 454
6.1 Point of View of Analysis 454
6.2 Effectiveness of Suppressing Maximum Rectal Temperature 456
7 Summary 457
Reference 457
Experimental Studies of the Effect of Spray Dynamics on Radiation Blockage by Water Curtains 458
1 Introduction 459
2 Introduction Experimental Setup 460
2.1 Experimental Platform 460
2.2 Nozzle Spray Droplets Measurement 461
2.3 Measurement Procedure 462
3 Results and Discussion 462
3.1 Spray Dynamics Analysis 462
3.2 Effect of the Pressure on the Attenuation 464
3.3 Effect of the Position on the Attenuation 465
4 Conclusions 467
References 467
Structural Behavior in Fire 469
Small-Scale Tests on Tensile Membrane Action of Reinforced Mortar Slabs at Elevated Temperature 470
1 Introduction 471
2 Test Parameter and Specimen 472
3 Test Setup 475
4 Test Results and Discussions 477
4.1 Thermal Deflection 477
4.2 Load–Deflection Behavior 478
4.3 Enhancement Factor of the Maximum Strength 480
5 Conclusions 481
References 482
Investigation of Fire Damage in Concrete by Post-peak Control Technique Associated with Acoustic Emission 483
1 Introduction 484
2 Acoustic Emission 484
3 Fire-Damage Experiment 484
3.1 Fire-Damage Specimen Preparation 484
3.2 Uniaxial Compressive Test 485
3.3 AE System 486
4 Results and Discussion 486
4.1 Relation of Loading Behavior and Fire Temperature in Macro-view 486
4.2 Relation of AE Evolution and Fire Temperature in Micro-view 487
5 Conclusions 489
References 489
Fire Properties and Testing Methods of Materials 491
Enhancing the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Transparent Fire-Retardant Coatings Applied on Wood Substrates by Introducing Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes 492
1 Introduction 492
2 Experimental 494
2.1 Materials 494
2.2 Synthesis of PEA and the CPEAs 494
2.3 Preparation of Transparent Fire-Retardant Coatings 495
2.4 Characterization and Measurements 495
3 Results and Discussion 496
3.1 Characterization of PEA and the CPEAs 496
3.2 Fire Protection Performance 498
3.3 Cone Calorimeter Test 500
3.4 Thermo-Gravimetric (TG) Analysis 501
3.5 Morphology and Chemical Structure of Char Residue 502
4 Conclusions 504
References 505
A Method for Translating Compartment Fire Durations to Equivalent Fire Resistance Time at Standard Fire Test Condition 507
1 Introduction 508
2 ISO Standard Fire Temperature and MQH Compartment Fire Temperature 509
2.1 ISO 834 Standard Fire Temperature 509
2.2 MQH Formula for Compartment Fire Temperature 510
3 Compartment Fire Temperature with Radiation Heat Loss Through Window Opening 512
3.1 Heat Conservation 512
3.2 Ventilation Rate and Heat Release Rate 513
3.3 Heat of Fuel Gasification 514
3.4 Heat Loss to Boundary 514
3.5 Radiation Heat Loss Through Window Opening 515
3.6 Formula for Ventilation-Controlled Fire Temperature Considering Radiative Heat Loss Through Window 515
4 Translation of Compartment Fire Duration to Fire Resistance Time by Standard Fire Test 517
4.1 Temperature Criteria for Fire Resistance 517
5 Conclusion 519
References 520
An Experimental Study on Combustion Characteristics of Printers Depending on Geometrical Type and Kind of Plastics Used 521
1 Introduction 522
2 Outline of Burning Tests 523
2.1 Method of Burning Test of a Printer 523
2.2 Measured Items 523
2.3 Specimen Specifications 524
3 Results of the Burning Tests 525
3.1 Combustion Behavior by Type of Printer 525
3.2 Ratio of Combustible Materials 527
4 Relationship Between the Initial Weight and Shape of the Printer and the Combustion Behavior 528
4.1 Heat of Combustion and Fire Load 528
4.2 Relationship Between Bulk Density and Initial Fire Growth Rate 529
4.3 Relationship Between the Shape of Specimens and the Maximum Heat Release Rate 529
5 Conclusions 530
Appendix 1: Properties of Plastics 531
Appendix 2: Method for Finding the Projected Area and the Bulk Volume of Printer by Image Analysis 531
References 532
The Breakage Behavior of Different Types of Glazing in a Fire 534
1 Introduction 534
2 Different Types of Single Glazing 535
3 Different Types of Multi-pane Glazing 540
4 Conclusions 543
References 544
The Moisture Evaporation Rate of Walls Revisited and Predicting Temperature Profile of Moisture Containing Walls Exposed to Fire 546
1 Introduction 547
2 Revised Heat Continuity Equation 551
3 Simple Calculation Formula for Drying Front 552
3.1 Validation with Numerical Simulation 553
3.2 Error Analysis and Compensation 554
4 Temperature in the Dried Region of Materials Containing Moisture 555
4.1 Simple Estimation of the Temperature in the Dried Region 556
4.2 Comparison of the Temperature Between Simple Estimation and Numerical Calculation 557
4.3 Practical Use of the Simple Temperature Estimation 558
5 Conclusion 560
References 561
Burning of a Polyurethane Slab in Open and in Room Environments 562
1 Introduction 563
2 Experimental Procedure 564
2.1 Schematics 564
2.2 Specimen Material 564
3 Burning Experiments in an Open Environment 565
3.1 Experimental Procedure 565
3.2 Burning Behavior 566
3.3 Heat Release Rates and Heat of Combustion 566
3.4 Surface Flame Spread Rates and Heat Release Rates Per Unit Area of Burning 568
4 Burning Experiments in a Model-Scale Room 569
4.1 Experimental Procedure 569
4.2 Burning Behavior 570
4.3 Comparisons of Heat Release Rates 571
4.4 Flame Spread Rate and Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area of Burning 572
4.5 Empirical Relationships for Fire Growth Rate and Maximum HRR Per Unit Area 573
5 Conclusions 574
References 574
Diffusion of Carbon Monoxide Through Unpainted and Painted Gypsum Wallboard 576
1 Introduction 577
2 Experimental Setup 578
2.1 Measurement of Effective Diffusion Coefficient 578
2.2 Full-Scale Room CO Release and Diffusion Experiments 581
3 Results 582
3.1 Effective Diffusion Coefficient Measurements 582
3.2 CO Diffusion from the Full-Scale Room Experiments 583
4 Discussion 585
5 Conclusions 587
References 587
Experimental Investigation of Smoldering Combustion of Tropical Peat Layer Under Stratified Moisture Content 589
1 Introduction 590
2 Materials and Methods 591
2.1 Sampling and Sample Preparation 591
2.2 Experimental Setup 592
3 Results and Discussion 593
3.1 Temperature Profile, Smoldering Spread Rate and Energy Equilibrium 593
3.2 Moisture Content, Evaporation, and Mass Evolution 594
3.3 Depth of Burn (DOB) 600
4 Conclusion 602
References 602
Pyrolysis Kinetic Analysis of Forest Combustible Material: An Improved Method for Optimization Calculation 604
1 Introduction 605
2 Experimental 606
2.1 Reaction Steps of Pyrolysis 607
2.2 Comprehensive Method for Preliminary Evaluation of Activation Energy and Pre-exponential Factor 607
2.3 Optimization Calculation 609
3 Results and Discussion 610
3.1 Comprehensive Kinetic Analysis 610
3.2 Optimization Calculations by Genetic Algorithm (GA) 613
4 Conclusion 615
References 615
Industrial Fires 617
Application of Safety Planning Method Based on Quantitative Risk Analysis in Oil Pipeline 618
1 Introduction 618
2 Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) 620
3 Methodology 621
4 Case Study: Safety Planning for a Pipeline 624
5 Conclusion 627
References 628
Experimental Study on Effectiveness of Water Mist Containing Potassium Salts in Extinguishing Liquid Pool Fire 629
1 Introduction 630
2 Experimental Equipment and Methods 632
3 Results and Discussion 634
3.1 Analysis of the Leading Mechanism of Water Mist for Fire Extinguishing 634
3.2 The Effect of PPFR on the Effectiveness of Fire Extinguishing 637
3.3 Analysis of Chemical Mechanism of Potassium Additives 640
4 Conclusion 643
References 644
Characteristics of Thermal Runaway Propagation of Lithium Ion Battery Module Induced by Thermal Abuses in Enclosure Space 646
1 Introduction 647
2 Experimental Methods 648
3 Results and Discussion 649
3.1 Characterization of Thermal Runaway of a Single Cell 649
3.2 Characterization of Thermal Runaway Propagation When a Single Battery Was Heated 650
3.3 Characterization of Thermal Runaway Propagation When Whole Battery Module Was Heated 651
4 Conclusion 654
References 655
Full-Scale Experimental Study of Boilover Suppression by Floating Perlites 656
1 Introduction 656
2 Experimental Design 658
2.1 Experiment Field 658
2.2 Fuel 658
2.3 Perlite 658
2.4 Experimental Setup 659
3 Results and Discussion 660
3.1 Experimental Observations 660
3.2 Temperature History of Fuel and Water 661
3.3 Radiation Heat Flux 663
4 Conclusion 664
References 664
Urban, Wildland/Urban Interface and Forest Fires 666
Influence of Base Sheathing Material on Wind-Driven Firebrand Production During Real-Scale Building Component Combustion 667
1 Introduction 668
2 Experimental Description 669
3 Results and Discussion 671
4 Summary 675
References 676
Behavior of Downslope Fire Spread Through a Pine Needle Fuel Bed 678
1 Introduction 679
2 Experimental Setup 680
3 Result and Discussion 681
3.1 Flame Geometry and Emissivity 681
3.2 Combustion Interface Shape 683
3.3 A Simplified Physical Model for Downslope Fire Over Thermally Thick Fuel Bed 684
4 Conclusion 687
Appendix 1: Experimental Data Under the Fuel Load of 1.2 kg/m2 688
References 688
EnKF-Based Real-Time Prediction of Wildfire Propagation 690
1 Introduction 690
2 Methodology 692
3 Application of EnKF to Wildfires 693
3.1 Sensitivity Analysis 694
3.2 Numerical Experiment Without EnKF 696
3.3 Numerical Experiment with EnKF 698
4 Conclusions 700
References 701
Fire Detection and Suppression 702
Experimental Studies of Roll-Paper Storage Burning Behavior with Water Application 703
1 Introduction 703
2 Experimental Setup 704
3 Results and Discussion 707
3.1 Roll Paper Free-Burn Behavior 707
3.2 Water Application Tests 708
3.3 Roll-Paper Fire Hazard Classification 712
4 Summary and Conclusions 714
References 715
A Study on Actual Delivered Density of Water Application Under the Effects of Fire Sources 716
1 Introduce 717
2 Experiments 719
2.1 Experimental Equipment 719
2.2 Heat Source 720
2.3 Experimental Process 720
2.4 Experimental Results 723
3 Simulations Using FDS 724
3.1 Introduction to FDS 724
3.2 Mesh Sensitivity Study 724
3.3 Simulation with Large-Scale Fire Sources 725
4 Developing a Simple Predictive Model 727
4.1 Introduction to Multiple Regression Analysis 727
4.2 Results of Multiple Regression Analysis 727
5 Conclusion 728
References 729
Application of Common-Use Temperature Sensors to Early Fire Detection 730
1 Introduction 731
2 Experimental Setup and Procedures 732
2.1 Experimental Setup 732
2.2 Experimental Procedures 733
3 Experimental Results 734
3.1 Ceiling Jet Behavior and Sensor Response in Case Without Air-Conditioning Flow 734
3.2 Ceiling Jet Behavior and Sensor Response in Case with Air-Conditioning Flow 735
4 Discussions 736
4.1 Estimation of Ceiling Jet Behavior and Sensor Response 736
4.2 Influence of Air-Conditioning Flow 738
5 Conclusions 740
References 740
Water Mist Fire Suppression Modeling of Rack Storage Fires in Open Space 742
1 Introduction 742
2 Test Configuration 743
3 Modeling Approach 744
3.1 Fire Growth Model 744
3.2 Flame Extinction/Re-ignition Model 745
3.3 Radiation Model 747
3.4 Spray and Water Film 748
4 Numerical Configuration 749
5 Results and Discussion 749
6 Conclusion 753
References 754
The Experimental Studies of the Cooking Oil Fire by Water-Mist Fire-Extinguishing System with Additive 755
1 Introduction 755
2 Cooking Oil Fire Test Program 757
2.1 Data Logger System 757
2.2 Fire Source 757
2.3 Temperature Measurement 757
3 Results and Discussion 758
3.1 Temperature Distribution of Cases with and Without Additive 759
3.2 Fire Extinguished Time 760
4 Conclusions 763
References 763
Characterization of Typical Fire and Non-fire Aerosols by Polarized Light Scattering for Reliable Optical Smoke Detection 764
1 Introduction 765
2 Theoretical Background 766
3 Numerical Simulation 767
3.1 Particle Morphology and Light-Scattering Model 767
3.2 Simulation Results 769
4 Experimental Measurement 770
4.1 Scattering Matrix Measurement Setup 770
4.2 Generation of Fire and Non-fire Aerosols 771
4.3 Experimental Results and Discussion 772
5 Conclusion 773
References 773
A Study on the Application of Automatic Sprinkler Systems in AS/RS Warehouses in Taiwan 775
1 Preface 776
2 Literature Review 777
2.1 Characteristic of the Warehouse Fire Behavior 777
2.2 Case Studies of Major Fire Accidents in Storage Warehouses 778
2.3 General Information of Fire Safety Prevention in Storage Warehouse 778
3 Site Investigation and Questions Discussions of AS/RS in Taiwan 780
3.1 Site Investigation Comparison Results of AS/RS in Taiwan 780
3.2 Discussions and Conclusions for AS/RS on-Site Investigation in Taiwan 782
4 Discrepancy Comparison Between Standard for Installation of Fire Safety Equipment Based on Use and Occupancy and NFPA Codes 782
5 Conclusions and Future Work 782
5.1 On-Site AS/RS Investigation Discoveries as Follows 782
5.2 Future Work for the Amendment of Standard for the Installation of Fire Safety Equipment Based on Use and Occupancy 788
References 789
Fire Investigation/Fire Services 791
Chinese Firefighter Fatalities 2007–2016 792
1 Introduction 792
2 General Situation 793
3 Firefighter Deaths by Type of Duty 794
3.1 Fireground 794
3.2 Emergency Rescue 795
3.3 Responding or Returning 795
3.4 Training 795
3.5 Others 796
4 Firefighter Deaths by Age and Rank 796
5 Firefighter Deaths by Cause of Injury 796
5.1 Vehicle Crash 796
5.2 Stress or Overexertion 797
5.3 Caught or Trapped 797
5.4 Structural Collapse 798
5.5 Explosion 798
5.6 Fall 798
5.7 Lost 798
5.8 Electric Shock 799
5.9 Struck by 799
5.10 Others 799
6 Conclusion 799
References 800
Planning of Intermediate Refuge Floors as a Comprehensive Measure for Business Continuity Planning of After Large Earthquakes and Mitigation of Fire Damage on Super High-Rise Buildings 802
1 Introduction: Comprehensive Measure for Business Continuity and Fire Safety After Big Earthquake 803
2 Concept of Business Continuity and Fire Safety After Big Earthquake 804
2.1 Business Continuity After Big Earthquake 804
2.2 Fire Safety After Big Earthquake 805
3 Model Building 805
4 Model of Business Continuity and Fire Safety Controlled by Intermediate Refuge Floors and Zoning 807
4.1 Fire Safety After Big Earthquake 807
4.2 Definition of Earthquake Damage 807
4.3 Definition of Business Continuity and Its Calculation Method 808
4.4 Definition of Fire and Smoke Damage and Its Calculation Method 810
5 Parametric Study 811
5.1 Business Continuity 811
5.2 Smoke Control After Fire Safety 813
6 Discussion: Optimal de Sign of Intermediate Refuge Floors Both for Business Continuity and Fire Safety 814
7 Conclusion 815
References 815
Risk Analysis of Helicopter Search and Rescue Hoist Operation Accident 816
1 Introduction 816
2 Methodology 818
2.1 Statistical Data 818
2.2 Case Analysis 818
2.3 Semi-structured Interviews 821
2.4 Ensuring the Completeness 822
3 Result 823
4 Conclusion 824
5 Limitation 825
Appendix A 825
References 826
Investigation Report of Bei-Men Hospital Fire in Taiwan on October 23, 2012 828
1 Introduction 828
1.1 Fire Safety Issues in Hospitals 828
1.2 Fire Safety Regulations in Hospitals in Taiwan 829
2 On-site Surveys of the Fire Scene 830
2.1 Basic Information of the Building 830
2.2 Fire Investigation 831
3 Discussions 833
3.1 The Change of Use in the Fire Room 834
3.2 The Management of Storage Room 834
3.3 The Failing of Fire and Smoke Compartmentation 834
4 Conclusions 835
References 835
FDS Model Simulates and Reconstructs the Ammonia Fire Accident Scene 837
1 Introduction 837
2 Simulation Methods 840
3 Results and Discussion 841
3.1 FDS Simulation Reconstruct the Ventilation of Scene 841
3.2 Concentration Analysis of Ammonia Gas Inside the Building 842
4 Conclusions 844
References 845
Fire Protection of Cultural Heritages 846
Fire Protection and Fire Safety Design of New Zealand Heritage Building 847
1 Introduction 847
2 Background of McDougall House and Fire Safety Design Solutions 849
3 Performance-Based Fire Safety Design of McDougall House 851
3.1 Design Scenarios of C/VM2 853
3.2 Quantitative Analysis: Design Scenario (HS) and (CF) 853
3.3 Qualitative Analysis: ANARP Consideration with Benefit Versus Sacrifice Analysis 859
4 Conclusions 860
References 861
Fire Protection of High-Rise Buildings 862
Sensitivity Analysis of Smoke Flow in New Zealand High-Rise Stairwells 863
1 Introduction 863
2 Modeling Setup 864
3 Results 869
3.1 Smoke Flow Behavior and Tenability of Fire Floor 869
3.2 Simulations Which Maintained Stairwell Tenability 871
3.3 Simulations Which Failed Stairwell Tenability 871
4 Discussion of Results Sensitivity 873
5 Conclusions 875
References 876
Tall Building Evacuation Strategy—The Refuge Floor Concept Revisited 877
1 Introduction 877
2 Relevant Case Incidents of Major Building Fires 878
2.1 Hong Kong 878
2.2 Singapore 879
2.3 USA 880
3 Refuge Floor Provisions 881
3.1 Hong Kong 882
3.2 Singapore 882
3.3 China 883
3.4 India 883
3.5 NFPA 101/5000 [10] 883
4 Evaluation 883
4.1 The Issues 883
4.2 The Existing Alternative 884
4.3 The Fatigue Factor 884
5 Case Study 885
6 Conclusion 886
References 887
Tunnel Fires 888
The Analysis of the Effects of Critical Velocity in Tunnel Fires with Water Spray System 889
1 Introduction 890
2 Numerical Simulation 891
2.1 Grid System 891
2.2 Fire Source 892
2.3 Ventilation System Design 893
2.4 Water Spray System 893
2.5 Scenario Cases 894
3 Results and Discussion 894
3.1 Comparison of Critical Velocities 894
3.2 Effects of Water Spray Systems on Tunnel Fires 895
3.3 Influence of Water Density on Critical Velocity 896
3.4 Effect of Droplet Size on Critical Velocity 897
3.5 Vertical Temperature Variations 898
4 Conclusions 900
References 900
Research on Evacuation of Train Fire in Extra-Long Channel Tunnel 902
1 Introduction 902
2 Model Description 903
2.1 Mathematical Description 903
2.2 Physical Model 904
2.3 Grid Sensitivity 904
2.4 Calculation Conditions 907
3 Emergency Response to Fire Trains and Safe Evacuation Criteria 908
3.1 Emergency Response to Fire Trains 908
3.2 Safe Evacuation Criteria 909
4 Analysis on Personnel Safety of Carriage Fire 910
4.1 Fire Happened in the Middle of Carriage 910
4.2 Fire Happened at the End of Carriage 911
4.3 Fire Spreads to the Adjacent Carriages 912
5 Analysis on Personnel Safety of Tunnel Fire 913
5.1 ASET for the Train in the Emergency Rescue Station 913
5.2 Safety Analysis of Train in the Emergency Rescue Station 915
5.3 The Impact of the Emergency Rescue Station on Personnel Safety in the Tunnel 915
6 Conclusions and Suggestions 916
References 916
Experiment on Effects of Sealing Rate on Fire Behaviors in Sealing Tactics Against Tunnel Fire 918
1 Introduction 918
2 Experiments 920
2.1 Tunnel Configuration 920
2.2 Measurement Systems 921
2.3 Sealing Settings 922
2.4 Fire Source 924
3 Results and Discussion 924
3.1 Mass Loss Rate 924
3.2 Temperature at Tunnel Ceiling 926
3.3 Temperature Distribution at Tunnel Entrance 928
3.4 Radiation Heat at Tunnel Entrance 928
4 Conclusion 931
References 932
Potential Risks Assessment Method Using the Model Tunnel Associated with Japanese Expressway Tunnel Fires 934
1 Introduction 935
1.1 Background to the Research 935
1.2 Risk Evaluation Method 936
1.3 Challenges to Risk Evaluation 942
2 Evaluating Potential Risk Using a Model Tunnel 942
2.1 Setting the Model Tunnel 943
2.2 Evaluation Cases 944
2.3 Results of Coupled Evaluation 945
3 Method of Application to Different Types of Tunnels 947
3.1 Creation of a Regression Equation to Calculate the Number of Residual Evacuees 947
3.2 Application to Other Tunnels 947
4 Conclusions 953
References 954
Network Flow Modelling for Optimizing Fire Smoke Control in Complex Urban Traffic Link Tunnels: Incorporating Heat Loss and Gas Species Generation Rate Calculation into Models 955
1 Introduction 956
2 A Simplified Introduction of Network Modelling 958
2.1 Mass Conservation of Nodes 958
2.2 Thermal Balance of Nodes and Branches 958
2.3 Pressure Balance of Flow Loops 959
2.4 Gas Species Generation and Transport 961
3 Comparisons of CFD and Application Cases 962
3.1 Comparisons of the Network Analysis Result with the CFD Simulation 962
3.2 Hybrid Mode with Combination of Longitudinal Ventilation and Centralized Smoke Extraction 964
4 Conclusions 967
References 968
Influence of Stationary Vehicles to Thermal Fume Backlayering Length in Tunnel Fire 970
1 Introduction 972
1.1 Pertinent Studies with no Vehicular Blockage 972
1.2 Studies Pertaining to Vehicular Blockage 973
1.3 The Aims of This Work 974
2 Experimental and CFD Methods 975
2.1 Experimental and CFD Models Scheme 975
2.2 The Setting of Experimental and CFD Models 978
2.3 Heat Release Rate 980
3 Result 982
3.1 Dimensionless Heat Release Rate and Froude Number 982
3.2 Effect of Detention Vehicle on Longitudinal Flow Velocity 984
4 Conclusions 987
References 988
Model-Scale Fire Experiments and Simulations of a Tunnel with Point-Extraction Ventilation 991
1 Introduction 992
2 Simulation Method 993
2.1 Heat-Release Rate 993
2.2 Derivation of Smoke Generation Rate 994
3 Scale-Model Tunnel Fire Scenarios 995
3.1 Fluid Physical Properties Comparison of Model/Real Tunnel Ratio 995
3.2 Outline of Fire Experiments in the Tunnel Scale Model 996
3.3 Experimental Conditions 996
3.4 Analytical Area 997
3.5 Dimensionless Analysis Applied to Compare Experimental and Simulated Smoke Concentrations 998
4 Experimental and Simulation Results 999
4.1 Longitudinal Flow Velocity Induced by Operating Extraction (Case 1) 999
4.2 Smoke Extraction Combined with Forced Longitudinal Flow Velocity (Case 2) 1000
4.3 Case 3 1003
4.4 Backlayering Distance (Lb) from Fire Source 1004
5 Conclusion 1005
References 1005
Fire Smothering and Post-fire Ventilation Strategy for Cable Compartment in Urban Utility Tunnel 1007
1 Introduction 1008
2 Fire Smothering Progress in Urban Utility Tunnel 1009
3 Basic Condition of Utility Tunnel Under Research 1010
4 Simulated Scenario and Measuring Points Arrangement 1011
4.1 Setup of Simulated Scenario 1011
4.2 Measuring Points Arrangement 1012
5 Main Results and Analysis 1013
5.1 Fire Development and Fire Smothering 1013
5.2 Post-Fire Ventilation 1015
6 Conclusions 1017
References 1018
Numerical Studies on the Smoke Control Parameters of Water Mist Screens with Transverse Ventilation System in Tunnel Fires 1020
1 Introduction 1021
2 Numerical Experiments 1022
2.1 FDS 1023
2.2 Physical Model and Grid Sizes 1023
2.3 Fire Scenarios 1024
2.4 Calculation of Smoke Extraction Efficiency 1025
3 Results and Discussions 1026
3.1 Visibility Distributions 1027
3.2 Smoke Extraction Efficiency 1029
4 Conclusion 1031
References 1032
Effects of Tunnel Length on Combustion Efficiency in Tunnel Fires 1034
1 Introduction 1036
2 Experimental Apparatus 1036
3 Experimental Conditions and Method for Estimating Combustion Efficiency 1038
4 Measurement Uncertainties 1040
5 Results and Discussion 1042
5.1 Temperature Distribution 1042
5.2 Heat Release Rate 1043
5.3 Combustion Efficiency and the Ghosting Flame Phenomenon 1044
6 Conclusion 1046
References 1046
The Analysis of HGV Fire Scenarios in Tunnel with Point-Extraction Ventilation 1048
1 Introduction 1049
2 Numerical Analysis 1050
2.1 FDS 1050
2.2 Physical Model 1051
2.3 Grid Sizes 1051
2.4 Fire Scenarios 1052
3 Results and Discussions 1055
3.1 Smoke Spread Process 1055
3.2 Temperature Distributions 1056
3.3 Visibility Distributions 1057
3.4 CO Concentration Distributions 1057
4 Conclusions 1059
References 1059

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 12.9.2019
• Zusatzinfo: XIII, 1101 p.
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft ► Betriebswirtschaft / Management
• Schlagworte: Fire Chemistry • Fire Investigation • Fire Physics • Fire Protection • Fire Safety Design and Codes • Fire Safety System • Fire Services • Industrial Fire • Quality Control, Reliability, Safety and Risk • Tunnel Fire Management • Tunnel Fire Safety
• ISBN-10: 981-329-139-7 / 9813291397
• ISBN-13: 978-981-329-139-3 / 9789813291393