Vibration-Based Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines (eBook)

Tomasz Barszcz (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2018
XX, 215 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-030-05971-2 (ISBN)

Infos

This book describes in detail different types of vibration signals and the signal processing methods, including signal resampling and signal envelope, used for condition monitoring of drivetrains. A special emphasis is placed on wind turbines and on the fact that they work in highly varying operational conditions. The core of the book is devoted to cutting-edge methods used to validate and process vibration data in these conditions. Key case studies, where advanced signal processing methods are used to detect failures of gearboxes and bearings of wind turbines, are described and discussed in detail. Vibration sensors, SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), portable data analyzers and online condition monitoring systems, are also covered. This book offers a timely guide to both researchers and professionals working with wind turbines (but also other machines), and to graduate students willing to extend their knowledge in the field of vibration analysis.

Inhalt

Preface 7
Acknowledgements 9
Contents 10
Abbreviations 14
Symbols 17
1 Introduction 19
1.1 Who Should Read This Book 19
1.2 Types of Drivetrains 20
1.3 Stall Controlled and Pitch Controlled Turbines 23
1.4 Key Machinery Parts and Their Characteristic Frequencies 26
1.4.1 Excitation Versus Structural Frequencies 27
1.4.2 Shaft 30
1.4.3 Bladed Rotor 31
1.4.4 Coupling 32
1.4.5 Parallel Gear 34
1.4.6 Planetary Gear 35
1.4.7 Rolling Element Bearing 38
1.4.8 Wind Turbine Characteristic Frequencies 40
1.5 Varying Operational Conditions 41
1.6 Condition Monitoring Methods 44
1.6.1 Vibration Analysis 45
1.6.2 Ultrasonic Analysis 45
1.6.3 Oil Analysis 46
1.6.4 Electrical Parameters Analysis 47
1.6.5 SCADA Data Analysis 48
References 49
2 Standard Vibration Analysis Methods 51
2.1 Background 51
2.2 Vibration Signal Examples 52
2.3 Frequency Analysis 57
2.3.1 Overview 57
2.3.2 Fourier Series 58
2.3.3 Fourier Transform 59
2.3.4 Discrete Fourier Transform 60
2.3.5 Real Signal Spectrum 61
2.3.6 Spectral Leakage 62
2.3.7 Signal Windowing 63
2.3.8 Spectrum Digitization 67
2.4 Envelope Analysis 68
2.4.1 Overview 68
2.4.2 Selection of Demodulation Band 74
2.4.3 Considerations of Envelope Implementations 75
2.4.4 Calculation of Narrowband Signal Envelope 78
2.5 Order Analysis 80
2.6 Time Synchronous Averaging 83
2.7 Time-Frequency Analysis 85
2.8 Vibration Signal Features 87
2.8.1 Broadband Features 88
2.8.2 Narrowband Features 90
2.9 Vibration-Based Norms and Guidelines 92
2.9.1 Overview 92
2.9.2 Allianz Guidelines 95
2.9.3 VDI 3834 Guidelines 96
2.9.4 ISO 10816-21 Standard 100
References 103
3 Condition Monitoring Systems 105
3.1 Sensors 105
3.1.1 Vibration Acceleration Sensors 106
3.1.2 Process Sensors 111
3.2 SCADA Systems 114
3.3 Online Condition Monitoring Systems 118
3.3.1 Monitoring Versus Diagnostics 118
3.3.2 General Structure of CMS 119
3.3.3 CMS Architecture 120
3.3.4 CMS Operator Stations 122
3.3.5 CMS Diagnostic Centers 126
3.3.6 CMS Configuration 127
3.3.7 CMS Examples 129
3.4 Portable Vibration Analyzers 134
3.4.1 Differences Between Off-Line and On-Line Systems 134
3.4.2 Portable Analyzers Examples 135
References 137
4 Signal Preprocessing and Validation 139
4.1 Importance of Signal Validation 139
4.2 Data Selection and Storage Frameworks 143
4.2.1 Selection Based on Fixed Time Intervals 143
4.2.2 Selection Based on Operational States 143
4.3 Process Parameters Validation 145
4.3.1 Single Process Parameters Validation 145
4.3.2 Multi-dimensional Process Parameters Validation 146
4.4 Vibration Signals Validation 147
4.4.1 Signal Selection Criteria 147
4.4.2 Vibration Signals Validation Rules 150
4.4.3 Signal Stationarity Validation 156
4.4.4 Probability Distribution Function Fit 159
4.5 Complete Data Validation Algorithm 163
4.6 Case Study—Validation of Signals from a Wind Farm 165
References 166
5 Advanced Analysis Methods 167
5.1 Load Susceptibility Characteristics 167
5.1.1 Overview 167
5.1.2 Method Description 169
5.1.3 Case Study—Generator Bearing Fault 171
5.1.4 Case Study—Main Bearing Fault 172
5.2 Spectral Kurtosis 175
5.2.1 Overview 175
5.2.2 Method Description 176
5.2.3 Case Study—Planetary Gear Failure Due to a Tooth Fillet Crack 177
5.3 Protrugram 183
5.3.1 Overview 183
5.3.2 Method Description 184
5.3.3 Case Study—Test Rig REB Fault with Presence of a Single Non-Gaussian Peak 189
5.4 Cyclostationarity 193
5.4.1 Overview 194
5.4.2 Method Description 196
5.4.3 Case Study—Application of Spectral Coherence for Detection of the REB Fault 203
5.5 Modulation Intensity Distribution 207
5.5.1 Overview 207
5.5.2 Method Description 207
5.5.3 Case Study—Simulated Second-Order Cyclostationary Signal 211
5.5.4 Case Study—REB Fault Development on the Test Rig 213
5.6 Instantaneous Circular Pitch Cyclic Power 214
5.6.1 Overview 214
5.6.2 Method Description 219
5.6.3 Case Study—Planet Gear Fault on Epicyclic Gear 220
5.6.4 Case Study—Planet Tooth Fault on Test Rig Gear 221
References 221
6 Further Research 223
6.1 Varying Operational Conditions 223
6.2 Fault Modelling 225
6.3 Automated Data Analysis 227
6.4 Lifetime Prognostics 229
References 231

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 4.12.2018
• Reihe/Serie: Applied Condition Monitoring
• Reihe/Serie: Applied Condition Monitoring
• Zusatzinfo: XX, 215 p. 156 illus., 115 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Online Condition Monitoring Systems • Portable Data Analyzers • SCADA systems • Signal Envelope • Signal Resampling • Synchronous Analysis • Vibration Sensors • Wind Turbine Failures
• ISBN-10: 3-030-05971-5 / 3030059715
• ISBN-13: 978-3-030-05971-2 / 9783030059712