Seascape Ecology (eBook)
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-08445-7 (ISBN)
Seascape Ecology provides a comprehensive look at the state-of-the-science in the application of landscape ecology to the seas and provides guidance for future research priorities. The first book devoted exclusively to this rapidly emerging and increasingly important discipline, it is comprised of contributions from researchers at the forefront of seascape ecology working around the world. It presents the principles, concepts, methodology, and techniques informing seascape ecology and reports on the latest developments in the application of the approach to marine ecology and management.
A growing number of marine scientists, geographers, and marine managers are asking questions about the marine environment that are best addressed with a landscape ecology perspective. Seascape Ecology represents the first serious effort to fill the gap in the literature on the subject. Key topics and features of interest include:
- The origins and history of seascape ecology and various approaches to spatial patterning in the sea
- The links between seascape patterns and ecological processes, with special attention paid to the roles played by seagrasses and salt marshes and animal movements through seascapes
- Human influences on seascape ecology-includes models for assessing human-seascape interactions
- A special epilogue in which three eminent scientists who have been instrumental in shaping the course of landscape ecology offer their insights and perspectives
Seascape Ecology is a must-read for researchers and professionals in an array of disciplines, including marine biology, environmental science, geosciences, marine and coastal management, and environmental protection. It is also an excellent supplementary text for university courses in those fields.
Simon J. Pittman is a marine ecologist with a Ph.D. in Geographical Sciences from the University of Queensland, Australia. As a scientist with one foot in academia and the other in government, he has taught and mentored graduate students, managed research projects informing management, as well as writing for marine science journals, academic books, and scientific reports. He is Director of Seascape Analytics Ltd., working as a senior scientist for the Biogeography Branch of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Dr. Pittman is an Associate Researcher at Plymouth University's Marine Institute, and Affiliate Faculty of Oregon State University and the University of the Virgin Islands.
Seascape Ecology provides a comprehensive look at the state-of-the-science in the application of landscape ecology to the seas and provides guidance for future research priorities. The first book devoted exclusively to this rapidly emerging and increasingly important discipline, it is comprised of contributions from researchers at the forefront of seascape ecology working around the world. It presents the principles, concepts, methodology, and techniques informing seascape ecology and reports on the latest developments in the application of the approach to marine ecology and management. A growing number of marine scientists, geographers, and marine managers are asking questions about the marine environment that are best addressed with a landscape ecology perspective. Seascape Ecology represents the first serious effort to fill the gap in the literature on the subject. Key topics and features of interest include: The origins and history of seascape ecology and various approaches to spatial patterning in the sea The links between seascape patterns and ecological processes, with special attention paid to the roles played by seagrasses and salt marshes and animal movements through seascapes Human influences on seascape ecology includes models for assessing human-seascape interactions A special epilogue in which three eminent scientists who have been instrumental in shaping the course of landscape ecology offer their insights and perspectives Seascape Ecology is a must-read for researchers and professionals in an array of disciplines, including marine biology, environmental science, geosciences, marine and coastal management, and environmental protection. It is also an excellent supplementary text for university courses in those fields.
Simon J. Pittman is a marine ecologist with a Ph.D. in Geographical Sciences from the University of Queensland, Australia. As a scientist with one foot in academia and the other in government, he has taught and mentored graduate students, managed research projects informing management, as well as writing for marine science journals, academic books, and scientific reports. He is Director of Seascape Analytics Ltd., working as a senior scientist for the Biogeography Branch of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Dr. Pittman is an Associate Researcher at Plymouth University's Marine Institute, and Affiliate Faculty of Oregon State University and the University of the Virgin Islands.
Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Contributors 15
Foreword 19
Preface 23
Part I Spatial Patterning in the Sea 27
Chapter 1 Introducing Seascape Ecology 29
1.1 Introduction 29
1.2 Landscape Ecology and the Emergence of Seascape Ecology 30
1.3 What is a Seascape? 32
1.3.1 The Patch?Matrix and Patch?Mosaic Models of Seascape Structure 34
1.3.2 The Spatial Gradient Model of Seascape Structure 37
1.3.3 Combining Spatial Gradients and Patch Mosaics 38
1.3.4 Chemical Seascapes and Ocean Soundscapes 39
1.4 Why Scale Matters in Seascape Ecology 40
1.5 Seascape Ecology can Inform Marine Stewardship 42
1.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 44
References 45
Chapter 2 Mapping and Quantifying Seascape Patterns 53
2.1 Introduction 53
2.2 Defining Seascape Applications 56
2.3 Identifying Scales for Seascape Mapping 57
2.4 Sensor Selection for Seascape Mapping 58
2.4.1 Passive and Active Sensors 59
2.4.2 Environmental Conditions Limiting Passive and Active Sensors 61
2.5 Representing Patterns in Seascape Maps 62
2.5.1 The Continuous Gradient Concept 63
2.5.2 The Patch?Mosaic Model 66
2.5.3 Spatial Surrogates (Proxies) 68
2.6 Quantifying Seascape Structure 69
2.6.1 Sensitivity to Scale 69
2.7 Applications of Seascape Maps and Spatial Pattern Metrics 71
2.7.1 Understanding Uncertainty in Seascape Maps 73
2.8 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities 73
References 74
Chapter 3 Pelagic Seascapes 83
3.1 Introduction 83
3.2 Pattern and Process in the Pelagic Realm 84
3.2.1 Broad?scale Biogeographic Provinces 84
3.2.2 Finer Scale Patchiness and Patch Dynamics 87
3.2.3 Ecoclines and Ecotones in Pelagic Seascapes 88
3.2.4 Beneath the Surface: the Vertical Dimension of Pelagic Seascapes 90
3.3 Spatial Pattern Metrics for Pelagic Seascapes 92
3.3.1 Patch Mosaic Metrics 93
3.3.2 Surface Model Metrics – Identifying Ecoclines and Ecotones 93
3.3.3 Lagrangian Approaches 95
3.4 Spatial Ecoinformatics in the Pelagic Realm: from Physics to Predators 97
3.4.1 Broad?scale Migrations across Pelagic Seascapes 97
3.4.2 Linking Animal Movements to the Spatial Patterning of Pelagic Seascapes 98
3.4.3 Incorporating the Vertical Dimension in Spatial Ecoinformatics 99
3.5 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities 100
3.6 Glossary 101
References 102
Chapter 4 Scale and Scaling in Seascape Ecology 115
4.1 Introduction 115
4.1.1 The Development of the Concept of Scale in the Twentieth Century 116
4.1.2 Prevalence and Usage of ‘Scale’ in the Scientific Literature 117
4.1.3 Definition of Scale 119
4.2 Expressions of Scale 120
4.2.1 Graphical Expression of Scale 120
4.2.2 Graphical Expression of Scale in Research Planning 122
4.2.3 Formal Expression of Scale: Scope, Similarity and Power Laws 125
4.2.4 Scaling Manoeuvres 127
4.2.5 Ratio of Rates in Research Planning 129
4.3 Spatial and Temporal Scaling in Estimating Uncertainty 132
4.4 Spatial and Temporal Scaling in the Pelagic and Benthic Realms 133
4.5 Looking to the Future: Scaling Concepts and Practice in Seascape Ecology 134
4.5.1 From Useful Fictions to Calculation 134
4.5.2 From Comparative to Confirmatory Modes of Investigation 134
4.5.3 From Hypothesis Testing to Likelihood 136
4.5.4 From Scaling on a Mosaic to Scaling on the Continuum 137
4.6 From Ceteris Paribus to Dimensional Thinking 137
4.7 Acknowledgements 138
References 138
Part II Linking Seascape Patterns and Ecological Processes 145
Chapter 5 Ecological Consequences of Seagrass and Salt?Marsh Seascape Patterning on Marine Fauna 147
5.1 Introduction 147
5.1.1 Seagrasses and Salt Marshes: Global Distributions and Ecosystem Functions 148
5.2 Structural Processes and Change in Coastal Seascapes 148
5.2.1 Processes Creating and Maintaining Seagrass Seascapes 151
5.2.2 Processes Creating and Maintaining Salt?Marsh Seascapes 151
5.2.2.1 Tidal Channel Networks in Salt Marshes 154
5.3 Ecological Consequences of Seascape Structure 154
5.3.1 Seagrass Patch?size Effects on Epifauna and Fish 154
5.3.2 Patch Edges: Conceptual Framework and Application 156
5.3.2.1 Seagrass Edge Effects on Faunal Recruitment and Distribution 158
5.3.3 Effects of Salt?Marsh Patch Size, Edges and Connectivity on Faunal Patterns and Processes 159
5.3.4 Faunal Linkages between Salt Marshes and Seagrass Meadows 161
5.4 Challenges and Opportunities in Seascape Ecology 164
References 166
Chapter 6 Seascape Patch Dynamics 179
6.1 Introduction 179
6.2 From Patch Dynamics to Seascape Ecology 181
6.3 Scale 184
6.4 Factors Influencing Seascape Patchiness 186
6.5 Mapping and Quantifying Seascape Change 189
6.5.1 Habitat Mapping for Change Analysis 190
6.5.2 Characterization of Spatial Patterns 192
6.5.2.1 Continuous Metrics and Surface Analysis 193
6.5.2.2 Metrics, Scale and Sensitivity Analysis 194
6.5.2.3 Quantifying Seascape Change 194
6.5.3 Seascape Habitat Loss versus Fragmentation 196
6.5.4 Seascape Modelling 199
6.6 The Future of Seascape Dynamics Research 201
References 203
Chapter 7 Animal Movements through the Seascape: Integrating Movement Ecology with Seascape Ecology 215
7.1 Introduction 215
7.1.1 Why Animal Movement is Central to Seascape Ecology 217
7.1.2 Advances in Movement Ecology and its Application in Marine Systems 219
7.1.3 Tracking and Mapping Capabilities 220
7.2 Using Animal Movements to Scale Ecological Studies 222
7.2.1 Building Movement Scales into Conceptual and Operational Frameworks 225
7.2.1.1 Component 1: Build a Conceptual Model 225
7.2.1.2 Component 2: Selecting Scale 225
7.2.1.3 Component 3: Tools Identification 227
7.3 Advances in the Visualisation and Quantification of Space?use Patterns 227
7.3.1 Estimating and Mapping Utilisation Distributions 227
7.3.2 Analysing Spatiotemporal Utilisation Patterns 230
7.3.3 Visualizing Movement Patterns across Three Spatial Dimensions 232
7.4 Linking Animal Movement Patterns to Seascape Patterns 234
7.4.1 Linking Individual Movement Trajectories to Seascape Structure 235
7.4.2 Individual Movement and Seascape Connectivity 237
7.4.3 Linking Species Interactions and Physiology with Movements across Seascapes 238
7.4.4 Experimental Seascapes to Investigate Animal Response to Seascape Patterns 240
7.4.5 Mechanistic Models 241
7.5 Implications of Animal?Seascape Understanding for Marine Stewardship 241
References 243
Chapter 8 Using Individual?based Models to Explore Seascape Ecology 255
8.1 Introduction 255
8.1.1 What are IBMs? 255
8.2 Why use IBMs to Study Seascape Ecology? 257
8.2.1 The Effects of Habitat Structure on Populations are Consequences of Organismal Behavior 257
8.2.2 IBMs Allow for Extensive Manipulation of Seascapes 261
8.2.3 IBMs can be Used to Test for Ecological Effects of Habitat Configuration versus Habitat Amount 265
8.2.4 IBMs Allow Tests of How Seascape Change Influences Ecological Processes 267
8.2.5 IBMs Allow the Coupling of Processes Operating over Different Scales 271
8.3 Data for Parameterizing Seascape Ecology IBMs 272
8.3.1 Parameterization 272
8.3.2 Movement and Habitat Selection 273
8.3.3 Seascape and Habitat Structure 274
8.3.4 Other Factors 275
8.4 Challenges and Future Directions in Using IBMs to Explore Seascapes 275
References 277
Part III Seascape Connectivity 285
Chapter 9 Connectivity in Coastal Seascapes 287
9.1 Introduction 287
9.2 Global Synthesis of Connectivity Research 287
9.2.1 Research Theme 289
9.2.2 Geographical Distribution 290
9.2.3 Biological and Functional Consequences 292
9.2.4 Connectivity is Scale Dependent 293
9.3 Quantifying Connectivity: Advances in Key Tools and Techniques 294
9.3.1 Tags and Telemetry 294
9.3.2 Ecogeochemical Markers 295
9.3.3 Genetics 295
9.4 Application of Seascape Connectivity to Coastal Seascapes: Focal Topics 296
9.4.1 Focal Topic 1: Fish Movements Connecting Tropical Coastal Seascapes 296
9.4.2 Focal Topic 2: Connectivity across the Land?Sea Interface 299
9.5 Integrating Connectivity into Marine Spatial Planning 301
9.6 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities 305
References 306
Chapter 10 Networks for Quantifying and Analysing Seascape Connectivity 319
10.1 Introduction 319
10.1.1 Structural Connectivity 321
10.1.2 Functional Connectivity 322
10.1.3 Realised Connectivity 322
10.2 Network Models of Connectivity: Representing Pattern and Process 323
10.2.1 Defining Nodes and Links 323
10.3 Modelling Marine Population Connectivity 326
10.3.1 Empirical Estimates of Marine Population Connectivity 327
10.4 Network Analysis of Marine Population Connectivity 329
10.4.1 Node and Neighbourhood?level Metrics 331
10.4.2 Components, Subgraphs and Clusters 332
10.4.3 Graph?level Metrics 332
10.4.4 Insights from Classic Networks 333
10.4.5 Planar Networks 334
10.4.6 Random Networks 334
10.4.7 Scale?free Networks 334
10.4.8 Small?world Networks 335
10.5 Case Study in Marine Connectivity: Hawaiian Islands 335
10.6 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities 338
10.7 Acknowledgements 339
References 339
Chapter 11 Linking Landscape and Seascape Conditions: Science, Tools and Management 345
11.1 Introduction 345
11.2 Landscape Ecology as a Guiding Framework for Integrated Land?Sea Management 348
11.3 Modelling and Evaluating the Connections between Land and Sea 350
11.3.1 Measuring Threat Exposure from Land?based Sources 350
11.3.2 Spatial Modelling of Land?Sea Processes 351
11.3.2.1 Spatial Proxies 351
11.3.2.2 Hydrological Models 351
11.3.2.3 Nearshore Dynamics 352
11.3.2.4 Ecological Response and Social?Ecological Systems Models 353
11.3.3 Decision Analysis and Support 355
11.4 Case Studies 356
11.4.1 Hawai‘i 356
11.4.1.1 Estimating Spatial Patterns of Erosion from Land Cover Change and Exposure of Reefs in Maui 357
11.4.2 Caribbean 360
11.4.2.1 Summit to Sea Runoff Modelling for St John, US Virgin Islands 360
11.4.2.2 Land?Sea Decision Support Modelling for the Northeast Marine Corridor, Puerto Rico 362
11.4.3 Australia 365
11.4.3.1 Edgecumbe Bay Receiving Waters (Gregory and Eden Lassie Creek Sub?basins) 368
11.5 Towards Applying Landscape Ecology to Land?Sea Modelling and Management 373
References 376
Part IV People and Seascapes 391
Chapter 12 Advancing a Holistic Systems Approach in Applied Seascape Ecology 393
12.1 Introduction 393
12.1.1 What can Landscape Ecology Offer? 395
12.1.2 A Shift towards a more Holistic Systems Approach for Marine Stewardship 396
12.2 People as Part of the Seascape 399
12.3 How Holistic Systems Science can Help Seascape Ecology 401
12.3.1 Properties of an Ecological Systems Approach 402
12.3.2 The Rise of Whole?of?System Modelling 403
12.4 Connecting Seascape Patterns to Human Health, Livelihoods and Wellbeing 405
12.5 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities 407
References 410
Chapter 13 Human Ecology at Sea: Modelling and Mapping Human?Seascape Interactions 417
13.1 Introduction 417
13.2 Seascape Ecology, Spatial Patterns and Scale 419
13.2.1 Scale and Scaling 421
13.3 Human Use Data Types and Geographical Information Systems 422
13.3.1 Mapping Human Behaviour across the Seascape 423
13.3.1.1 Remote Sensing 424
13.3.1.2 Participatory Mapping and Spatial Analysis 427
13.3.1.3 Social Sensing 428
13.3.1.4 Mapping Ecosystem Services 428
13.4 Modelling Human?Seascape Interactions with a Systems Approach 429
13.4.1 Custom?built Statistical Models 431
13.4.2 Predefined Statistical Routines 432
13.4.3 Discrete Choice Models 433
13.4.4 Simulation Modelling 434
13.4.5 Agent?based Models 437
13.4.6 Pattern?oriented Modelling 438
13.5 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities 441
References 444
Chapter 14 Applying Landscape Ecology for the Design and Evaluation of Marine Protected Area Networks 455
14.1 Introduction 455
14.2 Applying Landscape Ecology Principles in the Marine Environment 456
14.3 Case Study: Applying Landscape Ecology to Evaluate a Network of MPAs in California 464
14.3.1 California Seafloor Data Sets 465
14.3.2 MPA Goal: Habitat Replication and Representativeness 467
14.3.3 MPA Goal: Protect Diversity and Abundance of Marine Life 468
14.3.4 MPA Goal: Reduce Movement across Boundaries 470
14.4 Synthesis 474
14.4.1 Mapping Technologies 474
14.4.2 MPA Effects on Biodiversity and Populations 475
14.4.3 Scale of Interaction between Species and Environment 475
14.4.4 Across?System Interactions 476
14.4.5 Population Connectivity 476
14.5 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities 477
References 478
Chapter 15 Seascape Economics: Valuing Ecosystem Services across the Seascape 491
15.1 Introduction 491
15.2 Habitat Connectivity and Seascape Goods and Services 493
15.3 Valuing Seascape Goods and Services 494
15.4 Example of a Mangrove?Coral Reef Seascape 498
15.5 Conclusions and Future Research Priorities 502
References 504
Part V Epilogue 509
Chapter 16 Landscape Ecologists' Perspectives on Seascape Ecology 511
16.1 Introduction 511
16.2 From Landscapes to Seascapes (and Back Again) 511
16.3 Seascape Ecology and Landscape Ecology: Distinct, Related and Synergistic 513
16.3.1 Landscape Ecology 514
16.3.2 Seascape Ecology 514
16.3.3 How can Landscape and Seascape Ecology Interact with Each Other? 515
16.4 Seascape Ecology 517
References 519
Index 521
EULA 528
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 9.10.2017 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Limnologie / Meeresbiologie |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Hydrologie / Ozeanografie | |
| Schlagworte | advances in seascape ecology • Ãkologie / Salzwasser • aquatic eco-spatial relationships • biological oceanography • Biologische Ozeanographie • Biowissenschaften • chemical seascapes • coral reef connectivity and management • coral reef mosaics • coral reefs • Dean L. Urban • earth sciences • ecology and spatial patterns in the sea • Geographie • Geography • Geowissenschaften • Jianguo Wu • John A. Wiens • Life Sciences • <p>marine ecology • mapping marine ecosystem process • mapping marine habitats</p> • marine biogeography • Marine Ecology • Marine environment • Ökologie / Salzwasser • physical geography • Physiogeographie • seascape chemical landscapes • seascape configurations • seascape diversity • seascape ecology • seascape ecology-derived metrics • seascape ecology examples • seascape ecology in marine biology • seascape ecology metrics • seascape ecology tools • seascape fractal dimensions • seascape patch types • spatial distributions of mangroves • spatial distributions of salt marshes • spatial distributions of sea grasses • spatial patterns of marine habitats • what is seascape ecology |
| ISBN-10 | 1-119-08445-8 / 1119084458 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-119-08445-7 / 9781119084457 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
PDF (Adobe DRM)Kopierschutz: Adobe-DRM
Adobe-DRM ist ein Kopierschutz, der das eBook vor Mißbrauch schützen soll. Dabei wird das eBook bereits beim Download auf Ihre persönliche Adobe-ID autorisiert. Lesen können Sie das eBook dann nur auf den Geräten, welche ebenfalls auf Ihre Adobe-ID registriert sind.
Details zum Adobe-DRM
Dateiformat: PDF (Portable Document Format)
Mit einem festen Seitenlayout eignet sich die PDF besonders für Fachbücher mit Spalten, Tabellen und Abbildungen. Eine PDF kann auf fast allen Geräten angezeigt werden, ist aber für kleine Displays (Smartphone, eReader) nur eingeschränkt geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen eine
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen eine
Geräteliste und zusätzliche Hinweise
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
aus dem Bereich
