Energy Technology 2017 (eBook)

Carbon Dioxide Management and Other Technologies

Lei Zhang, Jaroslaw W. Drelich, Neale R. Neelameggham, Donna Post Guillen, Nawshad Haque, Jingxi Zhu, Ziqi Sun, Tao Wang, John A Howarter, Fiseha Tesfaye, Shadia Ikhmayies, Elsa Olivetti, Mark William Kennedy (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 1st ed. 2017
499 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-52192-3 (ISBN)

Infos

This collection focuses on energy efficient technologies including innovative ore beneficiation, smelting technologies, recycling and waste heat recovery. The volume also covers various technological aspects of sustainable energy ecosystems, processes that improve energy efficiency, reduce thermal emissions, and reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse emissions. Papers addressing renewable energy resources for metals and materials production, waste heat recovery and other industrial energy efficient technologies, new concepts or devices for energy generation and conversion, energy efficiency improvement in process engineering, sustainability and life cycle assessment of energy systems, as well as the thermodynamics and modeling for sustainable metallurgical processes are included. This volume also offers topics on CO2 sequestration and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from process engineering, sustainable technologies in extractive metallurgy, as well as the materials processing and manufacturing industries with reduced energy consumption and CO2 emission. Contributions from all areas of non-nuclear and non-traditional energy sources, such as solar, wind, and biomass are also included in this volume.

Papers from the following symposia are presented in the book:

Energy Technologies

Advances in Environmental Technologies: Recycling and Sustainability Joint Session

Deriving Value from Challenging Waste Materials: Recycling and Sustainability Joint Session

Solar Cell Silicon

Autor

The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) is a member-driven international professional society dedicated to fostering the exchange of learning and ideas across the entire range of materials science and engineering, from minerals processing and primary metals production, to basic research and the advanced applications of materials. Included among its nearly 13,000 professional and student members are metallurgical and materials engineers, scientists, researchers, educators, and administrators from more than 70 countries on six continents. 

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contents 7
About the Editors 13
Energy Technologies: Energy Technologies 23
1 Continuous Optimization of the Energy Input—The Success Story of AOS 24
Abstract 24
Introduction 24
Tube Digester at AOS—Overview 25
Installation of a Combined Heat and Power Generator (CHP) 28
Modification of the Fluid Bed Calciner 29
Heat Recovery System at the Salt Heater 29
Total Energy Consumption 31
Summary 32
References 32
Energy Technologies: CO2 Management and Sustainable Metallurgical Processes 33
2 Transforming the Way Electricity is Consumed During the Aluminium Smelting Process 34
Abstract 34
Introduction 35
Current Model—The Energy-Production ‘Straightjacket’ 35
EnPot Technology and Development 38
The EnPot Heat Exchanger Concept 39
Industrial Trials 40
Opportunities and a New Model for Smelters 42
Conclusions 43
Who We Are 43
References 43
3 The Thermodynamics of Slag Forming Inorganic Phases in Biomass Combustion Processes 45
Abstract 45
Introduction 45
Overview of Ash Chemistry 47
Thermodynamic Software and Databases 48
Thermodynamic Models for Liquid and Solid Solutions 50
Alkali Salt Database for Combustion Applications 51
Silicate-Oxide Slags 52
Thermodynamic Modeling of Molten Ash-Related Issues 53
Conclusions 55
Acknowledgements 55
References 56
4 Leaching of Sb from TROF Furnace Doré Slag 60
Abstract 60
Introduction 60
Experimental Procedure 61
Characterization 61
Leaching 61
Results and Discussion 62
Chloride Leaching 62
Nitric Leaching 64
Conclusions 65
Acknowledgements 65
References 66
5 Potential CO2 Emission Reduction and H2 Production Using Industrial Slag Wastes Originating from Different Industrial Sectors 67
Abstract 67
Introduction 67
Simulation Approach 69
Results and Discussion 69
Effects of Temperature and Slag Constituents to the Previous Slag Mixture on CO2 Conversion and H2 Production 69
Effects of Temperature and Slag Constituents of Broad Mixed Compositions on CO2 Conversion and H2 Production 71
Effects of Temperature and Slag Ratios on Heat Production and Volume Expansion 75
Conclusions 76
Acknowledgements 76
References 76
Energy Technologies: Novel Technologies 77
6 Modeling Anthropogenic Heat Flux in Climate Models 78
Abstract 78
Introduction 78
Results 82
Conclusions 82
Acknowledgements 82
References 82
7 In-Situ Microscopic Study of Morphology Changes in Natural Hematite and Cu-Spinel Particles During Cyclic Redox Gas Exposures for Chemical Looping Applications 84
Abstract 84
Introduction 84
Experimental 85
Materials 85
Test Procedures 85
Results and Discussion 87
Sample Analysis Before Redox Gas Exposure 87
In-Situ Microscopic Study During Redox Gas Cycles 88
Volume Change and Roughness of the Hematite Surface 89
Conclusions 91
Acknowledgements 91
References 92
8 Thermodynamic Stability of Condensed Phases in the Ternary System CaO–Cu–O by the EMF Method 93
Abstract 93
Introduction 93
Experimental Section 95
Synthesis of Ca2CuO3 Saturated with CaO 95
Apparatus and Galvanic Cells 97
Results and Discussion 98
Conclusions 99
Acknowledgements 99
References 100
9 Experimental Study on Electro-Spraying of Ethanol Based on PDA Measurement 101
Abstract 101
Introduction 101
Experimental Description 102
Experimental Setup 102
Test Section 103
Results 103
Effect of Volume Flow Rate on Electro-Spraying Characteristics 103
Effect of Ring Electrode Voltage on Electro-Spraying Characteristics 104
Effect of the Position of Steel Mesh on Electro-Spraying Characteristics 104
Conclusions 105
Acknowledgements 105
References 105
Energy Technologies: Heat Recovery 107
10 Integrated Utilization of Sewage Sludge for the Cement Clinker Production 108
Abstract 108
Introduction 108
Materials and Method 109
Results and Discussion 110
Mineralogical Characterization of the Eco-Cement Clinker 110
Micrographs Observation 111
The Transformation of Trace Element During Cement Clinker Calcinations 112
Conclusion 114
Acknowledgements 115
References 115
11 Valuable Metals and Energy Recovery from Electronic Waste Streams 116
Abstract 116
Introduction 117
Classification and Composition of E-waste 118
E-waste Recycling Technologies 119
Recycling Through Pyrometallurgical and Hydrometallurgical Processes 120
Hydrometallurgical Processes 121
Limitations of Hydrometallurgy Route 121
Pyrometallurgical Processes 122
Copper Smelting Route 123
Limitations of Pyrometallurgical Processes 123
Selected Industrial Processes for Metals Recovery from E-waste 124
Metals Recovery from E-waste at Rönnskär Smelters and Noranda Process 124
Summary and Conclusions 126
Acknowledgements 127
References 127
12 Dry Granulation of Hot Metal and Heat Recovery from Off-Gas 130
Abstract 130
Introduction 130
The Traditional Iron Powders Production Process 132
Dry Granulation of Hot Metal and Heat Recovery from Off-Gas 133
Conclusions 134
Acknowledgements 134
References 135
13 The Energy Recovery of Livestock Waste in Taiwan 136
Abstract 136
Introduction 136
Livestock Waste Recycling in Taiwan 137
Energy Recovery of Livestock Waste in Taiwan 138
Conclusion 141
References 142
14 Life Cycle Assessments of Incineration Treatment for Sharp Medical Waste 143
Abstract 143
Introduction 143
Methodology 145
Modelling Approach 145
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 146
Material and Method 147
Goal and Scope Definition 147
Functional Unit 148
System Boundary 148
Data Source 149
Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methodology 150
Results and Discussion 150
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Analysis 150
Conclusions 153
References 154
Energy Technologies: Poster Session 156
15 Effect of Granularity on Pretreatment of Coke With Microwave Irradiation 157
Abstract 157
Introduction 157
Experimental 158
Samples 158
Microwave Irradiation 158
X-ray Diffraction 158
Results and Discussion 159
Determination of Microwave Pretreatment Condition 159
Influence of CP Granularity on Microwave Treatment 160
Calculation of Microstructure Parameters 161
Conclusion 163
Acknowledgements 163
References 164
16 Effect of Microwave and Ultrasonic Coupling Treatment on Granularity and Microstructure of Pulverized Coal 165
Abstract 165
Introduction 165
Experimental 166
Samples 166
Microwave and Ultrasonic Coupling Treatment 166
Ultrasonic Treatment 166
Results and Discussion 167
Combustion Test of Microwave Treated PC 167
Granularity Analysis 168
Microstructure Observation 169
Conclusion 170
Acknowledgements 170
References 170
17 Influence of Sodium on Coke Microstructure in Different Reaction Atmosphere 171
Abstract 171
Introduction 171
Experimental 172
Results and Discussion 173
The Influence of Sodium on Coke Properties 173
Influence of Sodium on Coke Microstructure 174
SEM of Two Cokes After Sodium-Adsorption in the Atmosphere of N2 174
SEM of Two Cokes After Sodium-Adsorption in the Atmosphere of CO2 176
XRD Patterns of the Two Cokes After Sodium-Adsorption 177
Conclusions 178
References 179
Deriving Value from Challenging Waste Materials: Recycling and Sustainability Joint Session: Deriving Value from Challenging Waste I 180
18 Maximizing the Values of Steelmaking Slags 181
Abstract 181
Introduction 181
Slag Products and Their Values 182
Total Values of Steelmaking Slags 185
Assessment of Processes of Slag Processing 186
Concluding Remarks 187
References 187
19 Recycling of Zinc from the Steelmaking Dust in the Sintering Process 189
Abstract 189
Introduction 189
Experiments and Results 190
Conclusions 195
References 196
20 Direct Preparation of Metal Doping Ni–Zn Ferrite from Zn-Containing Electric Arc Furnace Dust by Calcination Method 198
Abstract 198
Introduction 198
Experimental 199
Material 199
Experimental Procedure 200
Treatment of Zn-Containing EAFD 200
Synthesis of Metal-Doped Ni–Zn Ferrite 200
Analysis and Characterization 201
Results and Discussion 201
Synthesis Mechanism of Metal-Doped Ni–Zn Ferrite 201
Effect of RTZE/N 202
Effect of RTZE/N on the Synthesis of Metal-Doped Ni–Zn Ferrite 202
Effect of RTZE/N on the Magnetic Properties of Metal-Doped Ni–Zn Ferrite 205
Effect of Calcination Temperature 205
Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Synthesis of Metal-Doped Ni–Zn Ferrite 205
Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Magnetic Properties of Metal-Doped Ni–Zn Ferrite 206
Conclusions 207
Acknowledgements 207
References 207
Deriving Value from Challenging Waste Materials: Recycling and Sustainability Joint Session: Deriving Value from Challenging Waste II 209
21 Hydrometallurgical Processing of Copper Smelter Dust for Copper Recovery as Nano-particles: A Review 210
Abstract 210
Introduction 211
Theoretical Background 212
Copper Smelter Dust (CSD) 212
Mechanism of Dust Formation 213
Uses of Copper Smelter Dust (CSD) 214
Characterization of Copper Smelter Dust 215
Chemical Composition of Copper Smelter Dust 215
Particle Size of Copper Smelter Dust 215
Mineralogical Composition of Copper Smelter Dust 216
Treatment of Copper Smelter Dust for Copper Recovery 218
Enrichment of Copper Smelter Dust 218
Gravity Separation Method 218
Magnetic Separation Method 218
Electrostatic Separation Method 221
Froth Flotation Method 221
Roasting Pretreatment 222
Kinetics and Mechanism of Roasting CSD 223
Dissolution and Extraction of Copper from Copper Smelter Dust 223
Dissolution of Copper from Copper Smelter Dust 223
Solvent Extraction of Copper from Copper Smelter Dust 224
Electrowinning of Copper from CSD 225
Kinetics of Dissolution of Copper from CSD 225
Recovery of Copper as Nano-particles from Purified Leach Solution of CSD 225
Chemical Reduction Method 225
The Solvothermal Method (Thermal Decomposition Method) 226
Thermochemistry 226
Computational Thermochemistry 226
Present and Future Challenges of CSD 227
Conclusion 227
Recommendation 227
References 228
Deriving Value from Challenging Waste Materials: Recycling and Sustainability Joint Session: Deriving Value from Challenging Waste III 232
22 Chromium Removal from Iron-Rich Waste Generated During Processing Lateritic Nickel Ores 233
Abstract 233
Introduction 234
Materials and Experiments 235
Materials 235
Equipment and Experimental Procedures 236
Analysis 236
Results and Discussions 237
Oxidative Alkali Roasting 237
Oxidative Leaching in Sub-molten KOH 240
Conclusions 241
Acknowledgements 242
References 242
23 Removal of Magnesium from Liquor Produced by Nickel Mining by Crystallization 243
Abstract 243
Introduction 243
Materials and Methods 246
Results and Discussion 246
Removal of Magnesium from Mother Liquor and Product Characterization 246
Decomposition of Magnesium Sulphate Monohydrate 248
Conclusion 249
References 249
24 Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide from Ferronickel Smelting Slag Through Hydrochloric Acid Leaching-Precipitation and Calcination 251
Abstract 251
Introduction 251
Materials and Methods 253
Sample Preparation and Characterization 253
Leaching Test 255
Solution Purification and Magnesium Recovery 256
Results and Discussion 256
Magnesium Leaching from FeNi Smelting Slag in Hydrochloric Acid Solution 256
Precipitation of Impurities and Magnesium Recovery 259
Conclusion 261
Acknowledgements 261
References 261
25 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Recycling of Aircraft AL Alloys 263
Abstract 263
Introduction 263
Recycling Process 264
Aircraft al Recycling Simulation 264
Composition Control of al Melts 266
Removal of Mg (Ca) 266
Removal of Li (Na and K) 266
Removal of Zn 268
Removal of Fe, Si, Mn, and Cr 268
Removal of Ti and Zr 268
Flux for Refinement 268
Removal of Inclusions 269
Refining the Alloy Melt 269
Summary 270
References 270
26 Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Through Secondary Aluminum Production 271
Abstract 271
Introduction 271
Thermodynamic Evolution 273
Experimental Procedure 274
Experimental Results 274
Summary 277
References 277
Deriving Value from Challenging Waste Materials: Recycling and Sustainability Joint Session: Poster Session 279
27 Alternative Method for Materials Separation from Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules 280
Abstract 280
Introduction 280
Materials and Methods 282
Results 283
Conclusion 285
Acknowledgements 285
References 285
28 Bioleaching Process for Metal Recovery from Waste Materials 286
Abstract 286
Introduction 286
Material and Methods 287
PWBs Characterization 287
Bacteria and Culture Conditions 288
Bioleaching Experiments 288
Results and Discussion 289
Effect of PH and Redox Potential 289
Copper Extraction 290
Conclusion 291
Acknowledgements 292
References 292
29 Chemical Analysis of Sludge Originating from Industrial Painting Performed in Brazil 294
Abstract 294
Introduction 294
Methodology 297
Chemical Analysis 297
Leaching 297
Solubilization 298
Results and Discussion 298
Chemical Analysis 298
Leaching 299
Solubilization 299
Discussion 300
Conclusions 300
Acknowledgements 301
References 301
30 Preparing Ferrosilicon Alloy with Copper Slag 303
Abstract 303
Introduction 303
Experimental 305
Experimental Materials 305
Experimental Method 305
Results and Discussion 307
Thermal Analysis Experiments 307
Carbothermic Reduction Experiments 307
Conclusions 311
Acknowledgements 311
References 311
31 Research on Optimization of Sintering Mixture with Low-Grade Complex Ore 313
Abstract 313
Introduction 313
Experimental 314
Results and Discussion 316
Conclusions 322
References 323
Solar Cell Silicon: Silicon Production, Crystallization, and Properties 324
32 Study on Producing Solar Grade Silicon by Carbothermal Reduction of Andalusite Ore 325
Abstract 325
Introduction 325
Experimental Procedure 326
Raw Materials 327
Test Methods 328
Results and Discussion 329
Comprehensive Experiment for Producing Al-Si Alloys 329
Silicon Solidification in Al-Si Melts 330
Optimized Technological Process of Producing SOG-Si 331
Conclusions 332
References 332
33 Phase Analysis of the Si-O2 System 333
Abstract 333
Introduction 333
Method of Calculations 334
Results and Discussion 334
Conclusions 341
References 341
34 Characterization of Composition, Morphology, and Structure of Disi Raw Sandstones in Jordan 343
Abstract 343
Introduction 344
Materials and Methods 345
Results and Discussion 345
Conclusions 349
References 351
Solar Cell Silicon: Silicon Impurity Removal and Refining 352
35 Effect of Magnesium Addition on Removal of Impurities from Silicon by Hydrometallurgical Treatment 353
Abstract 353
Introduction 353
Experimental Procedure 355
Silicon Material 355
Acid Leaching 356
Leaching-SEM Study 356
Results and Discussion 357
Microstructural Analysis, Magnesium Addition Effect 357
Leaching-SEM Study 358
Effect of Leaching Conditions on Silicon Purification 360
Effect of Acid Concentration 360
Effect of Temperature 361
Effect of Leaching Time 361
Overall Purification 361
Conclusions 362
Acknowledgements 363
References 363
36 Evaporation Removal of Boron in Molten Silicon Using Reactive Fluxes 364
Abstract 364
Introduction 364
Experiment 365
B Removal Experiment from Molten Si Using CaO–SiO2–CaCl2 Slag System 365
Measuring the Diffusion Coefficient of B in the Slag 366
Results and Discussion 366
B Removal Experiment from Molten Si Using CaO–SiO2–CaCl2 Slag System 366
Measuring the Diffusion Coefficient of B in the Slag 369
Conclusions 371
References 371
Solar Cell Silicon: Silicon Photovoltaics 373
37 Electrodynamic Eddy Current Separation of End-of-Life PV Materials 374
Abstract 374
Introduction 374
Theory of Eddy Current Separation 376
Description of Experimental Setup 377
Results of Sorting Demonstration 378
Discussion and Concluding Remarks 379
Acknowledgements 381
References 381
38 Investigation on Quartz Crucibles for Monocrystalline Silicon Ingots for Solar Cells 382
Abstract 382
Introduction 382
Experimental Procedure 383
Results and Discussion 384
Conclusions 388
Acknowledgements 389
References 389
39 Influence of Oxygen Content on the Wettability of Silicon on Graphite 390
Abstract 390
Introduction 390
Experimental Procedure 391
Vacuum Annealing Treatment of Graphite 391
Wettability and Reactive Infiltration Behavior 392
Summary 395
Acknowledgements 395
References 395
40 Particle Separation in Silicon Ingot Casting Using AC Magnetic Field 397
Abstract 397
Introduction 397
Mathematical Models 398
Numerical Solution Examples 400
Silicon G2.5 Experiment 400
Silicon G1 Experiment 402
Conclusions 404
Acknowledgements 404
References 404
Advances in Environmental Technologies: Recycling and Sustainability Joint Session: Advances in Environmental Technologies: Characterization and Uncertainty 405
41 Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash With Particulate Matters PM 2.5–PM 10 406
Abstract 406
Introduction 406
Methodology 409
Chemical Analysis 409
Result and discussion 409
Characterization of Particulate Matters 409
Conclusions 411
Acknowledgements 411
References 412
Advances in Environmental Technologies: Recycling and Sustainability Joint Session: New Areas of Value Recovery 413
42 Accelerating Life-Cycle Management Protocols for New Generation Batteries 414
Abstract 414
Introduction 414
Lithium-Ion Battery Safety Discussion 415
Battery End-of-Life Discussion 416
Life-Cycle Analysis Considerations 418
Eco-Cost Model 419
Global Average Recycled Content 421
Cost of Inaction 421
References 422
43 Recovery of Metals and Nonmetals from Waste Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) by Physical Recycling Techniques 423
Abstract 423
Introduction 424
Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) 427
PCB Assembly Structure 428
Methods of Joining Components in PCBs 429
Physical/Mechanical Recycling Techniques 430
Dismantling (Manual, Automated and Semi Automated) 431
Size Reduction for Liberation of Metallic and Nonmetallic Fractions (Shredding/Crushing) 433
Screening for Classification 435
Gravity Separation (GS) 435
Magnetic Separation (MS) 436
Electrostatic Separation (ES) 436
Conclusions 437
References 438
44 The Use of Rice Husk Ash as an Aggregate for Foundry Sand Mould Production 442
Abstract 442
Introduction 442
Materials and Method 443
Materials 443
Equipment 443
Rice Husk Ash Characterization 444
Particle Size Analysis 444
Bulk Density Test 444
Moisture Content Determination 444
Production of Standard Samples for the Determination of Moulding Characteristics of the Sand 445
Permeability Test 445
Compatibility Test 445
Mouldability Test 446
Green/Dry Compressive and Shear Strength Determination 446
Results and Discussion 446
Chemical Analysis 450
Sieve Analysis 450
Moisture Content 450
Bulk Density 451
Permeability 451
Mouldability and Compatibility 451
Compression Strength and Shear Strength 451
Conclusions 452
References 452
Advances in Environmental Technologies: Recycling and Sustainability Joint Session: Poster Session 454
45 Chemical Reduction of Fe(III) in Nickel Lateritic Wastewater to Recover Metals by Ion Exchange 455
Abstract 455
Introduction 455
Materials and Methods 457
Results and Discussion 457
Conclusions 459
Acknowledgements 459
References 459
46 Chronopotentiometry Applied to the Determination of Copper Transport Properties Through a Cation-Exchange Membrane 461
Abstract 461
Introduction 462
Experimental 463
Solutions 463
Ion-Exchange Membrane 464
Electrochemical Cell and Chronopotentiometric Measurements 464
Results and Discussion 465
Evaluation of Cu+2 Concentration 465
Evaluation of PH 467
Conclusion 468
Acknowledgements 468
References 468
47 Effect of Flow Rate on Metals Adsorption of Synthetic Solution Using Chelating Resin Dowex XUS43605 in Column Experiments 470
Abstract 470
Introduction 470
Materials and Methods 471
Material 471
Pretreatment of Resin 471
Preparation of Synthetic Solution 472
Column Tests 472
Loading 472
Elution 472
Results 473
Conclusions 477
Acknowledgements 478
References 478
Author Index 479
Subject Index 482

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 8.2.2017
• Reihe/Serie: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
• Reihe/Serie: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
• Zusatzinfo: XXII, 499 p. 244 illus.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Energy Generation and Conversion • Energy Materials • energy technology • Materials Science • Recycling and Sustainability • Waste heat recovery
• ISBN-10: 3-319-52192-6 / 3319521926
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-52192-3 / 9783319521923