Rocket Propulsion Elements (eBook)

George P. Sutton, Oscar Biblarz (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 9. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-75388-0 (ISBN)

Infos

ROCKET PROPULSION ELEMENTS

THE DEFINITIVE INTRODUCTION TO ROCKET PROPULSION THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

The recent upsurge in global government and private spending and in space flight events has resulted in many novel applications of rocket propulsion technology. Rocket Propulsion Elements remains the definitive guide to the field, providing a comprehensive introduction to essential concepts and applications. Led by industry veteran George P. Sutton and by Professor Oscar Biblarz, this book provides interdisciplinary coverage including thermodynamics, aerodynamics, flight performance, propellant chemistry and more.

This thoroughly revised ninth edition includes discussion and analysis of recent advances in the field, representing an authoritative reference for students and working engineers alike. In any engineering field, theory is only as useful as it is practical; this book emphasizes relevant real-world applications of fundamental concepts to link 'thinking' and 'doing'. This book will help readers:

• Understand the physics of flight and the chemistry of propulsion
• Analyze liquid, solid, gas, and hybrid propellants, and the engines they fuel
• Consider high-temperature combustion, stability, and the principles of electric and chemical propulsion
• Dissect the workings of systems in common use around the world today
• Delve into the latest advances in materials, systems, propellants, and more

Broad in scope, rich in detail, and clear in explanation, this seminal work provides an unparalleled foundation in aerospace engineering topics. Learning through the lens of modern applications untangles complex topics and helps students fully grasp the intricacies on a more intuitive level. Rocket Propulsion Elements, Ninth Edition merges information and utility building a solid foundation for innovation.

GEORGE P. SUTTON is an acknowledged expert on rocket propulsion, and the former Executive Director of Engineering at Rocketdyne (now Aerojet Rocketdyne), and Laboratory Associate at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

OSCAR BIBLARZ is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Preface 15
Chapter 1: Classification 25
1.1. Duct Jet Propulsion 26
1.2. Rocket Propulsion 28
Chemical Rocket Propulsion 29
Combinations of Ducted Jet Engines and Rocket Engines 33
Nuclear Rocket Engines 34
Electric Rocket Propulsion 34
Other Rocket Propulsion Concepts 36
International Rocket Propulsion Effort 37
1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion 38
Space Launch Vehicles 38
Spacecraft 44
Military and Other Applications 45
References 48
Chapter 2: Definitions and Fundamentals 50
2.1. Definitions 50
2.2. Thrust 55
2.3. Exhaust Velocity 57
2.4. Energy and Efficiencies 59
2.5. Multiple Propulsion Systems 62
2.6. Typical Performance Values 63
2.7. Variable Thrust 64
Symbols 65
Greek Letters 66
Problems 66
References 68
Chapter 3: Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations 69
3.1. Ideal Rocket Propulsion Systems 69
3.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations 71
3.3. Isentropic Flow through Nozzles 75
Velocity 76
Nozzle Flow and Throat Condition 81
Thrust and Thrust Coefficient 85
Characteristic Velocity and Specific Impulse 87
Under- and Overexpanded Nozzles 91
Influence of Chamber Geometry 96
3.4. Nozzle Configurations 97
Cone- and Bell-Shaped Nozzles 99
3.5. Real Nozzles 105
Boundary Layers 106
Multiphase Flow 107
Other Phenomena and Losses 109
Performance Correction Factors 109
Four Performance Parameters 113
3.6. Nozzle Alignment 115
Symbols 117
Greek Letters 117
Subscripts 118
Problems 118
References 121
Chapter 4: Flight Performance 123
4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight 123
4.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere 128
4.3. Basic Relations of Motion 130
4.4. Space Flight 137
Elliptical Orbits 140
Deep Space 144
Perturbations 145
Mission Velocity 149
4.5. Space Flight Maneuvers 151
Reaction Control System 155
4.6. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance 157
4.7. Flight Vehicles 160
Multistage Vehicles 160
Stage Separation 162
Launch Vehicles 165
4.8. Military Missiles 168
4.9. Flight Stability 171
Symbols 173
Greek Letters 174
Subscripts 174
Problems 174
References 176
Chapter 5: Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis 178
5.1. Background and Fundamentals 180
5.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions 185
5.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes 190
5.4. Computer-Assisted Analysis 195
5.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations 196
Symbols 0
Greek Letters 210
Subscripts 210
Problems 210
References 211
Chapter 6: Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals 213
6.1. Types of Propellants 216
6.2. Propellant Tanks 220
6.3. Propellant Feed Systems 227
Local Pressures and Flows 227
6.4. Gas Pressure Feed Systems 229
6.5. Tank Pressurization 236
Factors Influencing the Required Mass of Pressurizing Gas 238
Simplified Analysis for the Mass of Pressurizing Gas 239
6.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles 241
Engine Cycles 242
6.7. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude Control 253
6.8. Engine Families 256
6.9. Valves and Pipelines 257
6.10. Engine Support Structure 263
Symbols 263
Subscripts 263
Problems 264
References 266
Chapter 7: Liquid Propellants 268
7.1. Propellant Properties 269
Economic Factors 269
Performance of Propellants 270
Common Physical Hazards 274
Desirable Physical Properties 276
Ignition, Combustion, and Flame Properties 278
Property Variations and Specifications 278
Additives 279
7.2. Liquid Oxidizers 279
Liquid Oxygen (O2) (LOX) 279
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 280
Nitric Acid (HNO3) 281
Nitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4) (NTO) 282
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 283
Oxidizer Cleaning Process 283
7.3. Liquid Fuels 283
Hydrocarbon Fuels 284
Liquid Hydrogen 285
Hydrazine (N2H4) 286
Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine [(CH3)2NNH2] 287
Monomethylhydrazine (CH3NHNH2) 287
7.4. Liquid Monopropellants 288
Hydrazine as a Monopropellant 288
7.5. Gaseous Propellants 290
7.6. Safety and Environmental Concerns 291
Symbols 292
Greek Letters 292
Problems 292
References 293
Chapter 8: Thrust Chambers 295
8.1. Injectors 300
Injector Flow Characteristics 304
Factors Influencing Injector Behavior 307
8.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle 309
Volume and Shape 309
Heat Transfer Distribution 312
Cooling of Thrust Chambers 313
Hydraulic Losses in the Cooling Passage 319
Thrust Chamber Wall Loads and Stresses 320
8.3. Low-Thrust Rocket Thrust Chambers or Thrusters 324
8.4. Materials and Fabrication 328
8.5. Heat Transfer Analysis 334
General Steady-State Heat Transfer Relations 335
Transient Heat Transfer Analysis 339
Steady-State Transfer to Liquids in Cooling Jacket 341
Radiation 345
8.6. Starting and Ignition 346
8.7. Useful Life of Thrust Chambers 349
8.8. Random Variable Thrust 350
8.9. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis 352
Symbols 362
Greek Letters 362
Subscripts 363
Problems 363
References 366
Chapter 9: Liquid Propellant Combustion and Its Stability 368
9.1. Combustion Process 368
Injection/Atomization Zone 370
Rapid Combustion Zone 371
Streamtube Combustion Zone 372
9.2. Analysis and Simulation 372
9.3. Combustion Instability 373
Rating Techniques 381
Control of Instabilities 382
Problems 386
References 386
Chapter 10: Turbopumps and Their Gas Supplies 389
10.1. Introduction 389
10.2. Descriptions of Several Turbopumps 390
10.3. Selection of Turbopump Configuration 395
10.4. Flow, Shaft Speeds, Power, and Pressure Balances 400
10.5. Pumps 402
Classification and Description 402
Pump Parameters 403
Influence of Propellants 409
10.6. Turbines 411
Classification and Description 411
Turbine Performance and Design Considerations 413
10.7. Approach to Turbopump Preliminary Design 414
10.8. Gas Generators and Preburners 417
Symbols 419
Greek Letters 420
Subscripts 420
Problems 420
References 421
Chapter 11: Engine Systems, Controls, and Integration 423
11.1. Propellant Budget 423
11.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion Systems 425
11.3. Engine Design 427
11.4. Engine Controls 436
Control of Engine Starting and Thrust Buildup 437
Automatic Controls 443
Control by Computer 445
11.5. Engine System Calibration 447
Engine Health Monitoring System 452
11.6. System Integration and Engine Optimization 454
Symbols 455
Greek Letters 455
Subscripts 456
Problems 456
References 457
Chapter 12: Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Fundamentals 458
12.1. Basic Relations and Propellant Burning Rate 463
Mass Flow Relations 468
Burning Rate Relation with Pressure 469
Burning Rate Relation with Ambient Temperature (Tb) 473
Variable Burning Rate Exponent n 476
Burning Enhancement by Erosion 477
Other Burning Rate Enhancements 479
12.2. Other Performance Issues 481
12.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration 486
Slivers 495
12.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain 496
Material Characterization 497
Structural Design 500
12.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid Propellant Rocket Motors 507
Symbols 509
Greek Letters 510
Subscripts 510
Problems 510
References 512
Chapter 13: Solid Propellants 515
13.1. Classification 515
13.2. Propellant Characteristics 521
Inadvertent Ignition 529
Aging and Useful Life 530
Case Overpressure and Failure 530
Insensitive Munitions 532
Upper Pressure Limit 534
Toxicity 534
Safety Rules 534
13.3. Hazards 529
Inadvertent Ignition 529
Aging and Useful Life 530
Case Overpressure and Failure 530
Insensitive Munitions 532
Upper Pressure Limit 534
Toxicity 534
Safety Rules 534
13.4. Propellant Ingredients 535
Inorganic Oxidizers 537
Fuels 540
Binders 540
Burning-Rate Modifiers 541
Plasticizers 542
Curing Agents or Crosslinkers 542
Energetic Binders and Plasticizers 542
Organic Oxidizers or Explosives 542
Additives 543
Particle-Size Parameters 544
13.5. Other Propellant Categories 546
Gas Generator Propellants 546
Smokeless or Low-Smoke Propellant 547
Igniter Propellants 548
13.6. Liners, Insulators, and Inhibitors 549
13.7. Propellant Processing and Manufacture 552
Problems 555
References 558
Chapter 14: Solid Propellant Combustion and Its Stability 560
14.1. Physical and Chemical Processes 560
14.2. Ignition Process 564
14.3. Extinction or Thrust Termination 565
14.4. Combustion Instability 567
Acoustic Instabilities 568
Analytical Models and Simulation of Combustion Stability 572
Combustion Stability Assessment, Remedy, and Design 572
Vortex-Shedding Instability 575
Problems 576
References 577
Chapter 15: Solid Rocket Motor Components and Design 579
15.1. Rocket Motor Case 579
Metal Cases 583
Wound-Filament-Reinforced Plastic Cases 585
15.2. Nozzles 587
Classification 588
Design and Construction 590
Heat Absorption and Nozzle Materials 595
15.3. Igniter Hardware 601
Pyrotechnic Igniters 602
Pyrogen Igniters 603
Igniter Analysis and Design 605
15.4. Rocket Motor Design Approach 605
Problems 613
References 615
Chapter 16: Hybrid Propellants Rocket Propulsion 617
16.1. Applications and Propellants 618
16.2. Interior Hybrid Motor Ballistics 623
16.3. Performance Analysis and Grain Configuration 626
Dynamic Behavior 629
16.4. Design Example 631
16.5. Combustion Instability 635
Symbols 639
Greek Letters 640
Subscripts 640
Problems 641
References 642
Chapter 17: Electric Propulsion 644
17.1. Ideal Flight Performance 650
17.2. Electrothermal Thrusters 655
Resistojets 655
Arcjets 658
17.3. Nonthermal Electrical Thrusters 662
Electrostatic Devices 662
Basic Relationships for Electrostatic Thrusters 664
Electromagnetic Thrusters 670
17.4. Optimum Flight Performance 678
17.5. Mission Applications 682
17.6. Electric Space-Power Supplies and Power-Conditioning Systems 685
Power Generation Units 685
Power-Conditioning Equipment (PCU or PPU) 688
Symbols 689
Greek Letters 690
Problems 690
References 692
Chapter 18: Thrust Vector Control 695
18.1. TVC Mechanisms with a Single Nozzle 697
18.2. TVC with Multiple Thrust Chambers or Nozzles 707
18.3. Testing 710
18.4. Integration with Vehicle 711
Problems 712
References 712
Chapter 19: Selection of Rocket Propulsion Systems 714
19.1. Selection Process 716
19.2. Criteria for Selection 721
19.3. Interfaces 723
19.4. Cost Reduction 724
References 726
Chapter 20: Rocket Exhaust Plumes 727
20.1. Plume Appearance and Flow Behavior 729
Spectral Distribution of Radiation 735
Multiple Nozzles 738
Plume Signature 738
Vehicle Base Geometry and Recirculation 739
Compression and Expansion Waves 740
20.2. Plume Effects 741
Smoke and Vapor Trails 741
Toxicity 742
Noise 743
Spacecraft Surface Contamination 744
Radio Signal Attenuation 744
Plume Impingement on Structures 746
Heat Transfer to Clusters of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 746
20.3. Analysis and Mathematical Simulation 747
Problems 748
References 748
Chapter 21: Rocket Testing 750
21.1. Types of Tests 750
21.2. Test Facilities and Safeguards 752
Monitoring the Environment and Controlling Toxic Materials 755
21.3. Instrumentation and Data Management 759
Measurement System Terminology 760
Test Measurements 761
Health Monitoring System (HMS) 762
21.4. Flight Testing 763
21.5. Postaccident Procedures 764
References 765
Appendix 1: Conversion Factors and Constants 767
Conversion Factors (arranged alphabetically) 767
Constants 770
Appendix 2: Properties of the Earth’s Standard Atmosphere 771
Appendix 3: Summary of Key equations for Ideal Chemical Rockets 773
Index 773
EULA 792

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 30.11.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Astronomie / Astrophysik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Fahrzeugbau / Schiffbau
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Luft- / Raumfahrttechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Aeronautic & Aerospace Engineering • Energie • Energietechnik • Energy • Luft- u. Raumfahrttechnik • Maschinenbau • mechanical engineering • Power Technology & Power Engineering • Raketentriebwerk
• ISBN-10: 1-118-75388-7 / 1118753887
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-75388-0 / 9781118753880