Analytical Methods for Nonproliferation (eBook)

Edward C. Morse (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1st ed. 2016
XVI, 250 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-29731-6 (ISBN)

Infos

This book is intended to be used as a textbook and research reference for the field of nuclear nonproliferation. The book is primarily technical and focussed on methods of detecting clandestine nuclear material that might be illicitly transported. The book also touches on nuclear forensics, i.e. methods for identification, attribution, and establishment of transport pathways for illicit nuclear material. Also covered are topics of methods used for arms control and treaty verification, and an assessment of technologies under development for all of the above. A description of the government and international agencies involved in nuclear terrorism prevention, nuclear safeguards, and arms control is also included.
 

Inhalt

Preface 7
Contents 9
Acronyms 14
Introduction 16
1 Nuclear Proliferation 16
2 The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism 19
3 Interdiction of Nuclear Material 20
References 21
Nuclear Explosives 23
1 History 23
1.1 The Dawn of the Atomic Age 23
1.2 The Cold War and the Arms Race 26
1.3 The Fall of the Soviet Union 27
2 Device Physics 28
2.1 Critical Mass 28
2.2 Heat Generation. Neutron Background and Predetonation 31
3 Special Nuclear Material 33
References 34
Signatures and Background 36
1 Simplified Transport Calculations 36
1.1 Gamma Radiation Field from a Point Source 37
1.2 Self-Shielded Disk 38
1.3 Intermediate Optical Thickness 41
1.4 Infinite Half-Space Source 42
2 The Radiation Background 43
2.1 The Primordial Isotopes 43
2.2 Cosmogenic Nuclides 49
2.3 The Compton Continuum and Pair Production 49
2.4 Typical Background Spectra 50
2.5 Man-Made Radioactivity 51
2.6 Neutrons 52
2.7 NORM and TENORM 53
2.8 Medical Isotopes 54
3 Problems 55
References 56
Detection Statistics 57
1 Classical and Bayesian Statistics 57
2 Counting Statistics 58
2.1 Energy Resolution Statistics 58
2.2 More on Error Propagation Statistics 64
3 Confusion Matrices 66
4 Receiver Operating Characteristics 71
5 Application of Bayesian Statistical Methods 75
6 Pulse Shape Discrimination as an Example of Binary Classification 78
7 Problems 80
References 81
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle 82
1 Mining and Chemical Processing of Uranium 82
2 UF6 Conversion and Enrichment 83
3 Post-reactor 84
4 Conversion of Military Materials 85
5 Waste Management 86
6 Enrichment Technologies 86
6.1 Gaseous Diffusion 86
6.2 Centrifuge Separation 89
6.3 Electromagnetic Separation 96
6.4 Laser Isotope Separation 99
7 Reactors and Proliferation 101
8 Problems 102
References 103
Nuclear Forensics 104
1 Introduction 104
2 Attribution Methods 106
2.1 Chronometers 106
2.2 Calculation of Initial Enrichment 107
2.3 Other Nuclear Signatures 109
2.4 Morphology and Structure 110
3 Analysis Tools 113
3.1 Radiation Detection Equipment 113
3.2 Mass Spectrometry 114
4 Problems 115
References 115
Nuclear Testing 117
1 Introduction and History 117
2 The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and the International Monitoring System 118
3 Radionuclide Monitoring 119
3.1 Fission Product Distributions 119
3.2 Xenon and Cesium Signatures 121
3.3 Krypton Signatures 123
3.4 Argon-37 123
3.5 Atmospheric Transport of Radionuclides 124
3.6 Radionuclide Monitoring Technology 125
4 Seismic Signals 129
4.1 Seismic Wave Types 129
4.2 Distance-to-Event Determination 131
4.3 Seismic Signatures of Nuclear Explosive Tests 132
4.4 Limitations of Seismic Monitoring 134
5 Hydroacoustic Monitoring 136
6 Infrasonic Signatures 138
6.1 Waves in the Atmosphere 139
6.2 Infrasound Signatures for Atmospheric Nuclear Testing 142
6.3 Instruments for Infrasonic Detection 145
7 Concluding Remarks 146
8 Problems 146
References 148
Active Interrogation 151
1 Introduction 151
2 Neutron Active Interrogation 152
2.1 Differential Die-Away Analysis 152
2.2 Delayed Neutrons 154
2.3 Delayed Gammas from Fission Products 155
2.4 Neutron Transport 157
3 Photofission 162
4 Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence 163
4.1 NRF Physics 163
4.2 Photon Sources for NRF 167
5 Dose Considerations 171
5.1 Radiation Exposure 171
5.2 Health Risks 174
6 Conclusions 176
7 Problems 177
References 177
Advanced Detection Technologies 182
1 Introduction 182
2 Advanced Scintillator Materials 183
3 Advanced Semiconductor Detectors 186
4 Alternatives to 3He 190
4.1 History and Background 190
4.2 Stilbene 190
4.3 CLYC, CLLB, and CLLC 190
5 Imaging Detectors 192
5.1 Detector Arrays 192
5.2 Compton Imaging 195
6 Concluding Remarks 196
7 Problems 197
References 197
Arms Control and Treaty Verification 201
1 Introduction 201
2 Neutron Multiplicity Counting 202
3 Pu300, Pu600, and Pu900 Methods 208
4 Neutron Imaging 212
5 Neutrino Methods 214
5.1 Reactor Antineutrino Detection Time Dependence 217
6 Concluding Remarks 219
7 Problems 219
References 220
Public Policy and Proliferation 222
1 Introduction 222
2 The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 222
2.1 Verification and Safeguards 223
2.2 Additional Protocol 224
2.3 Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy 224
3 Nuclear Nonproliferation Activities Within the US Government 224
3.1 DHS: The Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) 225
3.2 DNDO Nuclear Forensics Efforts 225
3.3 National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) 226
3.4 The Department of State 227
3.5 The Department of Defense 229
3.6 The US Department of Justice 230
3.7 The US Intelligence Community 230
3.8 The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) 231
4 Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) 232
4.1 The Center for Export Controls (CEC)---Moscow 232
4.2 The Center for International Trade and Security, University of Georgia (CITS) 232
4.3 The Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) 232
4.4 The Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) 233
4.5 The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) 233
4.6 The Stimson Center 233
4.7 The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) 233
4.8 The Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control 233
References 234
Appendix AThe Treaty on the Non-proliferationof NuclearWeapons 235
Appendix BThe Atomic Energy Act 241
Appendix CThe Area Under the ROC Curvefor Gaussian Probability Distributions 243
Glossary 246
Index 251

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 4.4.2016
• Reihe/Serie: Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications
• Reihe/Serie: Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications
• Zusatzinfo: XVI, 250 p. 104 illus., 100 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Active Interrogation Methods • Clandestine Nuclear Material Transport • Detection Statistics • Detection technologies • npt • Nuclear Explosives • Nuclear Forensics • Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Wastes • nuclear proliferation • Nuclear testing • Treaty Verification
• ISBN-10: 3-319-29731-7 / 3319297317
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-29731-6 / 9783319297316