Thermochemical Surface Engineering of Steels (eBook)

Improving Materials Performance

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2014 | 1. Auflage
816 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-85709-652-4 (ISBN)

Infos

Thermochemical surface engineering significantly improves the properties of steels. Edited by two of the world's leading authorities, this important book summarises the range of techniques and their applications. It covers nitriding, nitrocarburizing and carburizing. There are also chapters on low temperature techniques as well as boriding, sheradizing, aluminizing, chromizing, thermo-reactive deposition and diffusion.

• Reviews the fundamentals of surface treatments and current performance of improved materials
• Covers nitriding, nitrocarburizing and carburizing of iron and iron carbon alloys
• Examines how different thermochemical surface engineering methods can help against corrosion

Inhalt

Cover 1
Thermochemical Surface Engineering of Steels 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
About the editors 14
List of contributors 16
Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering 18
Introduction 22
Part One Fundamentals 26
1 Thermodynamics and kinetics of gas and gas–solid reactions 28
1.1 Introduction 28
1.2 Equilibria for gas-exchange reactions 31
1.3 Equilibria for gas–solid reactions 53
1.4 Kinetics of gas-exchange reactions 76
1.5 Kinetics of gas–solid reactions 100
1.6 Phase stabilities in the Fe-N, Fe-C and Fe-C-N systems 121
References 134
2 Kinetics of thermochemical surface treatments 138
2.1 Introduction 138
2.2 Development of an interstitial solid solution 138
2.3 Precipitation of second phase particles in a supersaturated matrix 149
2.4 Product-layer growth at the surface 153
2.5 Conclusion 163
References 164
3 Process technologies for thermochemical surface engineering 166
3.1 Introduction 166
3.2 Different ways of achieving a hardened wear-resistant surface 166
3.3 Furnaces 169
3.4 Gaseous carburising 183
3.5 Gaseous carbonitriding 191
3.6 Gaseous nitriding and nitrocarburising 195
3.7 Variants of gaseous nitriding and nitrocarburising 201
3.8 Gaseous boriding 204
3.9 Plasma assisted processes: plasma (ion) carburising 207
3.10 Plasma (ion) nitriding/nitrocarburising 212
3.11 Implantation processes (nitriding) 215
3.12 Salt bath processes (nitrocarburising) 219
3.13 Laser assisted nitriding 221
3.14 Fluidised bed nitriding 224
Acknowledgements 226
References 227
Part Two Improved materials performance 232
4 Fatigue resistance of carburized and nitrided steels 234
4.1 Introduction 234
4.2 The concept of local fatigue resistance 238
4.3 Statistical analysis of fatigue resistance 241
4.4 Fatigue behavior of carburized microstructures 243
4.5 Fatigue behavior of nitrided and nitrocarburized microstructures 252
4.6 Conclusion 261
References 262
5 Tribological behaviour of thermochemically surface engineered steels 266
5.1 Introduction 266
5.2 Contact types 266
5.3 Wear mechanisms 269
5.4 Conclusions 288
References 289
6 Corrosion behaviour of nitrided, nitrocarburised and carburised steels 292
6.1 Introduction 292
6.2 Corrosion behaviour of nitrided and nitrocarburised unalloyed and low alloyed steels: introduction 296
6.3 Nitriding processes and corrosion behaviour 296
6.4 Structure and composition of compound layers and corrosion behaviour 301
6.5 Post-oxidation and corrosion behaviour 305
6.6 Passivation of nitride layers 310
6.7 Corrosion behaviour in molten metals 312
6.8 Corrosion behaviour of nitrided, nitrocarburised and carburised stainless steels: introduction 312
6.9 Austenitic-ferritic and austenitic steels: corrosion in chloride-free solutions 315
6.10 Austenitic-ferritic and austenitic steels: corrosion in chloride-containing solutions 322
6.11 Ferritic, martensitic and precipitation hardening stainless steels 325
6.12 Conclusion 329
References 330
Part Three Nitriding, nitrocarburizing and carburizing 336
7 Nitriding of binary and ternary iron-based alloys 338
7.1 Introduction 338
7.2 Strong, intermediate and weak Me–N interaction 339
7.3 Microstructural development of the compound layer in the presence of alloying elements 341
7.4 Microstructural development of the diffusion zone in the presence of alloying elements 343
7.5 Kinetics of diffusion zone growth in the presence of alloying elements 351
7.6 Conclusion 358
References 362
8 Development of the compound layer during nitriding and nitrocarburising of iron and iron-carbon alloys 366
8.1 Introduction 366
8.2 Compound layer formation during nitriding in a NH3/H2 gas mixture 367
8.3 Nitrocarburising in gas 379
8.4 Compound layer development during salt bath nitrocarburising 391
8.5 Post-oxidation and phase transformations in the compound layer 393
8.6 Conclusion 395
References 396
9 Austenitic nitriding and nitrocarburizing of steels 398
9.1 Introduction 398
9.2 Phase stability regions of nitrogen-containing austenite 398
9.3 Phase transformation of nitrogen-containing austenite and its consequences for the process 401
9.4 Phase stability and layer growth during austenitic nitriding and nitrocarburizing 405
9.5 Properties resulting from austenitic nitriding and nitrocarburizing 408
9.6 Solution nitriding and its application 411
References 414
10 Classical nitriding of heat treatable steel 426
10.1 Introduction 426
10.2 Steels suitable for nitriding 426
10.3 Microstructure and hardness improvement 427
10.4 Nitriding-induced stress in steel 430
10.5 Nitriding and improved fatigue life of steel 438
References 443
11 Plasma-assisted nitriding and nitrocarburizing of steel and other ferrous alloys 446
11.1 Introduction 446
11.2 Glow discharge during plasma nitriding: general features 448
11.3 Sputtering during plasma nitriding 457
11.4 Practical aspects of sputtering and redeposition of the cathode material during plasma nitriding 460
11.5 Plasma nitriding as a low-nitriding potential process 463
11.6 Role of carbon-bearing gases and oxygen 468
11.7 Practical aspects of differences in nitriding mechanism of plasma and gas nitriding processes 470
11.8 Best applications of plasma nitriding and nitrocarburizing 474
11.9 Methods for reducing plasma nitriding limitations 480
Acknowledgements 482
References 482
12 ZeroFlow gas nitriding of steels 492
12.1 Introduction 492
12.2 Improving gas nitriding of steels 493
12.3 Current gas nitriding processes 493
12.4 The principles of ZeroFlow gas nitriding 494
12.5 Thermodynamic aspects of nitriding in atmospheres of NH3 and of two-component NH3 + H2 and NH3 + NH3diss. mixes 495
12.6 Kinetic aspects of nitriding in atmospheres of NH3 and of two-component NH3 + H2 and NH3 + NH3diss. mixes 497
12.7 Using the ZeroFlow process under industrial conditions 499
12.8 Applications of the ZeroFlow method 500
12.9 Conclusion 514
References 515
13 Carburizing of steels 518
13.1 Introduction 518
13.2 Gaseous carburizing 520
13.3 Low pressure carburizing 539
13.4 Hardening 547
13.5 Tempering and sub-zero treatment 553
13.6 Material properties 557
13.7 Furnace technology 565
13.8 Conclusion 582
References 582
Part Four Low temperature carburizing and nitriding 588
14 Low temperature surface hardening of stainless steel 590
14.1 Introduction 590
14.2 The origins of low temperature surface engineering of stainless steel 591
14.3 Fundamental aspects of expanded austenite 599
References 610
15 Gaseous processes for low temperature surface hardening of stainless steel 614
15.1 Introduction 614
15.2 Surface hardening of austenitic stainless steel 619
15.3 Residual stress in expanded austenite 631
15.4 Prediction of nitrogen diffusion profiles in expanded austenite 635
15.5 Surface hardening of stainless steel types other than austenite 638
15.6 Conclusion and future trends 645
References 646
16 Plasma-assisted processes for surface hardening of stainless steel 648
16.1 Introduction 648
16.2 Process principles and equipment 648
16.3 Microstructure evolution 653
16.4 Properties of surface hardened steels 660
16.5 Conclusion and future trends 663
References 665
17 Applications of low-temperature surface hardening of stainless steels 666
17.1 Introduction 666
17.2 Applications in the nuclear industry 666
17.3 Applications in tubular fittings and fasteners 671
17.4 Miscellaneous applications 675
17.5 Conclusion 677
References 680
Part Five Dedicated thermochemical surface engineering methods 682
18 Boriding to improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of steels 684
18.1 Introduction 684
18.2 Boriding of steels 690
18.3 Mechanical characterisation of borided steels 697
18.4 Corrosion resistance of steels exposed to boriding 723
18.5 Conclusion 728
References 730
19 The thermo-reactive deposition and diffusion process for coating steels to improve wear resistance 736
19.1 Introduction 736
19.2 Growth behavior of coatings 741
19.3 High temperature borax bath carbide coating 749
19.4 High temperature fluidized bed carbide coating 755
19.5 Low temperature salt bath nitride coating 758
19.6 Properties of thermo-reactive deposition (TRD) carbide/nitride coated parts 761
19.7 Applications 766
19.8 Conclusion 766
References 767
20 Sherardizing: corrosion protection of steels by zinc diffusion coatings 770
20.1 Introduction 770
20.2 Pretreatment, surface preparation and processing 771
20.3 Diffusion heat treatment 772
20.4 Post-treatment, inspection and quality control 779
20.5 Corrosion behavior and mechanical properties 781
20.6 Applications 782
20.7 Sources of further information and advice 782
References 783
21 Aluminizing of steel to improve high temperature corrosion resistance 784
21.1 Introduction 784
21.2 Thermodynamics 786
21.3 Kinetics 788
21.4 Aluminizing of austenitic stainless steel – experimental examples 792
21.5 Applications 797
21.6 Conclusion 798
Acknowledgements 798
References 799
Index 802

Textauszug

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Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 21.11.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Physikalische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 0-85709-652-4 / 0857096524
• ISBN-13: 978-0-85709-652-4 / 9780857096524