Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (eBook)

Proceedings of the 11th International Conference Bristol, 7-12 September 1981

V.M. Clapham, Patricia Fowler (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2013 | 1. Auflage
992 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-8588-7 (ISBN)

Infos

The track detector conference was held under the joint auspices of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the University of Bristol. This proceedings volume contains over 160 papers which cover the latest developments and applications of solid state nuclear track detectors in medicine, physics, chemistry, space research, geology and other fields.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Note from the Editors 7
List of Participants 26
Session 1: Fundamental Mechanisms 36
CHAPTER 1. CAN DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES DESCRIBE CHARGED PARTICLE TRACKS IN MATTER? 38
ABSTRACT 38
KEYWORDS 38
INTRODUCTION 38
CLASSIFICATION OF CHARGED PARTICLE TRACK STRUCTURES 40
DESCRIPTION OF PARTICLE TRACKS BY DOSIMETRIC CONCEPTS 41
PROBLEMS WITH DOSIMETRIC CONCEPTS IN RADIATION RESEARCH 45
OUTLINE OF POSSIBLE APPROACHES TO CLASSIFICATION BY ACTIVATION BASED CONCEPTS 47
REFERENCES 49
CHAPTER 2. I.R., U.V. AND E.S.R. STUDIES ON PLASTIC TRACK DETECTORS IRRADIATED BY HEAVY IONS 50
ABSTRACT 50
KEYWORDS 50
INTRODUCTION 50
RESULTS 51
CONCLUSION 55
REFERENCES 56
CHAPTER 3. ELECTRON AND ALPHA PARTICLE DAMAGE IN BIOTITE MICA: IMPLICATIONS FOR TRACK FORMATION MECHANISMS 58
ABSTRACT 58
KEYWORDS 58
INTRODUCTION 58
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 59
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 59
CONCLUSIONS 60
REFERENCES 60
CHAPTER 4. ANNEALING EFFECTS IN SOLID STATE TRACK RECORDERS 62
ABSTRACT 62
KEYWORDS 62
INTRODUCTION 62
REACTION RATE DESCRIPTION OF TRACK ANNEALING 63
ELEMENTARY INFERENCES OF ANNEALING THEORY 65
ENIGMAS IN SSTR COSMIC RAY OBSERVATIONS 68
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 70
REFERENCES 70
CHAPTER 5. NEW CONCEPTS FOR FOSSIL TRACK STUDIES IN LUNAR SILICATES 72
ABSTRACT 72
KEYWORDS 72
INTRODUCTION 72
EXTENDED DEFECTS AND POINT DEFECTS IN THE LATENT TRACKS OF ULTRAHEAVY NUCLEI 73
EVIDENCE FOR A CONTINUOUS CORES OF DAMAGED MATERIAL ALONG THE LATENT TRACKS OF SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI (Z ^75) 74
FOSSIL TRACKS OF SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES IN LUNAR LABRADORITES 75
CONCLUSION 75
REFERENCES 75
CHAPTER 6. LATENT AND ETCHED TRACK FORMATION IN POLYMERIC DETECTORS—A THERMODYNAMIC APPROACH 76
ABSTRACT 76
INTRODUCTION 76
LATENT TRACK FORMATION 76
ETCHED TRACK FORMATION 77
CONCLUSIONS 78
CHAPTER 7. ELECTRET STUDIES OF CN-85 80
ABSTRACT 80
KEYWORDS 80
INTRODUCTION 80
ELECTRET FORMATION 81
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 82
REFERENCES 84
CHAPTER 8. ELECTROLYTICAL STUDIES OF SUBMICROSCOPIC NUCLEAR TRACKS IN PLASTIC DETECTORS 86
ABSTRACT 86
KEYWORDS 86
INTRODUCTION 86
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 86
ANALYSIS 87
DISCUSSION 89
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 89
REFERENCES 89
CHAPTER 9. SMALL ANGLE NEUTRON SCATTERING FROM ORIENTED LATENT NUCLEAR TRACKS 90
ABSTRACT 90
INTRODUCTION 90
EXPERIMENT 90
INTERPRETATION 92
REFERENCES 92
CHAPTER 10. INFLUENCE OF THE ATOMIC NUMBER AND ENERGY OF BOMBARDING IONS ON THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF DAMAGE PRODUCED IN CELLULOSE TRIACETATE 94
ABSTRACT 94
KEYWORDS 94
INTRODUCTION 94
EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS (Moliton, 1980) 95
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 96
CONCLUSION 98
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 98
REFERENCES 98
CHAPTER 11. ION INDUCED TRACK FORMATION MECHANISM IN APATITE 100
ABSTRACT 100
KEYWORDS 100
INTRODUCTION 100
FISSION TRACK FORMATION MECHANISM IN APATITE 101
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 102
REFERENCES 102
CHAPTER 12. THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF THE PHOTOOXIDATIVE ENHANCEMENT OF TRACK ETCHING IN THE POLYCARBONATE OF BISPHENOL-A 104
ABSTRACT 104
KEYWORDS 104
INTRODUCTION 104
RADIOLYSIS PRODUCTS OF BISPHENOL-A POLYCARBONATE 105
INTERPRETATION OF ENHANCED ETCHING IN THE TRACK 105
PHOTO-OXIDATION EFFECTS 106
REFERENCES 106
Session 2: Practical Detectors 108
Session 2.1: New Detectors 110
CHAPTER 13. MICROAUTORADIOGRAPHY WITH GELATINE 112
ABSTRACT 112
KEYWORDS 112
INTRODUCTION 112
EXPERIMENTAL 113
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 113
CONCLUSIONS 115
REFERENCES 115
CHAPTER 14. CORRELATIVE STUDIES OF TRACK-ETCH BEHAVIOUR AND CHEMICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LITHOGRAPHIC POLYMER RESISTS 116
ABSTRACT 116
KEYWORDS 116
INTRODUCTION 116
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 117
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 117
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 119
REFERENCES 119
CHAPTER 15. TUFFAK POLYCARBONATE AS A TRACK DETECTOR 120
ABSTRACT 120
KEYWORDS 120
INTRODUCTION 120
TUFFAK POLYCARBONATE 121
EXPOSURE OF TUFFAK TO LOW ENERGY NEON, SULPHUR AND ARGON IONS AT THE MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY LINEAR ACCELERATOR 121
BEVALAC EXPOSURES AND RESULTS 121
CONCLUDING REMARKS 122
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 123
REFERENCES 123
Session 2.2: Emulsion 124
CHAPTER 16. SPECIFICATION OF EMULSION RESPONSE THROUGH TRACK THEORY 126
ABSTRACT 126
KEYWORDS 126
TEXT 126
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 127
REFERENCES 127
CHAPTER 17. TRACK WIDTHS OF LOW ENERGY HEAVY FRAGMENTS IN NUCLEAR EMULSION 130
ABSTRACT 130
KEYWORDS 130
INTRODUCTION 130
THE WIDTH MEASUREMENTS 130
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 132
REFERENCES 132
Session 2.3: Polymers 134
CHAPTER 18. STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF CR-39 TRACK DETECTORS 136
ABSTRACT 136
KEYWORDS 136
INTRODUCTION 136
QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE MANUFACTURE OF CR-39 137
ETCHING CHARACTERISTICS OF CR-39 DETECTORS 141
CLOSING WORD 146
REFERENCES 147
CHAPTER 19. THE FORM OF THE CR-39 RESPONSE CURVE AND ITS EFFECT ON PARTICLE RESOLUTION AND AREAS OF APPLICATION 150
ABSTRACT 150
KEYWORDS 150
INTRODUCTION 150
CR-39 RESPONSE 150
REFERENCES 153
CHAPTER 20. SSNTDs FOR HIGH ENERGETIC HEAVY IONS 154
ABSTRACT 154
KEYWORDS 154
INTRODUCTION 154
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP 154
EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS 155
REFERENCES 157
CHAPTER 21. CHARACTERISTICS OF CR-39 FOR DETECTION OF COSMIC RAY PARTICLES 158
ABSTRACT 158
KEYWORDS 158
INTRODUCTION 158
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 159
RESULTS 159
DISCUSSION 160
ACKNOWLEGEMENT 160
REFERENCES 160
CHAPTER 22. TRACK MEASUREMENTS ON PLASTIC SHEETS EXPOSED TO THE CERN-SC CARBON BEAM 162
ABSTRACT 162
KEYWORDS 162
1. INTRODUCTION 162
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS AND RESULTS 162
3. CHARGE DISCRIMINATION NEAR THE END OF THE RANGE 163
REFERENCES 167
CHAPTER 23. IMPROVEMENT OF CR-39 FOILS FOR APPLICATIONS IN THE DOSIMETRY OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 168
ABSTRACT 168
KEYWORDS 168
INTRODUCTION 168
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 168
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 169
ACKNCWLEIXSEMENIS 170
REFERENCES 170
CHAPTER 24. TRACK RESPONSE OF CR-39 MANUFACTURED IN SPECIFICALLY CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE-TIME CURING PROFILES 172
ABSTRACT 172
KEYWORDS 172
INTRODUCTION 172
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 172
REFERENCES 175
CHAPTER 25. ON THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS AND EFFECTS OF INTERNAL TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS DURING CURE OF THE POLYCARBONATE CR-39 176
ABSTRACT 176
KEYWORDS 176
INTRODUCTION 176
THEORETICAL 176
MANUFACTURE 177
EXPERIMENTAL 177
DISCUSSION 179
REFERENCES 179
CHAPTER 26. A CURING CYCLE FOR DETECTORQUALITY CR-39 180
ABSTRACT 180
KEYWORDS 180
INTRODUCTION 180
EXPERIENCE WITH COMMERCIAL MATERIAL 180
IMPROVED CURING CYCLES 181
RESULTS 182
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 183
REFERENCES 183
CHAPTER 27. AN IMPROVED CR-39 TRACK DETECTOR FOR COSMIC RAY APPLICATIONS 184
ABSTRACT 184
KEYWORDS 184
INTRODUCTION 184
POLYMERISATION CYCLE 185
EVALUATION TESTS 185
STOPPING FE RESULTS 186
RELATIVISTIC FE AND AR RESULTS 187
THE 32 HOUR CYCLE 187
CONCLUDING REMARKS 188
REFERENCES 188
CHAPTER 28. EFFECT OF OXYGEN ON TRACK ETCHING IN CR-39 190
ABSTRACT 190
KEYWORDS 190
INTRODUCTION 190
REFERENCES 191
CHAPTER 29. THE EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT AFTER IRRADIATION ON THE ETCHING PROPERTIES OF CR-39 TRACK DETECTOR 194
ABSTRACT 194
KEYWORDS 194
INTRODUCTION 194
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 194
CONCLUSION 196
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 196
REFERENCES 196
CHAPTER 30. A STUDY OF LONG-TERM THERMAL ANNEALING ON LEXAN PLASTIC TRACK DETECTOR 198
ABSTRACT 198
KEYWORDS 198
INTRODUCTION 198
THE BASIC METHOD 198
THERMAL ANNEALING AFTER EXPOSURE 199
THERMAL ANNEALING BEFORE EXPOSURE 201
CONCLUSIONS 201
REFERENCES 201
CHAPTER 31. TRACK-PROFILE AND RANGE STUDIES OF HEAVY AND LIGHT IONS IN CR-39: EFFECT OF THERMAL PRE-TREATMENT ON ETCHING CHARACTERISTICS 202
ABSTRACT 202
KEYWORDS 202
INTRODUCTION 202
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 203
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 203
REFERENCES 205
CHAPTER 32. THE DEPENDENCE OF TRACK RESPONSE ON REGISTRATION TEMPERATURE IN LEXAN AND CR-39 206
ABSTRACT 206
KEYWORDS 206
INTRODUCTION 206
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 207
RESULTS 207
DISCUSSION 209
CONCLUSIONS 209
REFERENCES 209
CHAPTER 33. EFFECT OF VARIOUS ETCHING SOLUTIONS ON THE RESPONSE OF CR-39 PLASTIC TRACK DETECTOR 210
ABSTRACT 210
KEYWORDS 210
INTRODUCTION 210
TRACK AND BULK ETCH RATE IN KOH AND NaOH SOLUTIONS 210
ADDITION OF ALCOHOL SOLVENTS 211
APPLICATIONS 211
REFERENCES 213
CHAPTER 34. ON THE OPTIMISATION OF ETCHING CONDITIONS FOR CR39 AND OTHER PLASTIC TRACK DETECTORS 214
ABSTRACT 214
KEYWORDS 214
INTRODUCTION 214
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 214
RESULTS 215
STUDIES OF OTHER PLASTICS 217
REFERENCES 217
CHAPTER 35. RADIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CR-39 DETECTOR 218
ABSTRACT 218
KEYWORDS 218
INTRODUCTION 218
ANALYTICAL-PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 219
EXPERIMENTAL 220
COMPUTATIONAL-EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 220
CONCLUSIONS 221
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 222
REFERENCES 222
CHAPTER 36. STUDY OF SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS IN THE INSTITUTE OF ATOMIC ENERGY OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF CHINA 224
ABSTRACT 224
KEYWORDS 224
INTRODUCTION 224
STUDY OF PARAMETERS OF SSNTD 224
FAST NEUTRON SPECTRUM AND DOSE MEASUREMENTS 225
STUDY OF NUCLEAR FISSION 226
APPLICATIONS TO GEOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANALYTIC CHEMISTRY 226
METEORITE STUDY 227
REFERENCES 227
CHAPTER 37. INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS ON THE QUALITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF TRACKS IN CELLULOSE NITRATE FILMS 228
ABSTRACT 228
KEYWORDS 228
INTRODUCTION 228
1. CONTROLLED PARAMETERS 228
2. UNCONTROLLED PARAMETERS 229
3. DISCUSSION 231
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 231
5. REFERENCES 231
Session 2.3: Polymers continued 232
CHAPTER 38. NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTION BY AVALANCHETYPE PROCESSES: Electrochemical Etching, Spark and Breakdown Counter 234
ABSTRACT 234
KEYWORDS 234
INTRODUCTION 234
SPARK COUNTER 235
ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING 237
THIN-FIBI BREAKDOWN COUNTER 244
REFERENCES 245
CHAPTER 39. A NEW METHOD FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING: I. Results with dc Voltage 246
ABSTRACT 246
KEYWORDS 246
INTRODUCTION 246
APPARATUS AND METHOD 246
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 247
REFERENCES 249
CHAPTER 40. A NEW METHOD FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING: II. Results with ac Voltage. 250
ABSTRACT 250
KEYWORDS 250
INTRODUCTION 250
APPARATUS AND METHOD 251
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 252
REFERENCES 254
CHAPTER 41. A STUDY OF THE BASIC PROPERTIES OF ECE TRACKS IN POLYCARBONATE FOILS 256
ABSTRACT 256
KEYWORDS 256
INTRODUCTION 256
MAIN FEATURES OF THE ECE APPARATUS 256
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 257
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS 257
REFERENCES 259
CHAPTER 42. SOME ASPECTS OF TREEING ON PARTICLE TRACKS UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS 260
ABSTRACT 260
KEYWORDS 260
INTRODUCTION 260
EXPERIMENTAL 260
RESULT'S 261
DISCUSSION 262
REFERENCES 263
CHAPTER 43. ON THE INVESTIGATION OF SOLUTION (ETCHANT) PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHARGED PARTICLE TRACKS BY ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING (ECE) 264
ABSTRACT 264
KEYWORDS 264
INTRODUCTION 264
CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS 265
ROLE OF ALCOHOL 265
SATURATION EFFECT IN EC TRACK ETCH RATES 265
VOLUME OP ETCHANT REQUIRED 267
REFERENCES 267
CHAPTER 44. A STUDY OF THE ROLE OF ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS IN THE ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING (ECE) PROCESS 268
ABSTRACT 268
KEYWORDS 268
INTRODUCTION 268
EFFECT OF FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE 269
COMPARISON WITH EC ETCHED FISSION TRACKS 270
LEAKAGE CURRENT MEASUREMENTS 270
EFFECT OF FILM THICKNESS 271
CONCLUSION 271
REFERENCES 271
CHAPTER 45. ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING OF CR39: OPTIMIZATION OF PARAMETERS FOR THE PROCESSING OF NEUTRONIRRADIATED SAMPLES 272
ABSTRACT 272
KEYWORDS 272
INTRODUCTION 272
METHODS AND APPARATUS 273
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 273
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 275
REFERENCES 275
CHAPTER 46. ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING REGISTRATION AND TRACK FORMATION TIME 276
ABSTRACT 276
KEYWORDS 276
INTRODUCTION 276
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 277
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 277
REFERENCES 277
CHAPTER 47. STUDY OF THE ELECTRICAL TREEING PRODUCED AROUND NUCLEAR TRACKS BY SEQUENTIAL ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL TREATMENT (SECT) 280
ABSTRACT 280
KEYWORDS 280
INTRODUCTION 280
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 281
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 282
CONCLUSIONS 284
REFERENCES 284
CHAPTER 48. ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING OF CR-39 286
ABSTRACT 286
KEYWORDS 286
INTRODUCTION 286
CHEMICAL ETCHING 286
ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING 287
CONCLUSION 291
REFERENCES 291
CHAPTER 49. SENSITIVITY OF CELLULOSE NITRATE TO MASS DIFFERENCES IN THE LOW Z REGION 292
ABSTRACT 292
KEYWORDS 292
INTRODUCTION 292
RESULTS 292
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 294
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 295
REFERENCES 295
CHAPTER 50. A SYSTEMATIC EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF LOW CHARGE DISCRIMINATION WITH CELLULOSE NITRATE 296
ABSTRACT 296
KEYWORDS 296
INTRODUCTION 296
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 296
RESULTS 297
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 298
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 299
REFERENCES 299
CHAPTER 51. DETECTION EFFICIENCIES OF SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS FOR FISSION FRAGMENTS 300
ABSTRACT 300
KEY WORDS 300
INTRODUCTION 300
CALIBRATION OF DETECTION EFFICIENCIES OF SSNTDs FOR FISSION FRAGMENTS FROM THIN SOURCE 300
MEASUREMENT OF BACKSCATTERING COEFFICIENT 301
STATISTICAL FLUCTUATION OF TRACK NUMBER IRRADIATED ON THE SURFACE OF SSNTD 302
DETECTION EFFICIENCY OF SSNTD FOR THICK SOURCE 303
REFERENCES 304
CHAPTER 52. A CALCULATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF MAKROFOL FISSION TRACK DETECTORS FOR FISSION FRAGMENTS FROM THIN AND THICK FISSION FOILS 306
ABSTRACT 306
KEYWORDS 306
INTRODUCTION 306
INFLUENCE OF TRACK ETCHING RATE 306
THE INFLUENCE OF THE BULK ETCH LAYER 307
EFFICIENCY IN 2ir GEOMETRY 308
CONCLUSIONS 309
REFERENCES 309
CHAPTER 53. ON THE DETECTION OF ALPHA PARTICLES BY KODAK LR-FILM AT VARIOUS ANGLES OF INCIDENCE 310
ABSTRACT 310
KEYWORDS 310
INTRODUCTION 310
MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS 311
DISCUSSION 312
REFERENCES 312
CHAPTER 54. THE STATISTICAL BEHAVIOR OF REGISTRATION OF ALPHAS IN CELLULOSE NITRATE (PREIRRADIATED AND NON-PREIRRADIATED) 314
ABSTRACT 314
INTRODUCTION 314
EXPERIMENT 314
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 315
REFERENCES 317
CHAPTER 55. A METHOD TO DETERMINE THE ENERGY PER NUCLEON OF ISOTOPIC BEAMS UTILIZING SSNTDs 318
ABSTRACT 318
KEYWORDS 318
INTRODUCTION 318
AN EQUATION CORRELATING TRACK DIAMETER WITH ENERGY PER NUCLEON OF THE IONS 319
THE METHOD APPLIED TO CR39 AND MAKROFOL E 320
DETERMINATION OF THE TRACK ETCHING RATE 320
CONCLUSION 321
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 321
REFERENCES 321
CHAPTER 56. VERSATILE IRRADIATION CHAMBER TO PERFORM EXPERIMENTS WITH SSNTDs 322
ABSTRACT 322
KEYWORDS 322
INTRODUCTION 322
IRRADIATION CHAMBER 323
RANGE-ENERGY DETERMINATION 323
DIP AND CONE ANGLE DETERMINATIONS 323
CALIBRATION OF CELLULOSE NITRATE AS DETECTOR 324
CONCLUSIONS 324
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 325
REFERENCES 325
CHAPTER 57. SENSITIVITY OF LEXAN POLYCARBONATE TO MASS DIFFERENCES IN THE IRON PEAK 326
ABSTRACT 326
KEYWORDS 326
INTRODUCTION 326
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 326
CHARGE AND MASS SCALE 327
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 328
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 328
REFERENCES 328
CHAPTER 58. Fe-ION REGISTRATION IN CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTIC DETECTORS 330
ABSTRACT 330
KEYWORDS 330
INTRODUCTION 330
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 330
THE MUTUAL INFLUENCE OF DAICEL- AND KODAK CELLULOSE NITRATE 331
SHIELDING AGAINST THE MUTUAL INFLUENCE 331
SURFACE EFFECT 331
THRESHOLD EFFECT IN DAICEL CELLULOSE NITRATE 331
HIGH ENERGY FE-IONS IN KODAK-CN 332
TRACK ETCHING RATES 333
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 333
REFERENCES 333
CHAPTER 59. DIFFUSION PROCESSES IN DYED DETECTORS1 334
ABSTRACT 334
KEYWORDS 334
INTRODUCTION 334
DIFFUSION OF THE SENSITIZING AGENT 335
DIFFUSION OF THE SWELLING AGENT 336
THE DIFFUSION OF THE DYE 337
STUDY OF THE DEPENDENCE OF DYED TRACK LENGTH ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE 337
DISCUSSION 338
CONCLUSION 340
REFERENCES 340
CHAPTER 60. THE DIFFUSION-ETCH-MODEL PARTI: PROPOSAL OF A NEW TWO PHASE TRACK DEVELOPING MODEL 342
ABSTRACT 342
KEYWORDS 342
EXPERIMENTAL INDICATIONS 342
THE DIFFUSION ETCH MODEL 343
IMPLICATIONS OF THE DIFFUSION ETCH MODEL 345
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 345
REFERENCES 345
CHAPTER 61. THE DIFFUSION-ETCH-MODEL PART II: FIRST APPLICATION FOR QUASI-RELATIVISTIC Fe-ION REGISTRATION IN DAICELCELLULOSE NITRATE 346
ABSTRACT 346
KEYWORDS 346
INTRODUCTION 346
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 346
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 347
CONCLUSIONS 349
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 349
REFERENCES 349
CHAPTER 62. IMPROVEMENTS OF THE a-PARTICLE REGISTRATION APPLYING THE DIFFUSION ETCH MODEL 350
ABSTRACT 350
KEYWORDS 350
INTRODUCTION 350
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 350
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 351
SOAKING EXPERIMENTS 351
RESULTS 352
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 352
REFERENCES 352
Session 2.4: Glasses and Minerals 354
CHAPTER 63. ON THE IMPROVED ENERGY RESOLUTION OF GLASS TRACK RECORDERS 356
ABSTRACT 356
KEYWORDS 356
INTRODUCTION 356
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 356
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 357
REFERENCES 359
CHAPTER 64. ETCHING CONDITIONS FOR TRACK REVELATION OF 252cf FISSION FRAGMENTS IN SODA GLASS DETECTORS 360
ABSTRACT 360
KEYWORDS 360
INTRODUCTION 360
EXPERIMENTAL 361
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 361
CONCLUSIONS 363
REFERENCES 363
CHAPTER 65. DEVELOPMENT OF A BETTER ETCHANT FOR SODA GLASS NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS 364
ABSTRACT 364
KEYWORDS 364
INTRODUCTION 364
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 365
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 366
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 366
REFERENCES 366
CHAPTER 66. EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON GLASS DETECTORS 368
ABSTRACT 368
KEYWORDS 368
INTRODUCTION 368
EXPERIMENTAL AND DISCUSSION 369
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 371
REFERENCES 371
CHAPTER 67. IMPLANTATION OF LOW ENERGY IONS (E < 3 keV/a.m.u.) IN SOLID STATE TRACK DETECTORS: INDIVIDUAL TRACKS IN MICA
ABSTRACT 372
KEYWORDS 372
INTRODUCTION 372
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRACK-ETCH-PITS IN MICA 373
A MODEL FOR THE FORMATION OF TRACK ETCH PITS IN MICA 374
THE NEGATIVE SEARCH FOR INDIVIDUAL TRACK-ETCH-PITS IN OTHER SILICATES 375
CONCLUSIONS 375
REFERENCES 375
CHAPTER 68. IMPLANTATION OF LOW ENERGY IONS (E < 3keV/amu) IN SOLID STATE TRACK DETECTORS: "PLANAR" TRACKS IN VARIOUS SILICATES
ABSTRACT 376
KEYWORDS 376
INTRODUCTION 376
CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF PLANAR TRACKS : EXPERIMENTALS AND OBSERVATIONS 376
CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF THE PLANAR TRACKS : INTERPRETATION 377
THERMAL ANNEALING OF THE PLANAR TRACK IN GLASSES 378
CONCLUSION 379
REFERENCES 379
CHAPTER 69. ALPHA-RECOIL TRACKS IN MICA REVISITED 380
ABSTRACT 380
KEYWORDS 380
1. INTRODUCTION 380
2. REVELATION OF ALPHA-RECOIL TRACKS IN MICA 381
3. DISCUSSION 381
REFERENCES 383
CHAPTER 70. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF ETCHED TRACK PROFILES 384
Abstract: 384
1. INTRODUCTION 384
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS: 385
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 385
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 387
REFERENCES 387
CHAPTER 71. ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY OF FISSION TRACK INDUCED RADIATION DAMAGE IN APATITE 388
ABSTRACT 388
KEYWORDS 388
INTRODUCTION 388
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 389
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 389
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 390
REFERENCES 390
Session 3: Applications 392
Session 3.1: Fission Track Dating 394
CHAPTER 72. THE CURRENT STATUS AND PROBLEMS OF FISSION-TRACK DATING 396
ABSTRACT 396
KEYWORDS 396
1. INTRODUCTION 396
2. FISSION-DECAY CONSTANT OF 2 3 8 U , NEUTRON DOSIMETRY 397
3. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON FISSION TRACKS, AND METHODS OF CORRECTING THERMALLY LOWERED AGES 398
4. STATISTICAL PROBLEMS IN FTD ANALYSIS 400
5. CONCLUSION 402
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 403
REFERENCES 403
CHAPTER 73. SOME METHODS IN FISSION TRACK DATING OF PEKING MAN 406
ABSTRACT 406
KEYWORDS 406
USING MINERALS FROM ANCIENT ASHES TO DATE PEKING MAN 406
ASCERTAINING ANNEALING DEGREE WITH COLLECTIVE TRACK BEHAVIOUR 406
SELF-DETECTOR METHOD WITHOUT HEATING FOR AGE DETERMINATION 407
EXTRA-DETECTOR METHOD WITH CALIBRATING DETECTION EFFICIENCIES FORAGE DETERMINATION 407
METHOD OF CALCULATING AGE VALUE DISTRIBUTION BY STATISTICAL LAW 408
CONCLUSION 409
REFERENCES 409
CHAPTER 74. FISSION TRACK DATING OF OBSIDIANS 410
ABSTRACT 410
KEYWORDS 410
INTRODUCTION 410
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 411
RESULTS 412
DISCUSSION 412
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 414
REFERENCES 414
CHAPTER 75. FISSION TRACK TEMPERATURE AGES OF SPHENE FROM THE CALEDONIDES IN SWEDEN 416
ABSTRACT 416
KEYWORDS 416
INTRODUCTION 416
EXPERIMENTAL AND RESULTS 417
DISCUSSION 418
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 419
REFERENCES 419
CHAPTER 76. THERMAL HISTORY AND LENGTH DISTRIBUTION OF FISSION TRACKS (FT) IN APATITE 420
ABSTRACT 420
KEYWORDS 420
INTRODUCTION 420
THERMAL ANNEALING OF FT IN APATITE 421
RELATION BETWEEN FT-DENSITY AND 421
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF X 421
REFERENCES 421
CHAPTER 77. FISSION TRACK TEMPERATURE AGE THEORY 424
ABSTRACT 424
KEYWORDS 424
INTRODUCTION AND THEORY 424
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 426
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 426
REFERENCES 427
CHAPTER 78. A NEW METHOD OF ESTIMATING ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF FISSION TRACK AGES 430
ABSTRACT 430
KEYWORDS 430
1 - INTRODUCTION 430
2 - FOUNDATIONS OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAM (named TRACE 01) 431
3 - APPLICATION TO APATITE SAMPLES AND COMMENTS 431
CONCLUSION 432
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 433
REFERENCES 433
CHAPTER 79. FISSION TRACK DATING APPLIED TO THE PLIO-PLEISTOCENE 434
ABSTRACT 434
KEYWORDS 434
INTRODUCTION 434
K-Ar METHOD AND PALEOMAGNETISM 434
FISSION TRACK DATING METHOD AND RESULTS 434
CONCLUSION 435
REFERENCES 435
CHAPTER 80. CURRENT PROBLEMS IN FISSION TRACK DATING, AND SOME POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS 438
ABSTRACT 438
KEYWORDS 438
INTRODUCTION 438
REFERENCES 441
Session 3.2: Reactor Environment and Neutron Dosimetry 442
CHAPTER 81. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BASIC SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY IN THE NUCLEAR POWER FIELD 444
ABSTRACT 444
KEYWORDS 444
INTRODUCTION 444
BARRIERS TO TECHNICAL INNOVATION 444
PUBLIC AND PROFESSIONAL IMAGES OF THE SCIENTIST AND ENGINEER 445
THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION 445
INTERACTION IN MAJOR ENGINEERING PROJECTS 446
INTERACTION IN MEASUREMENT SCIENCE 446
CONCLUSIONS 447
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 447
CHAPTER 82. THE APPLICATION OF SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS IN NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS* 448
ABSTRACT 448
KEYWORDS 448
INTRODUCTION 448
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 449
RESULTS 449
CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 451
REFERENCES 451
CHAPTER 83. SELECTED ETCHING AND ANNEALING PROPERTIES OF BRAZILIAN QUARTZ CRYSTALS FOR SOLID STATE TRACK RECORDER APPLICATIONS 452
ABSTRACT 452
KEYWORDS 452
INTRODUCTION 452
CHEMICAL ETCHING AND FISSION TRACK COUNTING 453
THERMAL ANNEALING CHARACTERISTICS 454
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 455
REFERENCES 455
CHAPTER 84. MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTOR NEUTRON FLUX WITH GLASS TRACK DETECTORS 456
ABSTRACT 456
KEYWORDS 456
INTRODUCTION 456
PRINCIPLE 456
CALIBRATIONS OF CONSTANTS E AND K 457
COMPARISON OF GLASSES WITH ACTIVATION FOILS FOR MEASURING NEUTRON FLUX 458
DISCUSSION 459
REFERENCE 459
CHAPTER 85. STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF TRACK DETECTORS IN GAMMA DOSE FIELDS AND HIGH TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS 460
ABSTRACT 460
KEYWORDS 460
INTRODUCTION 460
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 461
RESULTS 461
CONCLUSIONS 463
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 463
REFERENCES 463
CHAPTER 86. DETERMINATION OF URANIUM TRACE CONTENT IN STAINLESS STEEL USING SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS 464
ABSTRACT 464
KEYWORDS 464
INTRODUCTION 464
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 464
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 465
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 466
REFERENCES 466
CHAPTER 87. APPLICATION OF SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTOR IN NEUTRON DOSIMETRY 468
ABSTRACT 468
KEYWORDS 468
INTRODUCTION 468
DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FISSION TRACK DETECTOR 468
PERSONNEL NEUTRON DOSIMETER WITH SSNTD AND SPARK COUNTING DEVICE 470
THRESHOLD DETECTOR WITH SSNTD 471
NEUTRON RECOIL TRACK DETECTOR 471
REFERENCES 471
CHAPTER 88. NEUTRON RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF CR-39 POLYMER FOR REACTOR AND DOSIMETRY APPLICATIONS 472
ABSTRACT 472
KEYWORDS 472
INTRODUCTION 472
ALPHA SPECTROMETRY 473
( n , p ) SPECTROMETRY 473
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 475
REFERENCES 475
CHAPTER 89. CR-39 AS A TRACK-DETECTOR FOR A REM-EQUIVALENT PERSONNEL NEUTRON DOSIMETER 476
ABSTRACT 476
KEYWORDS 476
INTRODUCTION 476
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING CONDITIONS FOR CR-39 477
COMPARISON OF CR-39 AND POLYCARBONATE FOILS AS PASSIVE DETECTORS IN THE PND 478
DIRECTIONAL DEPENDENCE OF THE PND DOSIMETER USING CR-39 OR PC FOILS 478
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 479
REFERENCES 479
CHAPTER 90. CHARACTERISTICS OF NEUTRON-IRRADIATED CR-39 FOILS TREATED BY SEQUENTIAL CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING 480
ABSTRACT 480
KEYWORDS 480
INTRODUCTION 480
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 481
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 481
CONCLUSION 483
REFERENCES 484
CHAPTER 91. DEVELOPMENT OF THIN CR 39 DETECTOR FILMS FOR SPARK COUNTING OF RECOIL PROTON TRACKS 486
Abstract 486
Production of Compound Detectors 486
Irradiation and Evaluation Methods 487
Conclusions 487
References 488
CHAPTER 92. NUCLEAR EMULSION ACTIVATION AND FAST NEUTRON DOSIMETRY 490
ABSTRACT 490
KEYWORDS 490
INTRODUCTION 490
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL TESTS 491
SILVER ACTIVATION METHOD 493
CONCLUSION 495
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 495
REFERENCES 495
CHAPTER 93. NEUTRON DOSIMETRY STUDIES USING CR-39 PLASTIC 496
ABSTRACT 496
KEYWORDS 496
INTRODUCTION 496
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 497
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 497
CONCLUSIONS 498
REFERENCES 499
CHAPTER 94. RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS USING LANDAUER NEUTRAK-144 NEUTRON DOSEMETERS 500
Abstract 500
Keywords 500
Introduction 500
Experimental 500
Conclusions 501
References 501
Results and Discussion 502
CHAPTER 95. NEUTRON DOSIMETRY USING A CR 39—6LiF ALBEDO SYSTEM 504
ABSTRACT 504
INTRODUCTION 504
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 505
EXPERIMENTAL - ETCHING CONDITIONS 505
EXPERIMENTAL - NEUTRON EXPOSURES 506
CONCLUSION 508
REFERENCES 510
CHAPTER 96. NEUTRON DOSE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS IN A WATER FILLED PHANTOM BY SSNTDs X 516
ABSTRACT 516
KEYWORDS 516
INTRODUCTION 516
CALIBRATION 516
DOSE DISTRIBUTION 519
CONCLUSION 520
REFERENCES 520
CHAPTER 97. SENSITIVITY OF CELLULOSE NITRATE TRACK DETECTORS IN DEPENDENCE ON NEUTRON ENERGY 522
ABSTRACT 522
KEYWORDS 522
INTRODUCTION 522
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 522
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 523
CONCLUSION 525
REFERENCES 525
CHAPTER 98. NEUTRON SPECTROMETRY USING CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING OF CR-39 526
ABSTRACT 526
KEYWORDS 526
INTRODUCTION 526
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 526
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 527
CONCLUSION 529
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 529
REFERENCES 529
CHAPTER 99. A NEW PERSONNEL ALBEDO NEUTRON DOSIMETER USING TRACK ETCH DETECTORS -DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE 530
ABSTRACT 530
KEYWORDS 530
INTRODUCTION 530
PRINCIPLES OF THE DESIGN 530
ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING TECHNIQUE 531
CALIBRATION 531
ANGULAR DEPENDENCE 532
DETECTION LIMIT 532
REFERENCES 533
Session 3.3: Radon Monitoring 534
CHAPTER 100. RADON TRANSPORT IN THE EARTH: A TOOL FOR URANIUM EXPLORATION AND EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION 536
ABSTRACT 536
KEYWORDS 536
1. INTRODUCTION 536
2. METHOD 538
3. OBSERVATIONS OVER AN ORE BODY 538
4. OBSERVATIONS IN SEISMIC AREAS 543
5. CONCLUSIONS 546
REFERENCES 546
CHAPTER 101. AN AUTOMATIC DEVICE FOR RADON ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS 548
ABSTRACT 548
INTRODUCTION 548
DESCRIPTION 548
REFERENCES 551
CHAPTER 102. SOME RADON ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF GEOPHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE 552
ABSTRACT 552
KEYWORDS 552
INTRODUCTION 552
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP 552
TRACK COUNTING 552
EXPERIMENTAL SITES 553
SEISMIC AREAS 553
VOLCANOES 556
RADON AND ENVIRONMENT 557
CONCLUSION 557
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 557
REFERENCES 558
CHAPTER 103. SUBSURFACE RADON-DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS WITH LR-115, CR-39 AND TL-DETECTORS 560
ABSTRACT 560
KEYWORDS 560
INTRODUCTION 560
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 561
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 561
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 564
REFERENCES 564
CHAPTER 104. PROPERTIES OF A SMALL RADON DIFFUSION CHAMBER WITH PLASTIC TRACK DETECTORS 566
ABSTRACT 566
KEYWORDS 566
INTRODUCTION 566
DISCUSSION 569
REFERENCES 569
CHAPTER 105. DETECTION OF ALPHA PARTICLES IN THE ENVIRONMENT BY TRACK DETECTOR KODAK LR 115 570
ABSTRACT 570
KEYWORDS 570
INTRODUCTION 570
LOW LEVEL DETECTION OF ALPHA PARTICLES 571
DETECTION OF ALPHA PARTICLES EMITTED BY THICK SAMPLES 571
RADON DETECTION IN THE AIR AND IN WATERS 572
CONCLUSION 573
REFERENCES 573
CHAPTER 106. APPLICABILITY OF NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS TO THE MEASUREMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS OF RADON AND DECAY PRODUCTS 574
ABSTRACT 574
KEYWORDS 574
INTRODUCTION 574
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 574
RESULTS 575
CONCLUSIONS 576
REFERENCES 577
CHAPTER 107. USE OF CYLINDRICAL GEOMETRY FOR RADON DOSIMETRY 578
ABSTRACT 578
KEYWORDS 578
INTRODUCTION 578
CALCULATION 578
CALCULATION 579
COMPARISON WITH THE EXPERIMENT 581
REFERENCES 582
CHAPTER 108. MOISTURE-INSENSITIVE PROBES FOR SEPARATE MEASUREMENT OF RADON ISOTOPES 584
ABSTRACT 584
KEYWORDS 584
INTRODUCTION 584
ELIMINATION OF MOISTURE 585
ELIMINATION OF THORON BACKGROUND 586
CONCLUSIONS 587
REFERENCES 587
CHAPTER 109. SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF AIRBORNE AEROSOL PARTICLES WITH ATTACHED a-ACTIVE NUCLEI 588
ABSTRACT 588
INTRODUCTION 588
EXPERIMENT 588
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 589
REFERENCES 590
CHAPTER 110. CALIBRATION OF LR-115 AND CR-39 FOR RADON AND COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENTS IN INDOOR AIR IN FINLAND 592
ABSTRACT 592
KEYWORDS 592
INTRODUCTION 592
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 593
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 594
CONCLUSIONS 595
REFERENCES 595
CHAPTER 111. THE RESPONSE OF PLASTIC DETECTORS TO RADON ACTIVITY INSIDE HOUSES 596
ABSTRACT 596
KEYWORDS 596
INTRODUCTION 596
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 596
REFERENCES 598
CHAPTER 112. RADON EMANATION FROM URANIUM CORRIDOR IN ORKNEY ISLANDS AND IN KINVER CAVES 600
ABSTRACT 600
KEYWORDS 600
INTRODUCTION 600
MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS 602
CONCLUSIONS 603
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 603
REFERENCES 603
CHAPTER 113. A PASSIVE RADON GAS DETECTOR FOR USE IN HOMES 604
Abstract 604
Keywords 604
Introduction 604
Methods 604
Results and Discussion 606
References 607
CHAPTER 114. EXPERIENCE GAINED IN THE FIELD OF RADIATION DOSIMETRY USING CR-39 CARBONATE PLASTIC DETECTOR 608
ABSTRACT 608
KEYWORDS 608
INTRODUCTION 608
NEUTRON DOSIMETRY AND FAST NEUTRON PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY 608
FAST NEUTRON AREA MONITORING 609
ALPHA DETECTION AND RANGE OF ALPHA PARTICLES 609
ALPHA PARTICLES IN HOUSES 609
REFERENCES 610
CHAPTER 115. A PASSIVE RADON DOSIMETER FOR SURVEY PROGRAMS IN DWELLINGS 612
ABSTRACT 612
KEYWORDS 612
INTRODUCTION 612
THE KARLSRUHE DIFFUSION CHAMBER 613
TRACK COUNTING TECHNIQUE 613
CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION 614
REFERENCES 615
Session 3.4 Detection of Uranium and Mapping 616
CHAPTER 116. DETERMINATION OF NATURAL URANIUM TRACES USING SOLID STATE TRACK DETECTORS 618
ABSTRACT 618
INTRODUCTION 618
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 618
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 619
CONCLUSION 621
REFERENCES 621
CHAPTER 117. URANIUM ESTIMATION IN PLANTS OF THE SIWALIK HIMALAYAS, HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA 622
ABSTRACT 622
KEYWORDS 622
INTRODUCTION 622
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 623
RESULTS AND D I S C U S S I O N 624
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 625
REFERENCES 625
CHAPTER 118. URANIUM DETERMINATION IN WATER USING SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS 626
ABSTRACT 626
KEYWORDS 626
INTRODUCTION 626
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE. 627
RESULTS 627
SUMMARY 628
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 629
REFERENCES. 630
CHAPTER 119. APPLICATION OF CR-39 TO THE MAPPING OF B IN MINERALS AND ROCKS 632
ABSTRACT 632
KEYWORDS 632
INTRODUCTION 632
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 633
RESULTS 633
DISCUSSION 635
CONCLUSIONS 635
REFERENCES 635
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 635
CHAPTER 120. DETERMINATION OF U-CONTENT OF URANIUM-BEARING VEINS AND INCLUSIONS 636
ABSTRACT 636
KEYWORDS 636
INTRODUCTION 636
CALCULATION 637
BANCROFT BIOTITE 638
REFERENCES 638
CHAPTER 121. FISSION TRACK DETERMINATION OF URANIUM IN SEA, LAKE AND SPRING WATER 640
ABSTRACT 640
KEYWORDS 640
INTRODUCTION 640
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 641
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 641
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 642
REFERENCES 642
CHAPTER 122. ALPHA-RECOIL DAMAGE AND PREFERENTIAL SOLUTION EFFECTS: MECHANISM OF TRACKPRODUCTION, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ISOTOPIC DISEQUILIBRIUM, RADON RELEASE AND NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL 644
ABSTRACT 644
1. INTRODUCTION 644
2. EXPERIMENTAL BACKGROUND 645
3. EXPERIMENTAL 647
4. RESULTS 650
5. DISCUSSION 650
6. CONCLUSIONS 653
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 653
REFERENCES 654
CHAPTER 123. CR-39 á-PARTICLE AUTORADIOGRAPHS OF SOME RADIOACTIVE MINERALS FROM SW ENGLAND 656
ABSTRACT 656
KEYWORDS 656
INTRODUCTION 656
SUMMARY 660
REFERENCES 660
Session 3.5 Medicine and Biology, cr-spectroscopy and LET spectra 662
CHAPTER 124. APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 664
ABSTRACT 664
KEYWORDS 664
INTRODUCTION 664
REFERENCES 672
CHAPTER 125. HIGH RESOLUTION a-PARTICLE SPECTROSCOPY USING CR-39 PLASTIC TRACK DETECTOR 676
ABSTRACT 676
KEYWORDS 676
DESCRIPTION OF HIGH RESOLUTION a-PARTICLE SPECTROSCOPY 676
REFERENCE 680
CHAPTER 126. A STUDY OF THE GROWTH OF ETCH PITS IN CR-39 USING A SILICON RUBBER CAST TECHNIQUE 682
ABSTRACT 682
KEYWORDS 682
INTRODUCTION 682
THE CR39 682
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 683
RESULTS 683
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 685
DERIVATION OF ETCH RATES 685
DISCUSSION 686
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 687
REFERENCES 687
CHAPTER 127.ENERGETIC NUCLEAR COLLISIONS INDUCED BY MEDIUM ENERGY a-PARTICLES CROSSING DENSE MEDIA 688
ABSTRACT 688
KEYWORDS 688
INTRODUCTION 688
EVALUATIONS OF THE PRODUCTION OF ENERGETIC HEAVY SECONDARIES 688
DETERMINATIONS ON THE MEAN ENERGY LOSS M DUE TO ENERGETIC COLLISIONS 689
CONCLUSION 690
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 690
REFERENCES 690
CHAPTER 128. IONIZATION CROSS-SECTIONS IN THE CASE OF HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLES TRAVERSING COMPLEX MEDIA 692
ABSTRACT 692
KEYWORDS 692
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 693
REFERENCES 693
CHAPTER 129. CHARGED-PARTICLE RADIOGRAPHY AND COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY 696
ABSTRACT 696
KEYWORDS 696
INTRODUCTION 696
REFERENCES 701
CHAPTER 130. LET-SPECTRA MEASUREMENTS FROM ACCELERATED BEAMS OF ENERGETIC HEAVY PARTICLES 702
ABSTRACT 702
INTRODUCTION 702
DOSIMETRY AND LET SPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS 702
REFERENCES 703
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 703
CHAPTER 131. A MEASUREMENT OF COSMIC-RAY LETSPECTRA USING A MICROPROCESSOR SUPPORTED MICROSCOPE 706
ABSTRACT 706
1. INTRODUCTION 706
2. THE MICROPROCESSOR SUPPORTED MICROSCOPE 706
3 . MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS 707
REFERENCES: 708
CHAPTER 132. RANGE AND ENERGY LOSS RATES FOR HEAVY IONS: SOME ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES 710
ABSTRACT 710
KEYWORDS 710
Introduction 710
Determination of Range Energy Relations In Composite Materials 711
Experimental Determination of Range-Energy Curves. 711
Results and Discussion 711
CHAPTER 133. MICRO ANATOMICAL LOCALISATION OF FISSIONABLE ELEMENTS IN HISTOLOGICAL SECTIONS USING LEXAN REPLICAS 714
ABSTRACT 714
KEYWORDS 714
INTRODUCTION 714
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 716
RESULTS 716
DISCUSSION 717
REFERENCES 717
CHAPTER 134. DETERMINATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ALPHA EMITTERS IN THE TISSUES OF THE FRESHWATER MUSSEL VELESUNIO ANGASI USING THE ALPHA TRACK ETCH METHOD 718
ABSTRACT 718
KEYWORDS 718
INTRODUCTION 718
MATERIALS AND METHODS 719
RESULTS 719
DISCUSSION 722
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 723
REFERENCES 723
CHAPTER 135. A TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FISSIONABLE RADIONUCLIDES IN LUNG SECTIONS USING LEXAN 726
ABSTRACT 726
KEYWORDS 726
INTRODUCTION 726
MATERIALS AND METHODS 727
RESULTS 728
DISCUSSION 729
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 730
REFERENCES 730
CHAPTER 136. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE MICRODISTRIBUTION OF INHALED RADON DECAY PRODUCTS IN VARIOUS TISSUES BY AUTORADIOGRAPHY WITH CR-39 732
ABSTRACT 732
KEYWORDS 732
INTRODUCTION 732
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 733
RESULTS 733
CONCLUSIONS 735
REFERENCES 735
CHAPTER 137. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY RADIOAUTOGRAPHY BY EMULSION AND POLYMER TRACK DETECTORS 736
ABSTRACT 736
KEYWORDS 736
INTRODUCTION 736
EXPERIMENTAL AND DISCUSSION 737
CONCLUSION 739
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 739
REFERENCES 739
CHAPTER 138. THE MICRODISTRIBUTION OF á-ACTIVE NUCLEI IN THE HUMAN LUNG. I. TECHNIQUES 740
ABSTRACT 740
KEYWORDS 740
INTRODUCTION 740
PLASTIC PREPARATION AND SCANNING 740
HIGH RESOLUTION a-PARTICLE SPECTROSCOPY 741
RADON DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT 741
DISTRIBUTION OF a-ACTIVE ELEMENTS 743
REFERENCES 744
CHAPTER 139. THE MICRODISTRIBUTION OF a-ACTIVE NUCLEI IN THE HUMAN LUNG. II. RESULTS 746
ABSTRACT 746
KEYWORDS 746
INTRODUCTION 746
RESULTS 749
REFERENCES 749
CHAPTER 140. ANALYSIS OF URANIUM FRAGMENTS FOUND IN THE HUMAN LUNG 752
ABSTRACT 752
KEYWORDS 752
INTRODUCTION 752
CONCLUSION 755
REFERENCES 755
Session 3.6 Microfilters 756
CHAPTER 141. APPLICATIONS OF MICA TRACK MICROFILTERS: SURVEILLANCE OF HOT CONTAMINATED AIR AT AN INDUSTRIAL PLANT 758
ABSTRACT 758
KEYWORDS 758
REFERENCES 761
CHAPTER 142. ELECTROLYTICALLY CONTROLLED NUCLEAR TRACK PLASTIC-FILTER PRODUCTION 762
ABSTRACT 762
KEYWORDS 762
INTRODUCTION 762
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 763
ANALYSIS 763
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 765
REFERENCES 765
CHAPTER 143. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES ON NUCLEAR TRACK FILTERS 766
ABSTRACT 766
KEYWORDS 766
INTRODUCTION 766
FILTER PRODUCTION 767
FILTER EXAMINATION 767
RESULTS 767
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 769
REFERENCES 769
Sessions 3.7 to 3.12 Atomic, Nuclear, Particle and Cosmic Ray Physics 770
CHAPTER 144. APPLICATIONS OF PLASTIC TRACK DETECTORS TO ATOMIC, NUCLEAR, PARTICLE, AND COSMIC RAY PHYSICS 772
ABSTRACT 772
KEYWORDS 772
FEATURES OF PLASTIC TRACK DETECTORS 772
ATOMIC PHYSICS 775
RELATIVISTIC NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS 777
PARTICLE PHYSICS 778
HIGH-ENERGY PARTICLES IN SPACE 781
CONCLUSIONS 784
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 784
REFERENCES 784
Session 3.7 Fission and Very Heavy Ion Reactions 786
CHAPTER 145. APPLICATION OF SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS FOR MEASURING FISSION CROSS-SECTION RATIOS 788
ABSTRACT 788
KEYWORDS 788
INTRODUCTION 788
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 789
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 789
REFERENCES 791
CHAPTER 146. IDENTIFICATION OF LIGHT FRAGMENTS FROM BINARY EVENTS PRODUCED IN THE INTERACTION OF 12.7 GeV < *-PARTICLES WITH Au TARGET
ABSTRACT 792
KEYWORDS 792
INTRODUCTION 792
EXPERIMENT 793
RESULTS 793
CONCLUSION 795
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 795
REFERENCES 796
CHAPTER 147. FISSION OF 238TJ PROJECTILES INDUCED BY A 12C TARGET 798
ABSTRACT 798
KEYWORDS 798
INTRODUCTION 798
CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS 799
REFERENCES 803
CHAPTER 148. INVESTIGATION OF REACTION 84 MeV/uCl2 + Pb208 BY USING CR-39 PLASTIC TRACK DETECTOR 804
ABSTRACT 804
KEYWORDS 804
INTRODUCTION 804
EXPERIMENT 804
RESULTS 805
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 808
REFERENCES 808
CHAPTER 149. OBSERVATION OF RARE FOUR-PRONGED EVENTS (DUE TO DOUBLE-SEQUENTIAL FISSION) IN THE REACTION 12.5 MeV/u Kr-84 + U-nat. BY USE OF MICA SSNTD 810
ABSTRACT 810
KEYWORDS 810
INTRODUCTION 810
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 811
METHOD OF ANALYSIS & RESULTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 813
REFERENCES 813
CHAPTER 150 .APPLICATION OF SSNTDs TO HEAVY ION REACTION-STUDIES 814
ABSTRACT 814
KEYWORDS 814
INTRODUCTION 814
EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS AND METHOD OF ANALYSIS 814
RESULTS 815
REFERENCES 817
Session 3.8 Nuclear Fragmentation 818
CHAPTER 151. AN INVESTIGATION OF INTERACTIONS OF HEAVY ION FRAGMENTS USING COMPUTERIZED TRACK ANALYSIS 820
ABSTRACT 820
INTRODUCTION 820
EXPERIMENTAL 820
DETECTION OF FRAGMENTATION REACTIONS 821
RESULTS 822
CONCLUSION 823
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 823
REFERENCES 823
Session 3.9 High Energy Nuclear Reactions 824
CHAPTER 152. FIRST RESULTS USING EMULSION TELESCOPE TECHNIQUE TO A 300 GeV NEGATIVE PION BEAM IN A MAGNETIC FIELD 826
ABSTRACT 826
KEYWORDS 826
INTRODUCTION 826
TECHNICAL DEVICE 826
METHODOLOGY TESTS 826
PRELIMINARY RESULTS 829
CONCLUSION 832
REFERENCES 832
CHAPTER 153. PION EMISSION FROM LIGHT EMULSION NUCLEI DUE TO 1.5 GeV/cK " MESON INTERACTIONS 834
ABSTRACT 834
KEYWORDS 834
INTRODUCTION 834
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 835
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 835
REFERENCES 838
Session 3.10 Novel Situations 840
CHAPTER 154. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PARTICLE TRACKS IN SSNTD DETECTORS 842
ABSTRACT 842
KEYWORDS 842
INTRODUCTION 842
ELASTIC SCATTERING 843
INELASTIC SCATTERING 844
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 845
RESULTS 846
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 848
REFERENCES 848
CHAPTER 155. THE APPLICATION OF URANIUM FISSION TRACK AUTORADIOGRAPHY AS A METHOD OF INVESTIGATING THE PROBLEM OF SOFT ERRORS IN VLSI SILICON MEMORY DEVICES 850
ABSTRACT 850
KEYWORDS 850
INTRODUCTION 850
PRINCIPLE OF METHOD 851
POLYIMIDE FILM AS A SSNTD 852
URANIUM CONTENT AND ALPHA-PARTICLE EMISSION RATE 852
OUTLINE OF METHOD 853
RESULTS 855
CONCLUSIONS 856
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 856
REFERENCES 858
CHAPTER 156. ION BEAM ANALYSIS OF LIGHT ISOTOPES 860
ABSTRACT 860
KEYWORDS 860
INTRODUCTION 860
PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD 861
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 862
CONCLUSIONS 863
REFERENCES 863
CHAPTER 157. DIFFUSION OF URANIUM IN RHENIUM DETERMINED BY SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTOR 864
ABSTRACT 864
KEYWORDS 864
INTRODUCTION 864
EXPERIMENTS 864
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 865
REFERENCE 867
Sessions 3.11, 3.12 Meteorites and Cosmic Rays 868
CHAPTER 158. THE COSMIC RAY TRACK RECORD OF EVENTS IN EARLY SOLAR SYSTEM 870
ABSTRACT 870
KEYWORDS 870
INTRODUCTION 870
PRINCIPAL COSMOGENIC EFFECTS 871
CHARACTER OF COSMOGENIC RECORD 874
COLLISION CONTROLLED TRACK RECORD 877
S O M E APPLICATIONS O F T H E N U C L E A R T R A C K R E C O R D 878
CONCLUSIONS 882
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 883
REFERENCES 883
CHAPTER 159. PLUTONIUM-244 CONCENTRATIONS IN CHONDRITIC PHOSPHATES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN FISSION-TRACK DATING OF METEORITES 886
ABSTRACT 886
KEYWORDS 886
INTRODUCTION 886
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 887
REFERENCES 889
CHAPTER 160. FISSION TRACKS IN CHONDRITIC METEORITES AND THE SEARCH FOR SIDEROPHILE SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS 890
ABSTRACT 890
KEYWORDS 890
INTRODUCTION 890
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 891
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 891
REFERENCES 892
CHAPTER 161. ISOTOPE-MEASUREMENT OF COSMIC RAY NUCLEI FROM Ca TO Fe BY A PLASTICELECTRONIC- EXPERIMENT 894
ABSTRACT 894
KEYWORDS 894
INTRODUCTION 894
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 895
PARTICLE IDENTIFICATION IN THE KIEL UNIT 896
EVENT COMBINATION KIEL-DURHAM 896
STATUS OF ANALYSIS 897
REFERENCES 897
CHAPTER 162. A LARGE AREA COSMIC RAY ISOTOPE EXPERIMENT USING CHERENKOV RANGE DETECTOR TECHNIQUES1 898
ABSTRACT 898
INTRODUCTION 898
EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS 898
MASS RESOLUTION 899
DATA ANALYSIS 900
REFERENCES 901
CHAPTER 163. A METHOD FOR MEASURING THE ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCES OF COSMIC RAYS 902
ABSTRACT 902
KEYWORDS 902
INTRODUCTION 902
THE FLIGHT APPARATUS 903
CALIBRATION AND ANALYSIS 903
CONCLUSIONS 905
REFERENCES 905
CHAPTER 164. THE ABUNDANCE OF ZINC IN THE COSMIC RADIATION 906
ABSTRACT 906
KEYWORDS 906
INTRODUCTION 906
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTS 906
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 908
REFERENCES 908
CHAPTER 165. CORRECTION FOR EFFICIENCY OF COSMIC RAY CHARGE SPECTRUM OBTAINED WITH A SSNTD STACK 910
ABSTRACT 910
KEYWORDS 910
INTRODUCTION 910
ZENITH ANGLE DEPENDENCE 910
EFFECTIVE GEOMETRICAL FACTOR AND CORRECTION 911
RESULTS 912
REFERENCES 913
Session 4 Automated Analysis Systems 914
CHAPTER 166. COMPUTERIZED TRACK ANALYSIS OF HIGH-ENERGY ACCELERATED ARGONPROJECTILE FRAGMENTS 916
ABSTRACT 916
KEYWORDS 916
INTRODUCTION 916
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP 917
AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE TRACKS 917
TRACING OF TRAJECTORIES 917
CHARGE AND MASS ANALYSIS FOR THE FRAGMENTS 918
MEASURED AND CALCULATED STOPPING POINT DISTRIBUTIONS 918
CONCLUSION 919
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 921
REFERENCES 921
CHAPTER 167. OPTICAL EFFICIENCY AND OBSERVER OBJECTIVITY FOR FISSION TRACK COUNTING IN MUSCOVITE SOLID STATE TRACK RECORDERS 922
ABSTRACT 922
KEYWORDS 922
INTRODUCTION 922
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 923
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 924
REFERENCES 924
CHAPTER 168. BUFFON NEEDLE METHOD OF TRACK COUNTING 926
ABSTRACT 926
KEYWORDS 926
INTRODUCTION 926
THE BUFFON NEEDLE METHOD 927
SEM APPLICATION OF THE BUFFON NEEDLE METHOD 929
CONCLUSIONS 931
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 931
REFERENCES 932
CHAPTER 169. ENHANCING THE ENERGY-SENSITIVITY OF TRACK DIAMETERS FOR a-PARTICLES IN CR39 934
ABSTRACT 934
KEYWORDS 934
INTRODUCTION 934
TRACK DIAMETER AS AN ENERGY-SENSITIVE PARAMETER 935
METHOD 936
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 936
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 937
REFERENCES 937
CHAPTER 170. RADON ISODOSE CURVE DRAWINGS FROM A MICRODENSITOMETER-COMPUTER ENSEMBLE 938
ABSTRACT 938
KEYWORDS 938
INTRODUCTION 938
ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING CONDITIONS 938
AUTOMATIC TRACK READINGS 939
CONCLUSIONS 939
REFERENCE 939
CHAPTER 171. COMPUTERIZED METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC TRACK EVALUATION FROM MICRODENSITOMETER READINGS 942
ABSTRACT 942
KEYWORDS 942
INTRODUCTION 942
DIGITAL IMAGE FORMALISM 943
IMAGE SEGMENTATION 944
DISCUSION AND CONCLUSIONS 945
REFERENCES 945
CHAPTER 172. A MICROPROCESSOR BASED PICTURE ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC TRACK MEASUREMENTS 946
ABSTRACT 946
1 INTRODUCTION 946
2 THE SYSTEM FOR AUTO MATIC TRACK MEASUREMENTS 946
3 THE PICTURE ANALYSIS SYSTEM 947
4 SOFTWARE FOR TRACK MEASUREMENTS 947
5 CONCLUSION 949
REFERENCES 949
CHAPTER 173. A PRECISION MEASURING MICROSCOPE EMPLOYING LASER INTERFEROMETRY 950
ABSTRACT 950
KEYWORDS 950
INTRODUCTION 950
DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM 950
OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM 952
EXPERIENCE WITH THE SYSTEM 953
REFERENCES 953
Supplementary Papers 954
CHAPTER 174. APPLICATION OF CR-39 TRACK DETECTOR FOR DETECTION OF PROTONS 3He AND 4He IONS
ABSTRACT 956
KEYWORDS 956
INTRODUCTION 956
IRRADIATION PROCEDURE 956
ETCHING PROCEDURE AND MEASUREMENTS 957
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 957
REFERENCES 959
CHAPTER 175. THIN-FILM DOSIMETRY FOR NEUTRONS AND ALPHA PARTICLES 960
ABSTRACT 960
KEYWORDS 960
INTRODUCTION 960
EXPERIMENTAL 961
DISCUSSION 962
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 963
REFERENCES 963
CHAPTER 176. IMPROVING THE ETCHING PROPERTIES AND TAILORING THE RESPONSE OF CR-39 PLASTIC TRACK DETECTORS WITH DOPANTS 964
ABSTRACT 964
KEYWORDS 964
INTRODUCTION 964
STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS DOPANTS 965
REFERENCES 967
CHAPTER 177. SOME PRINCIPLES IN THE USE OF AN ALPHA TRACK TECHNIQUE FOR URANIUM EXPLORATION 968
ABSTRACT 968
INTRODUCTION 968
a-TRACKS CAUSED BY THE a-EMITTERS OF THE URANIUM SERIES 968
MECHANISMS OF MIGRATION 970
CHAPTER 178. INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS OF THE TRACK-ETCH SURVEY IN SANDSTONE AREAS 974
ABSTRACT 974
INTRODUCTION 974
SOME FEATURES OF URANIUM PROSPECTING USING TRACK-ETCH METHOD IN SANDSTONE AREAS 974
PROCEDURE AND CONTENT OF INTERPRETATION 976
SPACE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRACK DENSITY AND HIDDEN URANIUM DEPOSITS 977
JUDGEMENT OF FALSE AND TRUE ANOMALIES 978
JUDGEMENT OF ANOMALIES CAUSED BY ORE BODIES 978
SPECULATION OF THE DEPTH OF ORE BODIES 979
A CASE HISTORY 980
CONCLUSIONS 981
CHAPTER 179. A NEW TRACK ETCHANT FOR PLASTIC DETECTORS 982
ABSTRACT 982
AUTHOR INDEX 984
SUBJECT INDEX 988

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.10.2013
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Quantenphysik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-8588-X / 148328588X
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-8588-7 / 9781483285887