Global Health (eBook)

Issues, Challenges, and Global Action

Elizabeth A. Armstrong-Mensah (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2017
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-11023-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Global Health Lecture Notes: Issues, Challenges and Global Action provides a thorough introduction to a wide range of important global health issues and explores the resources and skills needed for this rapidly expanding area.

Global Health is a growing area that reflects the increasing interconnectedness of health and its determinants. Major socio-economic, environmental and technological changes have produced new challenges, and exacerbated existing health inequalities experienced in both developed and developing countries. This textbook focuses on managing and preventing these challenges, as well as analysing critical links between health, disease, and socio-economic development through a multi-disciplinary approach.

Featuring learning objectives and discussion points, Global Health Lecture Notes is an indispensable resource for global health students, faculty and practitioners who are looking to build on their understanding of global health issues.

Elizabeth A. Armstrong-Mensah, PhD, Adjunct/Affiliate Assistant Professor, Morehouse School of Medicine and Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Inhalt

Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 9
Preface 11
Acknowledgments 13
Chapter 1 Essentials of global health 15
Summary of key points 15
Evolution and concept of global health 15
Tropical medicine 15
Public health 18
International health 18
Global health 19
Concept of global health 19
Key global health concepts 20
Developing countries 20
Developed countries 20
Disease control 20
Disease elimination 20
Disease eradication 20
Global burden of disease 20
Global health inequity 21
Global health issues 21
Global health partnerships 21
Global health risk factors 21
Globalization 21
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 21
World Health Organization geographic regions 21
Defining features of global health 22
Mission 22
Geographic reach 22
Level of cooperation 22
Health content and health conditions 23
Health response 23
Range of disciplines 23
Global versus international health 23
Significance of global health in today’s world 24
Discussion points 25
References 25
Further Reading 26
Chapter 2 Globalization, infectious diseases, and global health 27
Summary of key points 27
Epidemiological transitions 27
The baseline: Paleolithic era 28
The first epidemiological transition: Age of Pestilence and Farming 28
The second epidemiological transition: Age of Receding Pandemics 29
The third transition: Age of Chronic Diseases 29
The concept of globalization 29
Evolution and features of globalization 30
Disease and human history 30
Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases 31
Emerging infectious diseases 31
Re-emerging infectious diseases 31
Contributing factors to the emergence and re?emergence of infectious diseases 33
World trade and global health 34
Effects of globalization on health 34
Health challenges due to globalization 34
Global action and strategies 35
Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases 35
Travel and health 35
Global food safety 35
Discussion points 36
References 36
Further Reading 37
Chapter 3 Noncommunicable diseases 39
Summary of key points 39
Concept of noncommunicable diseases 39
Types of noncommunicable diseases 40
Cardiovascular diseases 40
Cancer 41
Causes of cancer 41
Types of cancer 42
Respiratory diseases 44
Diabetes 45
Mental illness 46
Types of mental health illness 47
Noncommunicable disease risk factors 48
Alcohol abuse 48
Tobacco use 49
Obesity 53
Challenges of noncommunicable disease prevention and control 57
Alcohol abuse 57
Tobacco use 57
Obesity 57
Global strategies and action 57
Discussion points 58
References 58
Further Reading 60
Chapter 4 Global burden of disease and measurement 61
Summary of key points 61
Health and disease 61
Social determinants of health 62
Key health status indicators 63
Life expectancy 63
Neonatal mortality rate 63
Infant mortality rate 64
Child mortality rate 64
Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) 65
The concept of global burden of disease 66
Global burden of disease studies 66
Indicators for measuring global burden of disease 68
Morbidity and mortality 68
Incidence 68
Prevalence 68
Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) 68
Rationale for measuring global burden of disease 69
Patterns of global disease distribution 69
Global burden of disease measurement challenges 70
Global action and strategies 70
Discussion points 71
References 72
Further Reading 72
Chapter 5 Culture, behavior, and global health 73
Summary of key points 73
The concept of culture 73
Significance of culture to health 74
Perceptions of health, illness, and disease 74
Causes of illness 74
Diagnosis, treatment, and care 75
Prevention of illness 76
Cultural practices that affect health 76
Positive impact 76
Negative impact 76
Theories of health behavior 77
The health belief model 78
The transtheoretical model (stages of change) 78
Cultural competency skills for global health 79
Health behavior challenges 79
Global action and strategies 80
Discussion points 80
References 80
Further Reading 81
Chapter 6 Water, sanitation, and global health 83
Summary of key points 83
Key water and sanitation terms 84
Key water terms 84
Key sanitation terms 84
Water and sanitation-related diseases 86
Water 87
Sanitation 87
Women, water, and sanitation 87
Effects of unsafe water and poor sanitation on global health 90
Health effects 90
Economic effects 90
Social effects 91
Investing in safe water supply and sanitation 91
Global water and sanitation coverage and progress 92
Water 92
Sanitation 92
Global water and sanitation challenges 92
Population growth 92
Financial support 95
Political will 95
Sustainability 95
Global action and strategies 95
Discussion points 96
References 96
Further Reading 98
Chapter 7 Global hunger, nutrition, and food security 99
Summary of key points 99
Global hunger and malnutrition 99
Hunger and its causes 100
Malnutrition 100
Key concepts related to hunger and malnutrition 101
Wasting 101
Stunting 101
Micronutrient deficiencies 101
Iron 102
Iodine 102
Zinc 103
Vitamin A 103
Global burden of hunger and malnutrition 103
Hunger 103
Malnutrition 103
Food security 104
Causes of food insecurity 105
Measuring hunger and nutritional status 105
Global challenges of hunger, malnutrition, and food security 106
Global action and strategies 107
Discussion points 107
References 107
Further Reading 109
Chapter 8 Global health and human rights 111
Summary of key points 111
Concept of human rights 111
International and regional human rights instruments 112
The right to health 112
The right to health and special populations 113
Children and adolescents 113
Women 113
Migrants 115
Global and national obligations towards the right to health 116
Progressive realization 117
Mechanisms to realize the right to health 117
Core minimum obligations 117
Challenges to the right to health 117
Global action and strategies 117
Discussion points 118
References 118
Further Reading 119
Chapter 9 Natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies 121
Summary of key points 121
Concept of disaster 121
Key disaster-related terms 122
Natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies 123
Global instances of natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies 123
Natural disasters 124
Complex humanitarian emergencies 125
Global impact of natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies 126
Managing natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies 127
Mitigation phase 128
Preparedness phase 128
Response phase 128
Recovery phase 128
Natural disasters and complex humanitarian emergencies management challenges 129
Global action and strategies 129
Discussion points 131
References 131
Further Reading 132
Chapter 10 Gender and global sexual and reproductive health 133
Summary of key points 133
Gender versus sex 133
Gender roles and gender power relations 134
Concepts of sexual and reproductive health 134
Reproductive ill health and global disease burden 135
Unsafe abortion 136
Gender-based violence 136
Rape 136
Early marriage 137
Female genital mutilation 137
Domestic violence?/?intimate partner violence 137
Family planning 138
Sexually transmitted diseases 139
Human immunodeficiency virus 139
Chlamydia 139
Gonorrhea 140
Syphilis 141
Trichomonas 141
Sexual and reproductive health challenges 141
Global strategies and action for improving sexual and reproductive health 142
Discussion points 142
References 143
Further Reading 144
Chapter 11 Health systems and global health 145
Summary of key points 145
The concept of a health system 145
Health system models, goals, and building blocks 146
Health system goals and functions 146
Health system resources and management 147
Health systems in low- middle- and high-income countries 147
Health systems in low- and middle-income countries 148
High-income countries 149
Health system strengthening 149
Rationale for health systems strengthening 149
Health system challenges 150
Global action and strategies 150
Discussion points 151
References 151
Further Reading 152
Chapter 12 Financing global health 153
Summary of key points 153
The concept of health financing 153
Functions of health financing 154
Methods of health financing 154
Internal?/?local methods 154
External methods 156
DAH areas of priority 157
DAH recipients by region and country 158
Health expenditure in low-, middle-, and high-income countries 160
Determinants of health expenditure 160
Ageing population 160
Rising healthcare costs 161
Medical liability 161
Administrative expenses 161
Wasteful healthcare spending 161
Global health financing challenges 161
Taxation 162
National health service system 162
Development assistance for health 162
Global action and strategies 162
International financing facility for immunization 163
Advance market commitment 163
UNITAID?/?solidarity levy on airline tickets 163
Debt swaps 163
Proposed innovative mechanisms under exploration 164
Discussion points 164
References 164
Further Reading 166
Chapter 13 Ethics in global health research, design, and practice 167
Summary of key points 167
The concept of research ethics 167
Historical background of ethics in health research 168
The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials 168
The thalidomide tragedy 168
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study 168
Global health research 169
Ethical issues in global health research in resource?poor settings 169
Informed consent 169
Privacy and confidentiality 169
Protection of vulnerable populations 170
Equity and fairness 170
Sharing of benefits 170
Assessing risk 170
Controversies and challenges in global health research 171
Global action and strategies 171
Discussion points 172
References 172
References 173
Chapter 14 Health-related millennium development goals and global health 175
Summary of key points 175
Health-related Millennium Development Goals targets and indicators 175
MDG4 – reduce child mortality 176
Immunization 177
MDG5 – Improve maternal health 177
Maternal morbidity and mortality 177
Skilled attendant at birth 178
Contraceptive use 178
Adolescent birth rate 178
MDG6 – HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 179
Malaria 179
Tuberculosis 179
Health-related MDG progress 180
MDG4 Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate 180
MDG5 Target 5A: Reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three?quarters, between 1990 and 2015 181
MDG5 Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health 181
MDG6 Target 6A: Halt the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015 and begun to reverse it 181
MDG6 Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it 182
MDG6 Target 6C: Halt and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases by 2015 182
Critique of the health?related MDGs 183
Health-related MDG challenges 183
Global action and strategies 183
Post MDGs 184
Discussion points 185
References 185
Further Reading 186
Chapter 15 Global health partnerships and governance 187
Summary of key points 187
Concept of global health partnerships 187
Purpose and benefits of global health partnerships 188
Characteristics of good global health partnerships 188
Focus of global health partnerships 189
Partnerships for product development 189
Improvement of access to health products partnerships 189
Global coordination and financing mechanisms partnerships 190
Health systems strengthening partnerships 190
Public advocacy and research partnerships 191
Actors and funders of global health partnerships 191
Bilateral donors 191
Multilateral organizations 191
International nongovernmental organizations 194
Foundations 194
The private sector 195
Think tanks and universities 195
Successes of global health partnerships 195
Smallpox 195
Poliomyelitis 195
Guinea worm disease 195
The concept of global health governance 195
Purpose of global health governance 196
Challenges of global health partnerships and governance 196
Global action and strategies 196
Discussion points 197
References 197
Further Reading 197
Chapter 16 Evaluating global health projects 199
Summary of key points 199
The concept of evaluation 200
Key evaluation concepts 200
Rationale for evaluating global health projects 202
Program evaluation framework 202
Step 1: Engage stakeholders 203
Step 2: Describe the program 203
Step 3: Focus the evaluation design 203
Step 4: Gathering credible evidence 204
Step 5: Justifying conclusions 204
Step 6: Ensuring use and sharing lessons learned 204
Program evaluation standards 204
Types of evaluation 205
Needs assessment 205
Process evaluation 205
Outcome evaluation 206
Impact evaluation 206
Logic model and evaluation plan design 206
Logic model 206
Components of a logic model 206
Evaluation plan 207
Real-world evaluation challenges 207
Weak evaluation capacity 207
Lack of baseline data 208
Time constraints 208
Limited financial resources 208
Cultural insensitivity 208
Political demands 208
Global action and strategies 208
Discussion points 209
References 209
Further Reading 209
Index 211
EULA 227

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 14.2.2017
• Reihe/Serie: Lecture Notes
• Reihe/Serie: Lecture Notes
• Reihe/Serie: Lecture Notes
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete
• Themenwelt: Studium ► Querschnittsbereiche ► Prävention / Gesundheitsförderung
• Schlagworte: disaster management • Disease • Epidemic • Gender • Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • Global Health • Globalization • Health & Social Care • health, ethics • Humanitarian emergency • Human Rights • Infection • International Public Health • Life Expectancy • medical education • Medical Science • Medizin • Medizinstudium • Nutrition • Public Health / International • Reise- u. Tropenmedizin • Sanitation • Travel / Tropical Medicine
• ISBN-10: 1-119-11023-8 / 1119110238
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-11023-1 / 9781119110231