Neuroendocrinology of Appetite (eBook)

Suzanne L. Dickson, Julian G. Mercer (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-83928-7 (ISBN)

Infos

This cutting-edge, interdisciplinary volume  describes established and state of the art approaches for exploring the pathways that influence and control appetite, including: behavioural, electrophysiological, neuroanatomical, gene knockout and pharmacological techniques.   The book presents key peptide and neurotransmitter systems, together with newly emerging concepts of metabolic signalling and hypothalamic inflammation.  The impact of early life experience on neuroendocrine appetite circuits is also looked at, including early programming of these circuits by circulating hormones.  Finally, new emerging therapeutic approaches to appetite suppression are discussed, including those linked to bariatric (weight loss) surgery.

Neuroendocrinology of Appetite is especially focused on established and emerging technologies and approaches for investigating appetite control.  It is written so as to provide an overview of sufficient depth for an undergraduate or new scientist in the field to come up to speed in the complementary approaches used by researchers in this field. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the book aims to appeal to all those with a basic, clinical or therapeutic interest in research into obesity and eating disorders. 

Professor Suzanne L Dickson, The Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenberg, Sweden

Professor Julian G. Mercer, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, UK

Inhalt

Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
List of Contributors 9
Series Preface 11
Preface 13
About the Companion Website 15
Chapter 1 Neuroanatomy of Feeding Pathways 17
Introduction 17
1.1 Historical background and perspectives 18
1.2 The arcuate nucleus, an important hub but not the last word in hypothalamic feeding?related pathways 19
1.3 Other hypothalamic feeding centers – downstream or not? 22
1.3.1 Arcuate nucleus-based projections 22
1.4 Reward-based feeding pathways – interactions between homeostatic and hedonistic neural pathways 23
1.4.1 Where homeostasis ends and hedonism begins 23
1.4.2 The neural basis for eating for pleasure 24
1.4.3 Homeostatic and hedonic cues are not mutually exclusive 24
1.4.4 Cortico-limbic modulation of reward pathways 25
1.5 Nodal integration of homeostatic and hedonic feeding pathways 28
1.6 The importance of distributed neural networks extending to the brainstem 31
1.7 Perspectives 32
Glossary 33
Cited references 34
Further recommended reading 39
Chapter 2 Afferent Endocrine Control of Eating 40
Introduction 40
2.1 Background 41
2.1.1 Historical aspects 41
2.1.2 Categorization of hormones 43
2.2 Gastrointestinal hormones that affect eating 44
2.2.1 General 44
2.2.2 Ghrelin 45
2.2.3 Cholecystokinin (CCK) 48
2.2.4 Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) 51
2.3 Adiposity signals 58
2.3.1 Leptin 58
2.3.2 Insulin and amylin 60
2.4 Interactions among hormones – from single meals to energy homeostasis 61
2.4.1 General 61
2.4.2 Leptin and CCK 61
2.4.3 Other interactions 63
2.5 Perspectives 63
Glossary 64
Cited references 67
Further recommended reading 69
Chapter 3 Ontogeny of Neuroendocrine Feeding Circuits 71
Introduction 71
3.1 Major stages of hypothalamic development 73
3.1.1 Neurogenesis and cellular specification 73
3.1.2 Neuronal migration 75
3.1.3 Axon growth 75
3.1.4 Synapse formation 77
3.2 Developmental aspects of the hypothalamic response to metabolic hormones 77
3.2.1 Expression pattern of metabolic hormones during perinatal life 77
3.2.2 Ontogeny of the response of hypothalamic neurons to metabolic hormones 78
3.3 Hormonal control of hypothalamic development 79
3.4 Development of appetite?related circuits in obesity?related conditions 82
3.4.1 Animal model of perinatal obesity 82
3.4.2 Perinatal obesity causes hypothalamic hormonal resistance 83
3.4.3 Molecular changes observed in the hypothalamus of animals exposed to an obesogenic environment during perinatal life 84
3.4.4 Structural changes associated with perinatal obesity 84
3.5 Perspectives 85
Glossary 86
Cited references 86
Chapter 4 Hypothalamic Peptides and Meal Patterns 92
Introduction 92
4.1 Analysis of how animals feed 92
4.1.1 Meal pattern analysis 93
4.1.2 Licking microstructural analyses 95
4.2 The hypothalamus and feeding?related behavior 96
4.3 Neuropeptides involved in feeding?related behavior 97
4.3.1 Neuropeptide Y (NPY) 97
4.3.2 ?-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (?-MSH) 98
4.3.3 Orexins 99
4.3.4 Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) 99
4.4 Peripheral peptides with central sites of action that affect food intake 100
4.4.1 Leptin 100
4.4.2 Ghrelin 100
4.5 Future perspectives 101
Glossary 101
Cited References 101
Chapter 5 Food Hedonics: Insight from Animal Models 106
Introduction 106
5.1 Food hedonics 106
5.2 Animal models of food hedonics 107
5.2.1 Historic landmarks 107
5.2.2 How are hedonic responses to food investigated? Behavioral neuroscience methods 109
5.3 Excessive feeding: binge eating and food addiction 117
5.3.1 Binge eating models in rodents 117
5.3.2 Food addiction controversy 118
5.4 Hormonal regulation of food hedonics 119
5.5 Conclusions 121
5.6 Perspectives 121
Acknowledgements 121
Glossary 121
Cited references 122
Chapter 6 Functional and Anatomical Dissection of Feeding Circuits 128
Introduction 128
6.1 AgRP neuron circuits that regulate appetite 129
6.1.1 Neuron ablation 129
6.1.2 Optogenetic activation 130
6.1.3 Chemogenetic activation and inhibition 130
6.1.4 Local AGRP neuron circuits 132
6.1.5 Long-range AgRP neuron circuits for feeding 135
6.2 Second-order circuit nodes downstream of AgRP neurons 137
6.2.1 BNST and LatH circuits 137
6.2.2 ARCAgRP?PVN circuits 138
6.2.3 PBN and CEA circuits 138
6.3 Third-order nodes downstream of AgRP neurons that elevate food intake 140
6.4 Circuits presynaptic to AgRP neurons 141
6.5 Perspectives 146
Glossary 146
Cited references 147
Chapter 7 Exploring Appetite and Hypothalamic Circuitry through Manipulating Gene Expression 150
Introduction 150
7.1 Genetics and obesity 151
7.1.1 Mouse strain considerations 152
7.2 Central control of energy balance 153
7.3 Transgenic technology basics 154
7.3.1 ‘Conventional’ knockout and transgenic mice 154
7.3.2 Limitations of germ line deletions for metabolic studies 156
7.3.3 Temporal control from BAC transgenics 156
7.4 Temporal and spatial control of transgenic genes 156
7.4.1 Outline of the recombinase technologies 156
7.4.2 Spatial control with the Cre-loxP technology 157
7.4.3 Cautionary notes on Cre 158
7.4.4 Temporal and/or inducible systems 159
7.5 CRISPR/Cas mediated genome engineering 160
7.6 Perspectives 161
Glossary 162
Cited references 162
Further recommended reading 166
Chapter 8 Electrophysiology of the Appetite-Regulating Circuits of the Hypothalamus 167
Introduction 167
8.1 Background 167
8.2 Gut–brain signaling 169
8.3 Central signaling 172
8.4 Electrophysiological studies of appetite signaling 173
8.4.1 In vitro 173
8.4.2 Hypothalamic electrophysiology in vivo 175
8.5 Perspectives 182
Glossary 184
Cited references 185
Further recommended reading 188
Chapter 9 Functional Neuroimaging of Appetite and Gut–Brain Interactions 190
Introduction 190
9.1 Appetite and the brain 190
9.2 Functional neuroimaging techniques 192
9.2.1 Positron emission tomography (PET) 192
9.2.2 BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 196
9.2.3 Perfusion fMRI (arterial spin labeling, ASL) 198
9.2.4 Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) 199
9.3 Gut–brain interactions: appetite hormones versus brain responses 200
9.3.1 Effects of hormone or nutrient administration on the brain 200
9.4 Perspectives 210
Glossary 211
Cited references 212
Further recommended reading 215
Chapter 10 Appetite Disorders: From Binge Eating to Anorexia Nervosa 217
Introduction 217
10.1 Etiology of eating disorders 218
10.2 Eating disorders: subtypes and diagnosis 218
10.2.1 Anorexia nervosa 219
10.2.2 Bulimia nervosa 220
10.2.3 Binge eating disorder 222
10.3 Animal models of eating disorders 223
10.3.1 Animal models of ‘binge eating’ 223
10.3.2 Animal models of ‘anorexia nervosa’ 227
10.4 Underlying mechanisms and targets for treatment 232
Glossary 234
Cited references 235
Chapter 11 Future Prospects of the Management of Appetite Disorders: Bariatric Surgery 240
Introduction 240
11.1 Historical perspective on bariatric surgery 240
11.2 Bariatric procedures 241
11.3 Neurobiological effects and mechanisms 245
11.3.1 Food intake 245
11.3.2 Hypothalamic signaling 246
11.3.3 Gut hormones 247
11.3.4 Vagal signaling 250
11.4 Food preferences 252
11.5 New knowledge emerging 254
11.6 Conclusions 255
11.7 Perspectives 255
Glossary 256
Cited references 257
Further recommended reading 261
Chapter 12 Discovery of New Drugs for Weight Loss and Prevention of Weight Regain 263
Introduction 263
12.1 Background 265
12.2 The drug discovery process 266
12.2.1 The phases of drug discovery and development 266
12.2.2 Target identification, selection, and validation 268
12.2.3 Lead identification including in vitro screening 269
12.2.4 Animal models, in vivo screening 273
12.2.5 Validity of animal models 274
12.2.6 Clinical studies 275
12.3 Drug combinations in obesity 276
12.4 Multiselective therapeutics (MT) 278
12.4.1 Molecular modalities 278
12.5 The postobese state 284
12.5.1 Physiology of the weight-reduced state (see Tables 12.7 and 12.8) 284
12.5.2 Effects of nutritional status on response to pharmacotherapy 288
12.6 Perspectives 292
Glossary 293
Cited references 294
Index 301
EULA 313

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 25.10.2016
• Reihe/Serie: Wiley-INF Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology Series
• Reihe/Serie: Wiley-INF Neuroendocrinology Series
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin ► Endokrinologie
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Psychosomatik
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Humanbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Appetite • appetite suppression • Bariatric Surgery • behavioural • Biowissenschaften • Electrophysiological • Ernährungslehre • Ernährungslehre • Gene Knockout • Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • Health & Social Care • hormones • hypothalamic inflammation • Life Sciences • metabolic signalling • Metabolism & Biochemistry of Nutrition • neuroanatomical • neuroendocrine appetite circuits • Neuroendocrinology • Neuroendokrinologie • neurotransmitter systems • Nutrition • Peptide Systems • pharmacological • Stoffwechsel • Stoffwechsel u. Biochemie der Ernährung • Stoffwechsel u. Biochemie der Ernährung • Therapeutic • weight loss
• ISBN-10: 1-118-83928-5 / 1118839285
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-83928-7 / 9781118839287