Pediatric Dentistry (eBook)

A Clinical Approach

Goran Koch, Sven Poulsen, Ivar Espelid, Dorte Haubek (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 3. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-91363-5 (ISBN)

Infos

Pediatric Dentistry: A Clinical Approach, Third Edition provides a uniquely clear, comprehensive, and clinical approach to the dental treatment of children and adolescents.

• Offers systematic coverage of all clinical, scientific and social topics relating to pediatric dentistry
• Thoroughly revised and updated new edition, with an increased focus on evidence based care
• Includes three new chapters on genetics, child abuse and neglected children, and ethics
• Pedodontic endodontics is now covered by two chapters - one on primary teeth and one on young permanent teeth
• Features a companion website with interactive self-assessment questions

Göran Koch is Professor Emeritus at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden.

Sven Poulsen is Professor Emeritus at the Section for Paediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

Ivar Espelid is Professor at the Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Behavioral Science, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Dorte Haubek is Professor at the Section for Paediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

Inhalt

Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
About the Editors 9
Contributors 10
Preface to the Second Edition 13
Preface to the Third Edition 14
About the Companion Website 15
Chapter 1 Pediatric Oral Health and Pediatric Dentistry: The Perspectives 17
Children are special 17
Community responsibility: the population perspective 17
The clinical perspective 17
Education in pediatric dentistry: the perspectives 18
References 19
Chapter 2 Growth and Pubertal Development 20
Measurement of growth in different phases of life 20
Prenatal growth 20
Postnatal growth 20
Infancy 21
Childhood 22
Puberty 22
Growing pains 23
Evaluation of growth charts 23
Bone age determination 25
Final height prediction 25
Dental age determination 25
Disorders of growth and puberty 26
Intrauterine growth restriction 26
Postnatal growth failure 26
Tall stature and growth acceleration 28
Early puberty 28
Late puberty 28
Disorders with deviations in dental maturity 30
Conclusion 30
References 30
Chapter 3 Child and Adolescent Psychological Development 31
Perspectives on psychological development 31
A biopsychosocial approach 31
Aspects of psychological development 32
Cognitive development 32
Language development 33
Emotional development 35
Developmental tasks 36
Man is a social animal 37
Attachment theory 37
Social ecology 38
A holistic description of children of different ages 38
The preschool years (3–5 years) 38
The elementary school years (6–12 years) 39
Adolescence (13–18 years) 40
Developmental psychopathology: development gone awry 41
The biopsychosocial model 41
Resilience and protective factors 42
Developmental lines 42
Summary 42
References 43
Chapter 4 Tooth Development and Disturbances in Number and Shape of Teeth 44
Mechanisms of normal and abnormal tooth development 44
Principles of tooth development 44
Molecules regulating tooth development 44
Disturbances in tooth development 47
Clinical aspects 47
Chronology of dental development 47
Dental age estimation 48
Terminology and definitions 48
Numerical variations in the primary dentition 48
Numerical variations in the permanent dentition 48
Syndromes involving congenitally missing teeth 48
Treatment of children with missing teeth or hyperdontia 49
Morphologic abnormalities 50
Odontomas 55
Background literature 55
References 55
Chapter 5 Eruption and Shedding of Teeth 56
Chronology of normal tooth eruption 56
Primary dentition 56
Permanent dentition 56
Mechanism and theories of tooth eruption 56
Mechanism of shedding of primary teeth 59
Systemic disturbances affecting tooth eruption and shedding 59
Premature tooth eruption 59
Delayed tooth eruption 60
Premature shedding of primary teeth 60
Local disturbances affecting tooth eruption and shedding 61
Local aberrations in primary dentition 62
Natal and neonatal tooth eruption 62
Symptoms associated with “teething” 63
Fibrotic mucosa and eruption cysts 63
Infraocclusion of primary molars 63
Retention of primary teeth 64
Local aberrations in permanent dentition 64
Ectopic eruption 65
Ectopic malpositions 65
Sequelae to trauma 66
Supernumerary teeth, mesiodentes, and odontomas 67
Ankylosis 68
Developmental disturbances 68
Cysts 69
Background literature 70
References 70
Chapter 6 Dental Fear and Behavior Management Problems 71
Definitions and prevalence of dental fear and anxiety 71
Expressions of dental fear and behavior management problems 72
Etiology 72
Personal factors 73
External factors 74
Dental factors 74
Principles of management 75
Creating a safe environment 75
Graded exposure by “tell–show–do” 76
Systematic desensitization 77
Behavioral techniques in combination with sedatives 79
Emergency situations 80
Specialized pediatric dentists 80
References 80
Chapter 7 Case History and Clinical Examination 82
Case history 82
The family history 83
General medical history 83
Dental history 83
Clinical examination 84
General appearance 84
Extraoral examination 84
Intraoral examination 85
Examination of the oral mucosa 86
Examination of periodontal tissues 87
Examination of teeth 87
Examination for temporomandibular dysfunction 89
Examination of occlusion 89
Records 90
References 90
Chapter 8 Radiographic Examination and Diagnosis 91
Indications for radiographs in children and adolescents 91
Principles for interpretation of radiographs 91
Radiographic anomalies and pathologies in children and adolescents 92
Caries and its sequelae 92
Intervals between bitewing examinations 93
Trauma to teeth and supporting tissue 94
Developmental and acquired dental anomalies 94
Systemic diseases and syndromes 95
Treatment planning prior to orthodontics 95
Treatment planning prior to surgery 95
Intraoral radiographic techniques 95
Periapical radiographs 95
Bitewing radiographs 96
Three-dimensional object localization radiographs 97
Extraoral radiographic techniques 98
Panoramic examination 98
Scanography 99
Computed tomography 99
Radiation protection 101
Patient protection in general 101
Image receptor sensitivity 101
Beam collimation 101
Lead protection 101
Patient cooperation 102
References 102
Chapter 9 Pain, Pain Control, and Sedation 103
Methods of pain control 104
Local analgesia 105
Preparation of the patient 106
Intraoral topical analgesics 106
Local analgesic solutions 106
Methods of administration 106
Complications 110
Toxicity 110
General analgesia 111
Minimal sedation (inhalation sedation) 111
Moderate sedation (conscious sedation) 113
Indications and contraindications 113
Oral and rectal administration of benzodiazepines 114
Routes and doses 114
Clinical considerations 115
General anesthesia 116
References 116
Chapter 10 Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents 118
Childhood dental caries as a health problem 118
Epidemiology of dental caries in children and adolescents 119
Epidemiologic data on dental caries 120
Dental caries in the young and the late primary dentition 120
Caries in the permanent dentition 123
Caries in children and adolescents in a changing society 124
References 125
Chapter 11 Caries Prevention 130
Concepts of caries prevention 130
Evidence-based prevention 131
The randomized controlled trial 131
Where to find the evidence 132
How does caries develop? 132
Caries risk assessment 134
Risk ages 134
Accuracy of caries risk estimations 135
Practical considerations 135
Methods for caries prevention 136
Collaboration and interaction 136
Behavior change interventions 138
Topical application of fluoride 138
Dental fluorosis and toxicity 140
Diet 140
Plaque control 142
Fissure sealing 143
Preventive strategies 143
Preventive and operative care: a coordinated approach 144
References 144
Chapter 12 Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries 146
The concept of caries diagnosis 146
Detection and assessment of the caries lesion (caries diagnosis) 146
Assessing and grading lesion severity 147
Assessing and grading lesion activity 147
Diagnostic tools 147
Visual–tactile and radiographic examination 147
Occlusal surfaces (pit and fissures) 147
Free smooth surfaces 150
Approximal surfaces 151
Alternative/supplementary diagnostic tools 151
The concept of caries treatment 152
Nonoperative treatment 152
Operative (restorative) treatment 154
Indications for operative (restorative) treatment of primary teeth 154
Treatment planning 155
Restorative procedures 157
Restorative materials: basic principles and handling 157
Specific conditions for different age groups 159
0–3 years 159
3–6 years (primary teeth) 160
6–12 years 164
12–19 years 167
References 173
Chapter 13 Dental Erosion 177
Prevalence 177
Distribution of dental erosion 177
Etiology 178
Factors decisive for erosive potential 179
Gastroesophageal reflux (disease) 179
Other factors associated with dental erosion 181
Lifestyle 182
Case history and clinical examination 182
Case history 182
Clinical examination 183
Indices for dental erosion 184
Follow-up of patients with erosions 184
Prevention 185
General aspects 185
Counseling of patients 185
Population-based prevention 186
Restorative treatment 187
References 188
Chapter 14 Periodontal Conditions 190
Normal periodontal conditions 190
Primary dentition 190
Permanent dentition 190
Bacteria-induced inflammatory periodontal diseases 191
Gingivitis 191
Clinical picture 191
Age-related differences 191
Etiology 192
Treatment 195
Periodontitis 195
Clinical picture 195
Classification and epidemiology 195
Epidemiology 196
Chronic periodontitis 197
Aggressive periodontitis 197
Etiology and risk factors 198
Screening and treatment 201
Prevention of bacteria?induced inflammatory periodontal diseases 204
Mechanical plaque control 204
Chemical plaque control 204
A variety of other gingival and periodontal diseases and lesions in children and adolescents 204
Gingival recession 204
Gingival enlargements 205
Drug-induced gingival overgrowth 205
Gingival fibromatosis 205
Necrotizing periodontal diseases 205
Traumatic ulcerative gingival lesions 206
Streptococcal gingivitis 206
Foreign bodies implicated in periodontal lesions 206
References 207
Chapter 15 Oral Soft Tissue Lesions and Minor Oral Surgery 209
Oral mucous lesions 209
Bacterial infections 209
Viral infections 209
Fungal infections 211
Immunologically-related and other mucous lesions 212
Cysts, tumors, and tumor-like lesions 214
Bohn’s nodules 215
Epstein’s pearls 215
Eruption cysts 215
Mucous retention cysts (mucocele and ranula) 215
Epulides 215
Hemangioma 216
Pediatric oral surgical procedures 216
Extraction of teeth 216
Denudation of impacted or nonerupting teeth 218
Soft tissue over erupting teeth or locally extended overgrowth of oral mucosal tissues 220
Cysts 220
Frenuloplasty 220
Background literature 222
Chapter 16 Endodontic Management of Primary Teeth 223
Diagnosis of pulpal status of primary teeth 223
Should endodontic interventions be carried out in the primary dentition? 224
Endodontic techniques in primary teeth 224
Stepwise excavation and indirect pulp capping 225
Direct pulp capping 225
Partial pulpotomy 225
Pulpotomy 226
Pulpectomy and root canal therapy 226
Wound dressings and tissue reactions 227
Complications (primary teeth) 228
Follow-up and long-term prognosis 228
Handling the emergency child patient 229
Pain at food intake 229
Toothache at night 229
Use of antibiotics 230
References 230
Chapter 17 Pulp Therapy of Immature Permanent Teeth 231
Introduction 231
Vital treatment techniques in managing immature permanent teeth with normal pulp and reversible pulpitis 231
Stepwise excavation 231
Indirect pulp treatment 232
Indirect pulp capping versus stepwise excavation 232
Direct pulp capping 232
Partial pulpotomy 232
Pulpotomy 234
Non vital pulp therapy for immature teeth with irreversible pulpitis or necrotic pulps 234
Posterior immature teeth 234
Anterior immature teeth 234
Bleaching of nonvital discolored permanent teeth 240
References 241
Chapter 18 Traumatic Dental Injuries: Examination, Diagnosis, and Immediate Care 243
Epidemiology 243
Etiology 243
Examination 243
History 244
Radiographic examination 245
Diagnosis 247
Injuries to the hard dental tissues and the pulp 247
Injuries to the hard dental tissues, the pulp, and the alveolar process 247
Injuries to the periodontal tissues 247
Injuries to gingiva or oral mucosa 247
Immediate care: primary teeth 249
Enamel and enamel–dentin fracture 249
Complicated crown fracture 249
Crown–root fracture 249
Root fracture 249
Luxation injuries 249
Immediate care: permanent teeth 252
Crown fractures 252
Crown–root fracture 253
Root fracture 255
Concussion 256
Subluxation 256
Extrusive luxation 256
Lateral luxation 256
Intrusive luxation 256
Avulsion 258
Injuries to the alveolar process 259
Injuries to the gingiva and the oral mucosa 260
Patient instruction after dental trauma 260
Prevention of traumatic injuries 260
Use of mouthguards 261
Face masks 261
Information for the public on dental trauma 261
First aid in the case of trauma to primary teeth 261
First aid in the case of trauma to permanent teeth 261
Dental Trauma Guide 261
References 262
Chapter 19 Traumatic Dental Injuries: Follow-Up and Long-Term Prognosis 264
Wound healing events 264
Primary teeth: follow-up and prognosis 265
Pulpal and periodontal complications 266
Injuries to developing permanent teeth 266
Permanent teeth: follow-up and prognosis 267
Pulpal and periodontal complications 268
Prognosis following trauma to permanent teeth 272
Infraction and uncomplicated crown fracture 272
Complicated fracture 273
Crown–root fracture 273
Root fracture 273
Luxation injuries 274
Avulsion followed by replantation 274
Dental Trauma Guide 274
Treatment options in case of trauma related loss of permanent teeth 275
References 275
Chapter 20 Developmental Defects of the Dental Hard Tissues and their Treatment 277
Aspects related to tooth development 277
Etiology of developmental dental defects 278
Collection of information and treatment planning 279
Anamnestic information 279
Extraoral examination 279
Clinical characteristics of developmental dental defect 279
Diagnosis 281
Classification 281
General treatment principles 281
Treatment planning 282
Environmentally determined dental defects 283
Localized defects of the dental hard tissues 283
Generalized defects of the dental hard tissues 283
Inherited defects of the enamel 291
Amelogenesis imperfecta 291
Inherited defects of the dentin 296
Dentinogenesis imperfecta 296
Dentin dysplasia 298
Disturbances in calcium/phosphate metabolism with relevance to mineralization of teeth 299
Nutritional rickets 299
Hereditary rickets 299
Celiac disease 304
References 305
Chapter 21 Occlusal Development, Malocclusions, and Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontics 307
Craniofacial development and growth 307
Occlusal development 308
Primary dentition 308
Permanent dentition 309
Supervising occlusal development in the primary and mixed dentition 311
Malocclusions 311
Primary dentition 311
Mixed and permanent dentition 314
The pedodontic treatment approach to orthodontic problems 318
Prevention 318
Interceptive orthodontics 320
Permanent dentition 322
The selection of orthodontic patients 323
References 323
Chapter 22 Temporomandibular Disorders 325
Definitions 325
Epidemiology 325
Bruxism 326
TMD and orthodontics 326
Taking the history in children and adolescents with suspected TMD 326
Clinical functional examination of the masticatory system 327
Radiographic imaging of the TMJs 328
Treatment of TMD in children and adolescents 328
Summary 330
References 331
Chapter 23 Children with Chronic Health Conditions: Implications for Oral Health 332
Definition of chronic health conditions 332
Prevalence 333
Increased risk for oral diseases in children with chronic health conditions 335
Preventive strategies in children with chronic health conditions 335
Chronic health conditions 336
Prematurity 336
Asthma 336
Cardiovascular disorders 337
Chronic renal failure 338
Renal transplant 338
Diabetes mellitus 338
Gastroesophageal reflux disease 339
Eating disorders 339
Substance use disorder 340
Malabsorption 341
Celiac disease 341
Cystic fibrosis 341
Primary and secondary immunodeficiency states 342
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis 343
Juvenile osteoporosis 344
Epidermolysis bullosa 344
Bleeding disorders 344
Malignant disease in children 345
Epilepsy 347
Oral health related quality of life 347
Transition to adult care 348
References 348
Chapter 24 Dental Care for the Child and Adolescent with Disabilities 350
Context 350
Prevalence 351
Oral health and disability 352
Consent 352
Neuropsychiatric disorders 352
Autism spectrum disorder 352
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 354
Tourette syndrome 355
Other disorders 355
Intellectual disability 355
22q11 deletion syndrome 356
Fragile X syndrome 356
Down syndrome 356
Cerebral palsy 357
Spina bifida 359
Muscular dystrophies 360
Cleft lip and palate 360
Preventive dental care 361
Diet 361
Fluorides 361
Pit and fissure sealants 362
Oral hygiene aids 362
Chlorhexidine 362
Dental visits 363
Behavior management 363
Body posture 363
Oral motor function 364
References 365
Chapter 25 Genetics in Pediatric Dentistry 367
Congenital malformations and syndromes 367
Isolated malformations 367
Malformation syndromes 368
Craniofacial syndromes 368
Syndromes with craniosynostosis 369
Syndromes affecting the pharyngeal arches 372
Dental anomalies 373
Congenitally missing teeth 374
Hyperdontia (supernumerary teeth) 375
Aberrations in the structure of dental hard tissues 375
Genetic counseling 376
Background literature 376
References 376
Chapter 26 Child Abuse and Neglect: The Dental Professionals’ Role in Safeguarding Children 378
Definition of child abuse and neglect 378
Prevalence of child maltreatment 378
Risk factors for exposure to maltreatment 379
Social services: child protection and support 379
Recognition of child maltreatment 379
Physical abuse 379
Separating accidental injuries from  non?accidental injuries 380
Psychological abuse 381
Neglect 381
Oral and dental aspects of child maltreatment 381
Physical abuse 381
Sexual abuse 381
Dental neglect 382
Managing a suspicion of child maltreatment 382
Management of dental neglect 382
Interview with children and families regarding suspicions of maltreatment 383
Forensic oral examination 384
Health implications of child maltreatment 384
References 385
Chapter 27 Ethics in Pediatric Dentistry 387
Biomedical ethics 387
Informed consent—from the perspective of pediatric dentistry 388
Integrity and autonomy 388
Deciding on treatment 389
Ethical analysis 390
Challenges in pediatric dentistry—meeting vulnerable children 391
Research involving children and adolescents 391
References 392
Index 393
EULA 407

Rezensionen

"The best characteristics of the book are the illustrations, x-rays and photographs, and case studies. The book is unique in that it comes with a companion website that allows students to test their knowledge of each topic using interactive self-assessment questions. This well-written update includes the latest developments in the field with new photographs and illustrations. 100% score-5 stars!" (Doody Enterprises 28/04/2017)

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 13.10.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Pädiatrie
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Zahnmedizin
• Schlagworte: Berufspraxis i. d. Zahnmedizin • caries • Dental Professional Practice • Dental Traumatology • dentistry • Kinderzahnheilkunde • <p>Pediatric dentistry • Oral health • paediatric dentistry • Pediatric Dentistry • pedodontic endodontics • pedodontics • Primary Teeth • Traumatologie i. d. Zahnheilkunde • young permanent teeth</p> • Zahnmedizin
• ISBN-10: 1-118-91363-9 / 1118913639
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-91363-5 / 9781118913635