Understanding Demographic Transitions (eBook)

An Overview of French Historical Statistics

Claude Diebolt, Faustine Perrin (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1st ed. 2017
XVIII, 176 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-44651-6 (ISBN)

Infos

This book studies the process of demographic transition which has played a key role in the economic development of Western countries. The special focus is on France, which constitutes the first clear case of fertility decline in Europe. The book analyzes the reasons behind this phenomenon by examining the evolution of demographic variables in France over the past two hundred years. To better understand the reasons of the changing patterns of demographic behavior, the authors investigate the development of the female labor force, study educational investments, and explore the evolution of gender roles and relations.

Inhalt

Acknowledgment 6
Contents 7
List of Figures 9
List of Tables 12
Introduction 13
References 16
Chapter 1: Evolutions of Demographic Behavior 17
1.1 Introduction 17
1.2 The Demographic Transition 18
1.2.1 Evolution of Mortality Levels 19
1.2.2 Evolution of Fertility Levels 21
1.2.3 Natural Balance of Mortality and Fertility 22
1.3 Changing Patterns of Demographic Behavior 24
1.3.1 Marriage Pattern 24
1.3.1.1 Celibacy 24
1.3.1.2 Age at First Marriage 25
1.3.1.3 Illegitimate Births 26
1.3.2 Birth Limitation 28
1.3.2.1 Early Contraception: Birth Control 28
1.3.2.2 Birth Intervals Between Rich and Poor 30
1.3.2.3 Women Age at Last Birth 31
1.4 Transformations of the French Demographic Landscape 33
1.4.1 Geographical Distribution of Fertility Rates 33
1.4.2 Explaining Geographical Differences in Fertility Decline 36
1.4.2.1 Specific Initial Demographic Characteristics 36
Mortality 36
Sex Ratio 37
1.4.2.2 Fertility Regulation 38
Malthusianism: ``Adaptation´´-Traditional Mean/Mechanism of Control 39
Birth Control: ``Innovation Diffusion´´-Modern Mean of Control 41
1.4.2.3 Explaining Geographic Differences in Marriage Pattern 44
Role of the Religion 44
Civil Constitution of the Clergy 44
Family Structure and Inheritance System 46
Speed of Diffusion 47
1.5 Conclusion 49
Appendix A 51
Bibliography 55
Chapter 2: Changes in the Labor Force 57
2.1 Introduction 57
2.2 The Evolution of the Female Labor Force 59
2.2.1 General Characteristics of the Labor Force Participation by Gender Since 1806 61
2.2.1.1 The Expansion of the Female Labor Force Participation 61
2.2.1.2 Changes in the Labor Force by Sectors 63
2.2.1.3 Transformation of the Social Structure of the Labor Force 65
2.2.2 Life Cycle Labor Force Participation 68
2.2.2.1 Female Labor Force by Marital Status 68
2.2.2.2 Female Labor Force by Age 70
2.2.2.3 Impact of Variations in Labor Force 73
2.2.3 Regional Dynamics of the Labor force 74
2.3 General Characteristics of the Gender Gap 77
2.3.1 The Gender Gap in Earnings and Occupations 77
2.3.1.1 The Gender Gap in Occupations 77
Female-to-Male Labor Force Participation 77
Occupational Segregation by Branch 79
Occupational Distribution Between Genders 80
The Labor Force Gap by Age 85
2.3.1.2 The Gender Gap in Earnings over the Long Run 86
Hourly Wages in Manufacturing 86
Female-to-Male Earnings 87
Gender Pay Gap by Industry Type 89
2.3.2 Regional Dynamics of the Gender Gap 91
2.3.2.1 Gender Differences in Occupations 91
Labor Force by Sector 91
Industrial Specialization 92
Gender Gap 94
2.3.2.2 Gender Differences in Earnings 95
Agriculture 95
Industry 97
Gender Wage Gap 98
2.3.2.3 Productivity Versus Customs 101
2.4 Conclusion 105
Appendix B 107
Bibliography 109
Chapter 3: Increasing Educational Investments 111
3.1 Introduction 111
3.2 General Characteristics of the Evolution of the Female Human Capital 113
3.2.1 Overview of Literacy Rates by Marital Status in 1851 114
3.2.1.1 Age-Heaping and Literacy 114
Data and Methodology 115
3.2.1.2 Gender Differences in Age-Heaping 117
By Class of Age 118
3.2.2 The Gradual Expansion of Schooling 120
3.2.2.1 Primary Education and Feminization 121
Feminization of Primary Education in the Law 121
3.2.2.2 Secondary Education 124
3.2.2.3 Higher Education 126
3.2.3 Changes in Educational Investments and Aspirations 127
3.2.3.1 Years of Schooling 128
3.2.3.2 Diploma 129
High School Diploma 129
A Global Analysis of the Structure of Diploma 129
3.2.3.3 Field of Specialization 131
3.3 Regional Dynamics of Schooling 133
3.3.1 Geographical Evolution of Female Literacy Rates 133
3.3.2 Distribution of Enrollment Rates in Primary Schools 135
3.3.2.1 The Situation of Primary Education in 1837 136
3.3.2.2 Evolution of Primary Education Between 1837 and 1876 136
3.3.3 Geographical Evolution of Infrastructures 139
3.4 The Gender Gap in Human Capital 142
3.4.1 General Characteristics of the Gender Gap 143
3.4.1.1 The Gender Gap in Enrollment Rates 143
Primary School 143
Diploma 143
3.4.1.2 The Gender Gap in Educational Attainment and Specialization 143
Years of Schooling 143
Specialization 145
3.4.1.3 The Gender Quality of the Labor Force 146
3.4.2 Regional Dynamics of the Gender Schooling Gap 150
3.5 Conclusion 151
Appendix C 153
Bibliography 155
Chapter 4: Transformations of Gender Relations 157
4.1 Introduction 157
4.2 Family Organization and Gender Relations: The Role Played by Female Empowerment 160
4.2.1 The ``Traditional´´ Role of Women 160
4.2.2 The Emergence of a New Socio-Economic Role of Women 163
4.2.2.1 Ideology of Female Inferiority 163
4.2.2.2 From the Sexual Division of Labor to the Dual-Earning Model 165
4.2.2.3 A Long-Run Evolutionary Process 166
4.2.2.4 Early Twentieth Century and the Resurgence of Patriarchal Ideology 168
4.2.3 The ``Quiet Revolution´´ 169
4.3 Regional Dynamics of the Gender Gap 171
4.3.1 The Gender Gap Index 171
4.3.1.1 Methodology of the Gender Gap Index 172
The Construction of the Index 172
4.3.1.2 Geographical Distribution of the Gender Gap Index 174
Regional Trends 174
County-Profile 178
4.3.1.3 Links with Economic Performance and Demographic Profile 179
4.3.2 Gender Gap and Socioeconomic Status. The Positioning of French Counties 180
4.3.2.1 Data and Method 180
4.3.2.2 The Positioning of French Counties in Mid-Nineteenth Century 181
The Classification of French Counties in Six Groups 181
Gender Gap Index and Typology of French Counties 185
4.4 Conclusion 186
Appendix D 188
Bibliography 188
Conclusion 190

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 24.10.2016
• Reihe/Serie: Population Economics
• Reihe/Serie: Population Economics
• Zusatzinfo: XVIII, 176 p. 84 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Geschichte ► Regional- / Ländergeschichte
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft ► Volkswirtschaftslehre
• Schlagworte: Cliometrics • Demographic transformation • Demography • Economic History • fertility • France • Gender Studies • Human Capital • Labour source • Population Economics
• ISBN-10: 3-319-44651-7 / 3319446517
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-44651-6 / 9783319446516