Advances in Energy Research, Vol. 2 (eBook)
XV, 871 Seiten
Springer-Verlag
978-981-15-2662-6 (ISBN)
Preface 6
Contents 8
About the Editors 16
1 Mathematical Modeling of Heat Losses from Cylindrical Cavity Receiver in Solar Parabolic Dish 17
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 Analysis of Heat Loss Based on Constant Input Power 20
1.3 The Development of Nusselt Number Correlation 21
1.3.1 Development of Total Heat Loss Nusselt Number Correlation from Experimental Result 23
1.3.2 Development of Radiation Heat Loss Nusselt Number Correlation from Experimental Result 24
1.4 Results and Conclusions 25
References 27
2 Performance Evaluation of Latent Heat Storage Filled with Paraffin Wax for Solar Thermal Applications 28
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Numerical Details 30
2.2.1 Modelling and Assumptions 30
2.2.2 Governing Equations 31
2.2.3 Initial and Boundary Conditions 31
2.2.4 Meshing and Numerical Treatment 32
2.3 Experimental Setup 32
2.4 Result and Discussions 32
2.4.1 Validation Study 32
2.4.2 Contours of Average Melt Fraction 33
2.4.3 Variation of Average Temperature and Melt Fraction During Charging and Discharging 33
2.4.4 Energy Stored/Released 35
2.5 Conclusions 36
References 36
3 Performance Analysis of Spiral and Conical Receivers for the Paraboloidal Dish Collector Using CFD 38
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Numerical Study 40
3.2.1 Solution Setup Procedure 40
3.3 Experimental Study 41
3.3.1 Analytical Procedure 43
3.4 Results and Discussion 43
3.5 Conclusions 47
References 47
4 Performance Analysis of Phase Change Material Storage System for Solar Thermal Applications 49
4.1 Introduction 50
4.2 Methodology 50
4.2.1 Heat Storage Unit Considered for the Experiment 51
4.2.2 PCM Used for the Study 51
4.2.3 Experimental Setup and Procedure 52
4.3 Results and Discussions 54
4.3.1 Charging Cycle 54
4.3.2 Discharging Cycle 57
4.3.3 Charging and System Efficiency 58
4.4 Conclusions 59
References 60
5 Exergy and Energy Analysis of a Packed Bed Thermal Energy Storage System with Different Heat Transfer Fluids 62
5.1 Introduction 62
5.2 Experimental Set-up 64
5.3 Procedure 66
5.3.1 Energy Analysis During Charging 66
5.3.2 Exergy Analysis During Charging 67
5.4 Results 67
5.5 Conclusions 70
References 71
6 Performance Analysis of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector with ‘U’-Tube and Helical Coil Receivers 72
6.1 Introduction 73
6.2 Experimental Setup 73
6.3 Experimental Method 75
6.4 Result and Discussion 75
6.5 Conclusion 77
References 78
7 Performance Evaluation of an Improved Dual Purpose Solar Collector 79
7.1 Introduction 79
7.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure 81
7.2.1 Description of the System 81
7.2.2 Test Procedure 82
7.3 Results and Discussion 83
7.3.1 Dual Purpose Collector Operation 83
7.3.2 Single Mode Water Heater Operation 85
7.3.3 Single Mode Air Heater Operation 86
7.3.4 Comparison of Different Modes of Operation 89
7.4 Conclusion 90
References 90
8 Experimental Investigation on Farmer-Friendly Hybrid Dryer for Indoor Drying of Mushroom 92
8.1 Introduction 92
8.2 Materials and Methods 93
8.2.1 System Description 93
8.2.2 Experimental Setup and Measurement 95
8.2.3 Quality Analysis of Hybrid Dried Mushroom 96
8.2.4 Assumptions for Techno-Economic Evaluation 96
8.3 Results and Discussion 97
8.3.1 Thermal Performance 97
8.3.2 Variation in Moisture Content 99
8.3.3 Variation in Drying Rate 99
8.3.4 Variation in Electricity Consumption 99
8.3.5 Techno Economics of Hybrid Dryer 100
8.3.6 Quality Analysis of Dehydrated Oyster Mushroom 100
8.4 Conclusions 101
References 102
9 Wind Speed Forecasting Using New Adaptive Regressive Smoothing Models 104
9.1 Introduction 104
9.2 Methodology 105
9.3 Quality Measures 107
9.4 Results and Discussions 108
9.5 Conclusions 111
References 111
10 Thermal Performance Analysis of a Heat Pump-Based Photovoltaic/Thermal System 113
10.1 Introduction 113
10.2 System Description and Working Principle 114
10.3 Mathematical Model 115
10.3.1 PV Evaporator 116
10.3.2 Compressor 117
10.3.3 Condenser 118
10.4 System Simulation and Result Analysis 119
10.4.1 Computation Procedure 119
10.4.2 Results and Discussion 120
10.5 Conclusion 121
References 122
11 Overall Performance of N Partially Covered Photovoltaic Thermal-Compound Parabolic Concentrator (PVT-CPC) Collector with Different Concentration Ratio 123
11.1 Introduction 124
11.2 System Description 125
11.3 Modelling 126
11.4 Results and Discussions 128
11.5 Conclusions 131
11.6 Units and Symbols 131
References 132
12 Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Solar Air Heater Roughened with V-Shaped Ribs Combined with V-Shaped Perforated Baffles 133
12.1 Introduction 133
12.2 CFD Study 134
12.2.1 CFD Methodology 135
12.2.2 Grid Independence Test and the Validation of Model 136
12.3 Data Processing 137
12.4 Results and Discussions 138
12.4.1 Heat Transfer 138
12.4.2 Thermal Efficiency and Thermo-Hydraulic Performance Parameter 139
12.4.3 Fluid Flow Behavior 140
12.5 Conclusions 141
References 142
13 Highly Efficient Solar Steam Generation Using Carbon Cloth System 143
13.1 Introduction 143
13.2 Materials 144
13.3 Characterization 144
13.4 Evaporation Performance Evaluation 144
13.5 Results and Discussion 145
References 148
14 Floating Absorber Integrated with Compound Parabolic Concentrator for Effective Solar Water Desalination 150
14.1 Introduction 151
14.2 Simulation Results of the CPC 152
14.3 Experimental Results 154
14.3.1 Characterization 154
14.3.2 Evaporation Experiments of CPC Under Solar Simulator 154
14.4 Conclusion 156
References 156
15 Study of Performance of Solar Flat Plate Collector Using Al2O3/Water Nanofluids 157
15.1 Introduction 157
15.2 Experimental Setup 158
15.3 Results and Discussion 160
15.4 Conclusions 164
References 165
16 Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Solar Air Heater Duct Provided with Conical Protrusion Rib Roughnesses 166
16.1 Introduction 166
16.2 Thermo-hydraulic Performance Evaluation Criteria 167
16.3 System and Operating Parameters 168
16.4 Computation Method 168
16.5 Results and Discussions 169
16.6 Conclusions 173
References 174
17 Flocculation–Solar Distillation—an Integrated Energy-Efficient Technology for Desalination of Seawater 176
17.1 Introduction 176
17.2 Experimentation 177
17.2.1 Instrument Details 177
17.2.2 Chemicals and Flocculant Preparation 178
17.2.3 Experimental Design 178
17.3 Results and Discussion 179
17.3.1 Temporal Evolution of the Solar Radiation Ig 179
17.3.2 Analyses of Distillate Production 180
17.3.3 Studies on Temperature Variations 180
17.3.4 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Analyses 181
17.3.5 Studies on pH Fluctuations 182
17.3.6 Comparative Studies on Heat Loss and Global Efficiency 183
17.3.7 Seawater Analyses Report 184
17.4 Conclusion 185
References 186
18 Macro-Encapsulation of PCM Integrated with Double-Pass Solar Air Heater System 188
18.1 Introduction 188
18.2 Experimental Methodology 190
18.2.1 Experimental Setup 190
18.2.2 DSC Analysis of Paraffin Wax 192
18.2.3 Methodology 192
18.2.4 Formulas Used 194
18.3 Results and Discussion 194
18.4 Conclusion 199
References 199
19 Studies on Biomass Torrefaction for Energy Densification of the Fuel 201
19.1 Introduction 201
19.2 Experimental 202
19.3 Results and Discussion 203
19.4 Conclusion 209
References 209
20 Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Different Coating on the Performance of the Parabolic Trough Collector 211
20.1 Introduction 211
20.2 Design and Fabrication Process 212
20.2.1 Manufacturing and Installation of PTC 213
20.3 Materials and Methods 214
20.3.1 Experimental Setup 214
20.3.2 Uncertainty Analysis 215
20.4 Thermal Analysis of Ptc 215
20.4.1 Theoretical Solar Radiation Calculation 215
20.4.2 Experimental Efficiency 216
20.4.3 Theoretical Efficiency 217
20.5 Results and Discussion 217
20.5.1 Theoretical Solar Radiation 218
20.5.2 Performance Comparison of Two Identical Setups with Bare Absorber Tube 218
20.5.3 Comparison of Efficiency and Heat Losses from Bare Absorber Tube with Matte Black Paint 219
20.5.4 Comparison of Efficiency and Heat Losses from BNC Coated Absorber Tube with Matte Black Paint 219
20.6 Conclusion 220
References 221
21 Optically Enhanced Solar Selective and Thermally Stable Absorber Coating for Concentrated Solar Thermal Application 222
21.1 Introduction 222
21.2 Experimental 223
21.2.1 Sample Preparation 223
21.2.2 Sol and Coating Preparation 224
21.2.3 Design of Solar Absorber Coating 224
21.3 Characterization Methods 225
21.4 Results and Discussion 226
21.4.1 Composite Oxide Layer Formation with Different Barrier Layers of Sol’s 226
21.4.2 Development of Optical Enhancement Layer 227
21.4.3 Thermal Emissivity of the Coating 228
21.4.4 Compositional Analysis of the Coatings—X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 229
21.4.5 Corrosion Resistance Test 230
21.4.6 Thermal Stability Test 231
21.5 Conclusion 232
References 232
22 Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification Using Solar Regenerated System 234
22.1 Introduction 234
22.1.1 Background 234
22.1.2 Thermal Comfort 235
22.1.3 Cooling and Dehumidification by Solar 236
22.2 Methodology 239
22.2.1 Experimental Procedure 239
22.3 Results and Discussion 240
22.4 Conclusions 242
References 242
23 Wind Flow Simulation Over a Hilly Terrain for Wind Energy Harvesting 244
23.1 Introduction 244
23.2 Experimental Site and Modeling of Simplified Hill 246
23.3 Methodology and Governing Equations 248
23.4 Results and Discussion 250
23.5 Conclusion 254
References 254
24 Theoretical Modeling of Phase Change Material-Based Space Heating Using Solar Energy 256
24.1 Introduction 257
24.2 Proposed System Layout 258
24.3 Mathematical Modelling of the System 259
24.3.1 Room Heating Using PCM 259
24.3.2 Geometrical Modelling of Room and PCM 261
24.3.3 Validation of Numerical Model 261
24.4 Results and Discussions 263
24.4.1 PCM Temperature During Discharge 263
24.4.2 Room Temperature During PCM Discharging 263
24.4.3 Variation of Surface Heat Flux and Nusselt Number with Time 264
24.5 Conclusions 265
References 265
25 Investigations on Improving the Efficiency of Solar Air Heater Using Extended Surfaces 266
25.1 Introduction 266
25.2 Experimental Testing 267
25.3 Measurement Techniques 269
25.4 Results and Discussion 270
25.4.1 CFD Analysis 270
25.4.2 Experimental Results and Comparison 273
25.5 Conclusion 275
References 276
26 Productivity Enhancement of Passive Type Solar Still Using Copper and Aluminum Based Absorber Plate with Al2O3 NanoFluid in Water Basin 278
26.1 Introduction 278
26.2 Explanation of Experimental Setup and Observations 280
26.3 Methodology 281
26.4 Results and Discussion 282
26.5 Conclusion 284
References 285
27 Design and Performance Investigation of Wind Turbine Blade for Solar Updraft Tower Under Low Wind Speeds 287
27.1 Introduction 289
27.2 Methodology 290
27.3 Results and Analysis 295
27.4 Conclusion 298
References 299
28 Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer Enhancement in Artificially Roughened Solar Air Heater 300
28.1 Introduction 300
28.2 CAD Modeling and Meshing 302
28.2.1 Meshing 302
28.3 Numerical Analysis 305
28.4 Results and Discussions 305
28.4.1 Validation of the Numerical Model 305
28.4.2 Effect of Roughness on Nusselt Number and Pressure Drop 307
28.4.3 Thermo-Hydraulic Performance 308
28.5 Conclusion 308
References 311
29 Design and Weight Minimization of Small Wind Turbine Blade for Operation in Low-Wind Areas 313
29.1 Introduction 313
29.2 Methodology 315
29.3 Finite Element Modelling and Simulation 318
29.4 Conclusion 323
References 323
30 Thermohydraulic Performance of Packed Bed Solar Air Heater 325
30.1 Introduction 326
30.2 Experiment Set-up 328
30.2.1 Set-up to Check Absorptive Nature of Coloured Aluminium Wool 328
30.2.2 Set-up to Investigate Effect of Porosity of Packed Bed on Thermohydraulic Performance 329
30.3 Experimental Procedure 331
30.4 Assessment of Performance Parameters 332
30.4.1 Evaluation of Heat Transfer Coefficient 332
30.4.2 Evaluation of Volumetric Heat Transfer Coefficient 333
30.4.3 Evaluation of Packed Bed Reynolds Number 333
30.4.4 Evaluation of Thermal Efficiency 334
30.4.5 Evaluation of Friction Factor 334
30.5 Validation of Experimental Set-up 335
30.6 Performance Evaluation 336
30.6.1 Effect of Colour 336
30.6.2 Heat Transfer Coefficient Between Packed Bed and Fluid 337
30.6.3 Thermal Efficiency 338
30.6.4 Friction Factor 339
30.7 Conclusions 339
References 340
31 Numerical Investigation on Triangular Fin-Based Solar Air Heater 342
31.1 Introduction 342
31.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis 343
31.2.1 Computational Domain 344
31.2.2 Meshing and Grid Independence Test 345
31.2.3 Governing Equation 345
31.2.4 Boundary Condition 346
31.2.5 Data Reduction 347
31.3 Results and Discussion 347
31.3.1 Average Heat Transfer Characteristics 347
31.3.2 Average Flow Friction Characteristics 350
31.4 Conclusions 350
References 351
32 Comparative Performance Assessment of a Solar Hybrid Dryer with Traditional Drying Techniques 352
32.1 Introduction 352
32.2 Experimental Setup 354
32.3 Methodology 355
32.3.1 Data Collection Instruments 356
32.3.2 Formulas Used 356
32.3.3 Experimental Procedure 356
32.4 Results and Discussion 357
32.4.1 Temperature Profile 357
32.4.2 Moisture Content Variation 358
32.4.3 Comparison of Moisture Removal Percentage 359
32.4.4 Heat Loss Through the Walls 359
32.5 Conclusion 360
References 361
33 Numerical Study of Blade Profiles of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) with Bidirectional Wind Flow in Highway Roads 362
33.1 Introduction 362
33.2 Model Input 363
33.3 Constraints 364
33.4 Analysis 364
33.5 Results 365
33.6 Conclusion 367
References 368
34 CCS Combined with Geothermal Energy Generation—Hybrid Geothermal Energy Concept 369
34.1 Introduction 370
34.2 Numerical Model of Hybrid CO2-Based Geothermal System 370
34.2.1 Geological Subsurface Model 370
34.2.2 Surface Power Generation Model 371
34.2.3 Thermal Efficiency of Hybrid Power Plant 373
34.2.4 Incremented Thermal Efficiency 374
34.3 Results and Discussions 374
34.4 Conclusions 376
References 376
35 Effect of Preheating and Fuel Injection Pressure on Performance Parameters of Diesel Engine Running with Biodiesel 378
35.1 Introduction 379
35.2 Experimental Setup and Test Procedure 380
35.3 Results and Discussion 381
35.3.1 The Effect of Preheating on Fuel Properties 381
35.3.2 Engine Performance Analysis 383
35.4 Conclusion 388
References 389
36 Experimental Investigation on Range of Fuel Premixing Ratio for Stable Engine Operation of Dual Fuel Engine Using Port Injection of Gasoline/Methanol and Direct Injection of Diesel 391
36.1 Introduction 392
36.2 Experimental Setup and Methodology 393
36.3 Results and Discussion 395
36.4 Conclusions 399
References 400
37 Used Temple Oil, a Source for Biodiesel Production 402
37.1 Introduction 402
37.2 Literature Review 403
37.2.1 Biodiesel 403
37.3 Materials and Methods 404
37.4 Fatty Acid and FTIR Analysis 406
37.5 Conclusions 407
References 408
38 An Experimental Study on Late PCCI Technique for Reducing NOx and Smoke Under Optimum Operating Conditions on DI Diesel Engine 409
38.1 Introduction 409
38.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure 411
38.2.1 Engine Setup 411
38.2.2 Fuel Injection System 412
38.2.3 Experimental Procedure 412
38.3 Results and Discussion 413
38.3.1 Emission Characteristics 413
38.3.2 Combustion Characteristics 414
38.3.3 Performance Characteristics 417
38.4 Conclusions 418
References 418
39 An Assessment of Properties of Briquettes Produced from Blends of Cascabela Thevetia Seed Shell, Maize Corn Cob and Black Liquor 420
39.1 Introduction 420
39.2 Materials 421
39.3 Methods 422
39.3.1 Production of Briquettes 422
39.3.2 Properties of Briquettes 422
39.3.3 Combustion Characteristics of Briquettes 423
39.4 Results and Discussions 423
39.4.1 Properties of Briquettes 423
39.4.2 Combustion Characteristics 427
39.5 Conclusion 427
References 428
40 Experimental Investigation of In-situ Biodiesel Production from Castor Seeds (Ricinus communis) Using Combination of Microwave and Ultrasound Intensification 430
40.1 Introduction 431
40.2 Material Characterization and Experimental Methodology 432
40.2.1 Materials 432
40.2.2 Raw Oil Characterization 432
40.2.3 In-Situ Biodiesel Production 433
40.2.4 Biodiesel Characterization and Yield Analysis 433
40.2.5 Design of Experiment: Central Composite Design 433
40.2.6 Statistical Analysis 434
40.2.7 Biodiesel Property Characterization 434
40.3 Results and Discussion 435
40.3.1 Product Yield 435
40.3.2 Regression Analysis 435
40.3.3 Interaction Effects on Product Yield 435
40.3.4 Optimization 439
40.3.5 Physico-chemical Properties of Biodiesel 440
40.4 Conclusion 440
References 440
41 Investigations on the Effects of Diethyl Ether as Fuel Additive in Diesel Engine Fueled with Tamarind Seed Methyl Ester 442
41.1 Introduction 443
41.2 Experimental Setup 445
41.3 Results and Discussion 446
41.3.1 Performance Parameters 447
41.3.2 Combustion Characteristics 448
41.3.3 Exhaust Emissions 448
41.4 Conclusions 450
References 451
42 Effect of Nitromethane–n-Butanol–Diesel Blends on Diesel Engine Emissions 452
42.1 Introduction 452
42.2 Experimental Facility and Procedure 453
42.3 Results and Discussion 455
42.4 Conclusions 459
References 460
43 Experimental Study on CI Engine Performance for Optimum Blending Ratio of Blended Kusum Biodiesel 462
43.1 Introduction 462
43.2 Experimental Work 463
43.2.1 Reagent and Materials 463
43.2.2 Preprocessing of Seeds 464
43.2.3 Soxhlet Oil Extraction 464
43.2.4 Esterification 464
43.2.5 Transesterification 464
43.2.6 Analysis 465
43.2.7 CI Engine Performance Analysis 465
43.3 Results and Discussion 465
43.3.1 Characterization of Kusum Oil and Its Biodiesel 465
43.3.2 Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) 466
43.3.3 Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) 466
43.3.4 Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) 467
43.3.5 Optimization of Engine Performance by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) 467
43.3.6 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 469
43.3.7 Process Optimization 470
43.4 Conclusions 473
References 473
44 Preparation and Characterization of Biodiesel Extracted from Acidic Oil: A by-Product of Soybean Oil Refining Process 474
44.1 Introduction 475
44.2 Materials and Methods 476
44.2.1 Material 476
44.2.2 Biodiesel Production 476
44.2.3 Formation of Blends of Biodiesel 477
44.3 Result and Discussion 478
44.3.1 Fuel Density 478
44.3.2 Fuel Kinematic Viscosity 479
44.3.3 Fuel Flash and Fire Point 480
44.3.4 Fuel Cloud, Pour, and Cold Filter Plugging Point 481
44.3.5 Cetane Number 481
44.3.6 Calorific Value 482
44.4 Conclusion 483
References 483
45 Thermodynamic Analysis of Diesel Engine Primed Trigeneration Configurations 484
45.1 Introduction 484
45.2 Trigeneration Configurations 485
45.2.1 Diesel Engine Primed Trigeneration with One Single-Effect Chiller 485
45.2.2 Diesel Engine Primed Trigeneration with Single- and Double-Effect Chiller 486
45.2.3 Diesel Engine Trigeneration with One Single-Effect Chiller and Exhaust Gas Process Heating 486
45.2.4 Diesel Engine Primed Trigeneration with One Double-Effect Chiller 487
45.2.5 Diesel Engine Primed Trigeneration with Combined Effect Chiller 488
45.3 Mathematical Modeling of Trigeneration Systems 489
45.3.1 Modeling the Diesel Engine Generator 489
45.3.2 Input to Diesel Generator Model 489
45.3.3 Mathematical Model of the Absorption Chiller 490
45.3.4 Mathematical Model for Heat Recovery Tank 491
45.3.5 Performance Assessment of Trigeneration 491
45.4 Thermodynamic Analysis 492
45.5 Key Results 493
45.6 Conclusions 498
References 498
46 Investigations on Performance of CI Engine with Waste Palm Oil Biodiesel-Diesel Blends Using Response Surface Methodology 499
46.1 Introduction 499
46.2 Methodology 500
46.2.1 Preparation of Waste Palm Oil Methyl Ester 500
46.2.2 Experimental Setup 501
46.2.3 Response Surface Methodology 502
46.3 Results and Discussion 503
46.3.1 Analysis of the Model 503
46.3.2 Evaluation of the Model 504
46.3.3 Break Thermal Efficiency 504
46.3.4 Brake Specific Energy Consumption 505
46.3.5 Exhaust Gas Temperature 505
46.3.6 Smoke Opacity 506
46.3.7 Optimization 507
46.4 Conclusions 507
References 507
47 Design and Optimization of Air–Biogas Mixing Device for Dual Fuel Diesel Engines 509
47.1 Introduction 509
47.2 Geometry 511
47.3 Computational Procedure 512
47.3.1 Modeling 513
47.3.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions 513
47.3.3 Formulation 513
47.4 Results and Discussion 514
47.4.1 Validation 515
47.4.2 Pressure Distribution 515
47.4.3 Velocity Distribution 516
47.4.4 Turbulence Kinetic Energy (TKE) 517
47.4.5 Mass Fraction of CH4 517
47.5 Conclusions 519
References 520
48 Energy Response Function of Stilbene and BC501 Neutron Detection System 522
48.1 Introduction 523
48.2 Theory 523
48.2.1 1.7 MV Tandetron 523
48.2.2 The (p, n) Reactions 524
48.2.3 Stilbene and BC501 Scintillation Detectors 525
48.3 Methods 525
48.3.1 Modeling of 1.7 MV Tandetron 525
48.3.2 Modeling the (p, n) Reaction 526
48.4 Simulation Results 527
48.4.1 Determining the Neutron Spectrum 527
48.4.2 Determination of Pulse Height Distribution 529
48.5 Conclusion 531
References 531
49 Surface Remodelling of Zeolite 4A Bodies for CO2 Capture: A Case Study 533
49.1 Introduction 534
49.2 Experimental Methods 535
49.2.1 Materials 535
49.2.2 Characterization 536
49.2.3 Adsorption Measurements 536
49.3 Results and Discussion 537
49.3.1 Physical and Chemical Modification of Zeolite 4A bodies 537
49.3.2 CO2 Adsorption Studies of Modified Zeolite 4A bodies 539
49.4 Conclusions 540
References 541
50 Experimental Investigation on the Feasibility of Sugarcane Bagasse for Gasification 542
50.1 Introduction 542
50.2 Materials and Methods 544
50.2.1 Material 544
50.2.2 Methods 544
50.3 Results and Discussion 546
50.3.1 Biomass Characterization 546
50.3.2 Effect of Operating Parameters 548
50.4 Conclusion 551
References 551
51 Quasi-Dimensional Thermodynamic Simulation Study of Downsizing on a Four-Cylinder Turbocharged Engine 553
51.1 Introduction 553
51.2 1D Modelling 554
51.2.1 Single-Stage Turbocharged Engine Model 554
51.2.2 Two-Stage Turbocharged Engine Model 554
51.3 Results and Discussions 557
51.3.1 Single-Stage Turbocharged Engine Model 557
51.3.2 Two-Stage Turbocharged Engine Model 560
51.3.3 Effect of Inter-stage Cooler 563
51.4 Conclusions 564
References 565
52 Numerical Simulation of Coal Char Gasification with CO2 in a Drop Tube Furnace 566
52.1 Introduction 566
52.2 Mathematical Model 567
52.2.1 Particle Heating 568
52.2.2 Particle Drying 569
52.2.3 Devolatilization Model 569
52.2.4 Surface Reaction Model 569
52.2.5 Reaction Scheme 570
52.2.6 Initial and Boundary Condition 571
52.2.7 Solution Methodology 571
52.3 Results and Discussion 572
52.3.1 Flow Field Distribution 572
52.3.2 Char Conversion 572
52.3.3 Particle Temperature 573
52.3.4 Gas Temperature 574
52.4 Conclusion 574
References 575
53 Experimental Analysis of Performance and Emissions of Nanofluid Dosed Pure Neem Biodiesel (PNB)—Eucalyptus Oil (EO)-Water (W)-Surfactant (S) Emulsion Fuel on Diesel Engine 576
53.1 Introduction 576
53.2 Experimental Work 578
53.2.1 Fuel Preparation Method 578
53.2.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure 578
53.3 Results and Discussion 580
53.3.1 Comparative Results of Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) 580
53.3.2 Comparative Results of Brake Thermal Efficiency (Bthe) 581
53.3.3 Comparative Results of NOx Emission 582
53.3.4 Comparative Results of Smoke Opacity 582
53.3.5 Comparative Results of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emission 583
53.3.6 Comparative Results of Hydrocarbon (HC) Emission 584
53.3.7 Comparative Results of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission 584
53.4 Conclusions 585
References 585
54 A Study on Conversion of Glycerol into Solketal Using Rice Husk-Derived Catalyst 587
54.1 Introduction 588
54.2 Materials and Methods 588
54.2.1 Materials 588
54.2.2 Catalyst Preparation 589
54.2.3 Batch Reactor Setup 590
54.2.4 GC Analysis 590
54.2.5 FTIR Analysis 590
54.3 Results and Discussion 591
54.4 Conclusions 593
References 594
55 Mathematical Model of Design and Performance Evaluation of a 210 MW CFB Boiler for Indian Lignite 595
55.1 Introduction 597
55.2 Mathematical Model 598
55.2.1 Furnace 598
55.2.2 Cyclone and Loop Seal 601
55.2.3 Sizing of Heating Elements 602
55.3 Numerical Results 604
55.4 Conclusions 608
References 608
56 Experience of Self-powered Neutron Detectors at TAPS-3& 4
56.1 Introduction 611
56.2 Sensitivity Variation and Dynamic Response 612
56.3 SPNDs at TAPS-3& 4
56.4 Conclusion 618
References 618
57 Study of Kinetics and Reactivity Parameters of Indian Coal and Biomass Blends 619
57.1 Introduction 619
57.2 Experimental Procedure 621
57.2.1 Selection of Coal and Biomass 621
57.2.2 Char Preparation 621
57.2.3 Surface Area Analysis 622
57.2.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 622
57.3 Results and Discussion 623
57.3.1 Comparison of N2 and CO2 Surface Area 623
57.3.2 Co-gasification Reactivity Study 623
57.3.3 Kinetic Study on Co-gasification 626
57.4 Conclusion 626
References 627
58 Impact of Coal Quality on Post-combustion, Amine-Based CO2 Capture in Indian Coal Power Plants 629
58.1 Introduction 629
58.2 Objectives and Scope 631
58.3 Methodology 631
58.4 Results 634
58.5 Conclusions and Discussions 634
References 638
59 3D Kinetic Model for Simulation in Real Time for Full-Scope Simulator 641
59.1 Introduction 641
59.2 Modal Expansion Method and Its Implementation 642
59.3 Validation of the Model 643
59.3.1 3D Benchmark 643
59.4 Xenon Dynamics 644
59.4.1 Modeling of Xenon Dynamics 645
59.4.2 Simulation of Xenon Dynamics 646
59.4.3 Results for Xenon Dynamics 648
59.5 Refueling Simulations 650
59.6 Decay Heat 650
59.7 Other Capabilities 652
59.8 Conclusion 652
References 652
60 Flux Mapping System for Large PHWRs with Boiling at the Coolant Exit 654
60.1 Introduction 654
60.2 Flux Mapping System 655
60.3 Flux Synthesis Method 655
60.4 Flux Mapping Algorithm 656
60.5 Functions of Flux Mapping System 658
60.6 Effect of Response Time of Vanadium SPNDS 659
60.7 Conclusions 661
References 663
61 CFD Simulation on the Effect of Hydrogen Mass Fraction and Initial Temperature in a CI Engine Under Hydrogen-Diesel Dual Fuel Mode 664
61.1 Introduction 664
61.2 Methodology 665
61.3 Boundary conditions and numerical models used in the study 667
61.4 Turbulence model—Standard k–? turbulence model 668
61.5 Results and Discussion 668
61.6 Conclusions 671
References 673
62 Multi-objective Optimization of Performance and Emissions Characteristics of CI Engine Using Cottonseed Oil as an Alternative Fuel 674
62.1 Introduction 675
62.2 Experimental Methodology 676
62.3 Performance Analysis 676
62.3.1 Taguchi Method of Design of Experiments 677
62.3.2 Grey Relational Analysis 679
62.4 Results & Discussions
62.4.1 Analysis of Signal to Noise Ratio of Grey Relational Grade 679
62.4.2 Confirmation Test 682
62.5 Conclusions 683
References 683
63 Effect of Compression Ratio on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Raw Biogas Fueled Spark Ignition Engine 685
63.1 Introduction 686
63.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure 687
63.2.1 Selected Fuel and Their Properties 687
63.2.2 Experimental Engine Test Rig 687
63.2.3 Experimental Procedure 689
63.3 Results and Discussions 690
63.3.1 Performance Analysis 690
63.3.2 Combustion Analysis 692
63.3.3 Emission Analysis 694
63.4 Conclusions 696
References 697
64 Evaluating the Sensitivity of Biomass Feedstocks to Producer Gas Composition Using Stoichiometric Equilibrium Model 698
64.1 Introduction 699
64.2 Methodology 699
64.2.1 Equilibrium Modeling Approach 699
64.2.2 Model Description 701
64.3 Results and Discussion 702
64.3.1 Validation and Comparison of Model Output with Experimental Data 702
64.3.2 Simulation Results 703
64.4 Conclusions 705
References 705
65 Estimation and Characterization of Tar from an Open-Top Downdraft Gasifier 707
65.1 Introduction 707
65.2 Experimental Setup 709
65.2.1 Tar Sampling 710
65.2.2 Gravimetric and GC-MS Analysis 711
65.3 Results and Discussion 712
65.4 Conclusions 715
References 716
66 CO2 Capture Using Crude Glycerol-Derived Deep Eutectic Solvents 717
66.1 Introduction 718
66.2 Experimental Methods 719
66.2.1 Chemicals 719
66.2.2 Characterization 719
66.2.3 Preparation of Crude Glycerol 720
66.2.4 Synthesis of Deep Eutectic Mixtures 720
66.2.5 CO2 Absorption Experiment 720
66.3 Results and Discussion 720
66.3.1 Optimization of Time, Temperature, and Water Requirement 721
66.3.2 Analysis 722
66.4 Conclusion 724
References 724
67 NOx Reduction with Coherence of Particulate Matter for Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Proportional EGR Technique 726
67.1 Introduction 726
67.1.1 Emission Norms 727
67.1.2 Modified Indian Driving Cycle 727
67.2 Literature Review 728
67.3 Experimental Setup 728
67.4 Emission Optimization 730
67.5 Results 731
67.6 Conclusions 732
References 733
68 Two-Step Modeling for Growth of Microorganisms in Stirred Tank Photobioreactor 734
68.1 Introduction 734
68.2 Reactor Configuration 736
68.3 Kinetics Model 737
68.3.1 Functional Biomass 737
68.3.2 Light Intensity 737
68.3.3 Photosynthesis Rate 738
68.3.4 Methodology 738
68.4 Results and Discussion 738
68.5 Conclusions 741
References 741
69 RBFN-Based MPPT Technique for PV System with High Voltage Gain Four-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter 743
69.1 Introduction 743
69.2 Modeling of PV Array 744
69.3 High Voltage Gain FIBC 745
69.4 MPPT Controllers 747
69.4.1 P& O MPPT Controller
69.4.2 RBFN MPPT Controller 749
69.5 Simulation and Results Discussion 750
69.6 Conclusion 751
References 752
70 Analysis and Comparative Study of Various Charging Methods Implemented for Solid-State Marx Generator 753
70.1 Introduction 753
70.2 Basic Marx Generator Circuit 754
70.2.1 Components Selection 755
70.3 Simulation of Marx Generator Circuit with Different Charging Methods 755
70.3.1 Resistance Charging Method 756
70.3.2 RL Charging Method 757
70.3.3 Switch Charging Method 758
70.4 Hardware Implementation of Various Charging Methods for Marx Circuit 759
70.4.1 Experimental Evaluation of Different Charging Methods 760
70.5 Conclusion 764
References 765
71 Reliability Modeling of Multiphase DC–DC Boost Converter 766
71.1 Introduction 766
71.2 Multiphase Interleaved Boost Converter 767
71.3 Procedure for Performing Reliability Analysis 770
71.3.1 Steps for Performing Reliability Analysis 770
71.3.2 Terms in Reliability Analysis Procedure 770
71.4 Reliability Prediction Metrics and Terms 771
71.5 Reliability Analysis and Approaches for Two-Phase IBC 771
71.5.1 Component-Level Modeling 772
71.5.2 Subsystem-Level Modeling 772
71.6 Conclusion 779
References 779
72 A Novel ANN-SMC-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking for Efficient DC Stage Conversion of a Solar PV Power Plant 781
72.1 Introduction 781
72.2 Control and Operation of the DC Stage 782
72.2.1 Obtaining the MPP Information 782
72.2.2 Controller Synthesis 785
72.3 Simulation Result and Analysis 786
72.3.1 LUT Performance 787
72.3.2 Performance of ANN 787
72.3.3 Irradiance and Temperature Profile and Corresponding Tracking Performance 788
72.4 Conclusion 788
References 790
73 Coordinated Control of DC Electric Springs for Reduction of Main Grid Dependability 792
73.1 Introduction 792
73.2 System Modeling and Description 794
73.3 Problem Formulation 795
73.4 Proposed Control Algorithm 797
73.5 Simulation Results and Discussion 797
73.6 Conclusion 800
References 800
74 A PI with Fuzzy-Based Multifunctional DSTATCOM Operating Under Stiff Source 802
74.1 Introduction 802
74.2 Modeling of DSTATCOM 803
74.3 External Inductor Selection 804
74.4 Idea to Design Controller 805
74.4.1 Reference Voltage Magnitude Calculation 807
74.4.2 Instantaneous Reference Voltage Generation 808
74.4.3 Load Angle Calculation 808
74.4.4 Switching Pulse Generation 810
74.5 Results 810
74.6 Conclusion 814
References 814
75 A Novel Three-Phase Five-Level Inverter Control and Its Performance Analysis for a Grid-Connected Solar PV Power System 816
75.1 Introduction 816
75.2 Schematics of the Two-Stage Conversion Topology 817
75.3 Operation and Control of the AC Stage 818
75.4 Simulation Results and Analysis 820
75.5 Conclusion 822
References 826
76 Enhancement of Machine Performance by Deploying Superconductors with Numerical Analysis and Updated Characteristics—A Novel Approach 828
76.1 Introduction 828
76.2 Plurality of Losses and Its Effects 830
76.2.1 Winding Losses 830
76.2.2 Iron Losses 831
76.2.3 Mechanical Losses 831
76.2.4 Efficiency 831
76.3 Fabrication 832
76.3.1 Physical Characteristics of Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) 832
76.3.2 Electrical and Magnetic Characteristics of YBCO 832
76.3.3 Properties of Cryostat Liquid 833
76.3.4 Implementation Aspects 833
76.4 Results and Discussions 835
76.5 Conclusion 837
References 839
77 Analysis of Three-Phase Quasi-Switched Boost Inverter Topology for Renewable Energy Applications 840
77.1 Introduction 840
77.2 Conventional ZSI, SBI, E-qSBI Topologies 842
77.3 Three-Phase Embedded-Type qSBI Operating Condition 843
77.4 The PWM Strategy of Three-Phase Embedded-Type qSBI [21] 845
77.5 Design of Passive Components 846
77.6 Simulation Results 847
77.7 Performance Evaluation of Three-Phase Embedded-Type qSBI with Classical ZSI and SBI 848
77.8 Conclusion 850
References 852
78 Unbalanced Voltage Mitigation with Reactive Power Control of Grid-Tied Solar PV System 854
78.1 Introduction 854
78.2 Control and Frame of Reference 857
78.3 Injection of Sequence Components and Its Effects 860
78.4 Hardware Implementation and Results 864
78.5 Conclusion 867
References 868
Author Index 869
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 30.4.2020 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Springer Proceedings in Energy | Springer Proceedings in Energy |
| Zusatzinfo | XV, 895 p. 583 illus., 465 illus. in color. |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik |
| Wirtschaft | |
| Schlagworte | Biofuels • Conventional Fuels • energy innovations • Energy storage and conversion • Energy systems • Non-Conventional Energy • nuclear energy • Power Electronics • renewable energy • Solar Photovoltaic technologies |
| ISBN-10 | 981-15-2662-1 / 9811526621 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-981-15-2662-6 / 9789811526626 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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