Interrelations between Public Policies, Migration and Development (eBook)

Oecd (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2017 | 1. Auflage
280 Seiten
OECD Publishing (Verlag)
978-92-64-26562-2 (ISBN)

Infos

Interrelations between Public Policies, Migration and Development is the result of a project carried out by the European Union and the OECD Development Centre in ten partner countries: Armenia, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, the Dominican Republic, Georgia, Haiti, Morocco and the Philippines. The project aimed to provide policy makers with evidence on the way migration influences specific sectors – labour market, agriculture, education, investment and financial services, and social protection and health – and, in turn, how sectoral policies affect migration. The report addresses four dimensions of the migration cycle: emigration, remittances, return and immigration.

The results of the empirical work confirm that migration contributes to the development of countries of origin and destination. However, the potential of migration is not yet fully exploited by the ten partner countries. One explanation is that policy makers do not sufficiently take migration into account in their respective policy areas. To enhance the contribution of migration to development, home and host countries therefore need to adopt a more coherent policy agenda to better integrate migration into development strategies, improve co-ordination mechanisms and strengthen international co-operation.

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Interrelations between Public Policies, Migration and Development is the result of a project carried out by the European Union and the OECD Development Centre in ten partner countries: Armenia, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Cte d'Ivoire, the Dominican Republic, Georgia, Haiti, Morocco and the Philippines. The project aimed to provide policy makers with evidence on the way migration influences specific sectors - labour market, agriculture, education, investment and financial services, and social protection and health - and, in turn, how sectoral policies affect migration. The report addresses four dimensions of the migration cycle: emigration, remittances, return and immigration. The results of the empirical work confirm that migration contributes to the development of countries of origin and destination. However, the potential of migration is not yet fully exploited by the ten partner countries. One explanation is that policy makers do not sufficiently take migration into account in their respective policy areas. To enhance the contribution of migration to development, home and host countries therefore need to adopt a more coherent policy agenda to better integrate migration into development strategies, improve co-ordination mechanisms and strengthen international co-operation.

Textauszug

Chapter 2. Conceptual and methodological frameworks

The IPPMD project aimed to provide empirical evidence for policy makers on the positive contribution of migration to development and how policy can be used to reinforce these effects. To do so, it developed its unique conceptual and methodological frameworks to look beyond the impact of migration policy to explore the bi-directional links between key sectors and four dimensions of migration (emigration, remittances, return migration and immigration). This chapter gives an overview of the conceptual and methodological frameworks and presents the analytical approach.

While international migrants make up only 3% of the world’s population, their significance in public debate has increased disproportionately with the 2015-16 refugee crisis. In this regard, 2015 represents a turning point for the global migration agenda. On the one hand, massive refugee inflows to Europe have generated lively discussions about the capacity of host communities to absorb and integrate immigrants, and have spurred a worldwide trend towards more restrictive immigration policies. On the other hand, the international development community, through the 2015 Addis Ababa Action Agenda (UN, 2015a) and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN, 2015b), has acknowledged the positive contribution migrants make to economic growth and sustainable development, both in their countries of origin and destination. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reflect the need to protect the rights of migrant workers, especially women (Target 8.8); adopt well-managed migration policies (Target 10.7); and reduce remittance transfer costs (Target 10.c) (UN, 2015b).

The recognition of migrants’ contribution to development is in line with the consensus within the international community that migration should form an integral part of developing countries’ strategic planning:

• Since 2007, the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) process has seen governments discuss the importance of including migration in development planning and strengthening policy coherence.1

• The International Organization for Migration (IOM) has published a handbook for policy makers and practitioners on how to mainstream migration into development planning (IOM, 2010).

• The African, Caribbean and Pacific Observatory on Migration has gathered a series of indicators to measure the impact of migration on human development and vice versa (Melde, 2012).

• Since 2012, a joint United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and IOM project has been helping developing countries mainstream migration into national development strategies (UNDP, 2015).

• The Joint Migration and Development Initiative, also implemented by the IOM and UNDP, focuses on migration and development policies at the local level (EC-UN JMDI, 2010).

• The Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD) Thematic Working Group on Policy and Institutional Coherence has developed a dashboard of indicators for measuring policy and institutional coherence for migration and development.2

This convergence of efforts has raised awareness among policy makers of the need to take migration into account in the design of their development strategies and ensure cross-ministerial co-ordination to improve policy and institutional coherence between migration and development.

A number of empirical studies over the past 20 years have provided evidence of a link between migration and development (OECD, 2007, 2011):

• In their countries of origin, migrants contribute to development not only by sending remittances, which can help reduce poverty, spur consumption, foster entrepreneurship and increase households’ investments in education and health, but also by sharing knowledge and norms, or being part of philanthropic diaspora projects.

• In their destination countries, immigrants help reduce labour and skills mismatches, invest in business activities, mobilise domestic resources, feed aggregate demand and pay taxes.

However, while there is an abundance of evidence on the effects – both positive and negative – of migration on development, the importance of integrating migration into development planning still lacks empirical foundations. The Interrelations between Public Policies, Migration and Development (IPPMD) project aimed to fill this knowledge gap by providing empirical evidence for policy makers not only on the positive contribution of migration to development, but also on how this can be reinforced through policies in a range of sectors.

This chapter is divided into five sections. The first section describes the choice of partner countries and the project’s modus operandi, based on partnerships in each country. The following two sections explain how the IPPMD project’s conceptual and methodological frameworks were designed. The fourth section illustrates the sampling design used for quantitative data collection. The last section describes how the analysis on the two-way relationship between migration and public policies was carried out. It also acknowledges the challenges and limitations inherent in such an ambitious global study.

Building partnerships and setting research priorities

The European Commission and the OECD Development Centre launched the IPPMD project in January 2013. Carried out in ten low and middle-income countries between 2013 and 2017, the project aimed to provide policy makers with evidence for the importance of integrating migration into development strategies and fostering coherence across sectoral policies.

The project chose a balanced mix of developing countries (Figure 2.1), representing a diverse range of regions, income levels and migration background. The project was strengthened by being developed in co-operation with each partner country, defining its priorities in collaboration with a variety of stakeholders.

The choice of partner countries was based on a set of diverse criteria

Three main criteria guided the choice of countries:

1. The willingness of the relevant authorities in each country to become partners. Their co-operation was obtained through discussions and negotiations, sealed with a formal agreement with the public authorities. Each country was then asked to appoint a national institution as project focal point. The diversity of institutions acting as government focal points shows the range of government bodies in charge of migration and development issues across countries (Table 2.1).

2. A balanced representation of low and middle-income countries. According to the World Bank’s country income classification, Burkina Faso, Cambodia and Haiti were categorised in 2014 as low-income countries; Armenia, Côte d’Ivoire, Georgia, Morocco and the Philippines as lower-middle income countries; and Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic as upper middle-income countries (Figure 2.2). By including a diversity of income groups, the project aimed to explore the influence of wealth on the links between migration and public policies.

3. A population significantly affected by migration (emigration and/or immigration). In order to analyse the relationships between public policies, migration and development, all the countries involved were either characterised by immigration, emigration, or both (Figure 2.3). In all but two of the countries (Costa Rica and Côte d’Ivoire), emigrants represent more than 5% of the population. Immigrants also made up more than 3% of the population in six of the ten countries: Armenia, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic and Georgia.

Figure 2.1. The IPPMD partner countries

Figure 2.2. The IPPMD partner countries represent a spectrum of income levels

GNI per capita (2014), Atlas method (current US$)

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933417507

Figure 2.3. Partner countries cover a range of migration contexts

Emigrant and immigrant stocks as a percentage of the population (2015)

Note: Data come from national censuses, labour force surveys and population registers.

Source: UNDESA, International Migration Stock: The 2015 Revision (database), www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.shtml.

StatLink  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933417517

To provide an additional dimension to the project, some of the countries chosen were also part of migration corridors: Burkina Faso-Côte d’Ivoire and Haiti-Dominican Republic.

Another consideration – though not a defining factor – was whether countries had migration policies and included migration in development strategies and other sectoral policies. One of the project objectives is to increase awareness among the partner countries’ main stakeholders about the importance of better incorporating migration in the design and implementation of their policies. Box 2.1 presents the main characteristics of migration and development policies in the IPPMD...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 17.2.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft ► Volkswirtschaftslehre ► Makroökonomie
• ISBN-10: 92-64-26562-7 / 9264265627
• ISBN-13: 978-92-64-26562-2 / 9789264265622