Genetics and Biochemistry of Antibiotic Production (eBook)

Colin Stuttard, L. Vining (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
679 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-9507-7 (ISBN)

Infos

* Emphasizes the molecular genetics of antibiotic production * Provides the latest information on the organization of genes encoding the biosynthetic pathway * Explores the mechanisms governing their expression and regulation * Examines the role of resistance genes in protecting organisms from their own lethal products Genetics and Biochemistry of Antibiotic Production brings together the most up-to-date information on the genetic and biochemical mechanisms involved in antibiotic production. A collection of internationally recognized authors provide the latest information on the organization, function and regulation of genes responsible for antibiotic synthesis in a range of bacteria. This unique book groups antibiotics according to their biosynthetic affiliation, providing a background into evolutionary relationships while raising intriguing questions about the raison d'etre of antibiotics in nature.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Genetics and Biochemistry of Antibiotic Production 6
Copyright Page 7
Table of Contents 14
Contributors 8
Preface 22
SECTION A: GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION 26
Chapter 1. Global Physiological Controls 34
1.1 Introduction 34
1.2 Regulatory Mechanisms 36
1.3 Operation of Global Control Systems 55
1.4 Global Control of Secondary Metabolism 65
Acknowledgement 79
References 79
Chapter 2. Genetics of Antibiotic Production in Streptomyces 90
2.1 Introduction 90
2.2 The Pathway Genes 94
2.3 Transition from Primary to Secondary Metabolism 110
2.4 Genes with Pleiotropic Effects on the Production of Antibiotics 112
2.5 Conclusion 121
References 122
Chapter 3. Autoregulators 128
3.1 Introduction 128
3.2 Streptomycete Autoregulators 129
3.3 Genetics of A-Factor Biosynthesis 135
3.4 Binding Proteins 136
3.5 Regulatory Cascade for Streptomycin Biosynthesis 138
3.6 A Model for Regulation of Streptomycin Biosynthesis 140
3.7 Conclusions 142
References 143
SECTION B: PEPTIDE AND PEPTIDE-DERIVED ANTIBIOTICS 146
Chapter 4. Peptides 154
4.1 Introduction 154
4.2 Overview of Peptides from Bacilli 155
4.3 Genetics of Peptide Biosynthesis 158
4.4 Other Systems in Perspective 170
4.5 Regulatory Mechanisms in Peptide Producers 179
4.6 Enzymology of Peptide Biosynthesis 182
4.7 Towards the Design of Enzyme Systems 185
4.8 Summary 186
References 186
Chapter 5. Peptidolactones 198
5.1 Introduction 198
5.2 Biosynthesis of Acyl Peptidolactones 200
5.3 Aromatic Carboxylic Acid Activating Enzymes 202
5.4 Chromopeptidolactone Synthetases 208
5.5 Biosynthesis of Nonacyl Peptidolactones 213
5.6 Conclusions 217
Acknowledgments 218
References 218
Chapter 6. Bialaphos 222
6.1 Introduction 222
6.2 Origin of the BA Carbon Skeleton 225
6.3 Biosynthesis via Phosphonopyruvate 225
6.4 Regulation 239
6.5 Resistance 240
6.6 Conservation of the BA Biosynthesis Genes 242
6.7 Implications for Metabolic Pathway Evolution 243
References 244
Chapter 7. Thiopeptides 248
7.1 Introduction 248
7.2 Biochemistry of Thiopeptides 250
7.3 Genetics of Resistance and Biosynthesis 256
7.4 Thiopeptide Resistance Genes in S. azureus 259
Acknowledgments 261
References 261
Chapter 8. Beta-Lactams 264
8.1 Introduction 264
8.2 Penicillins, Cephalosporins and Cephamycins 265
8.3 Clavulanic Acid 275
8.4 Carbapenems 277
8.5 Monocyclic ß-Lactams 278
8.6 Regulation of ß-Lactam Biosynthesis 279
References 285
Chapter 9. Glycopeptides 294
9.1 Introduction 294
9.2 Genetics and Molecular Biology 295
9.3 Resistance 297
9.4 Biosynthesis 298
9.5 Concluding Remarks 304
Acknowledgements 304
References 304
Chapter 10. Lantibiotics 308
10.1 Introduction 308
10.2 Lantibiotic Structures 310
10.3 Biosynthesis of Lantibiotics 313
10.4 Lantibiotic Biosynthesis Gene Organization 321
10.5 Genetic Elements Encoding Lantibiotic Genes 323
10.6 Protein-engineered Lantibiotics 324
10.7 Lantibiotic Mode of Action 327
10.8 Concluding Remarks 327
References 328
Chapter 11. Microcins 332
11.1 Introduction 332
11.2 Discovery of Microcins 333
11.3 Microcins A, D and E 334
11.4 Microcins C and H 335
11.5 Microcin B 336
11.6 Colicin V 338
11.7 Transcriptional Regulation 340
11.8 Chromosomal Microcin Genes in E. coli 340
11.9 Concluding Remarks 342
Acknowledgements 344
References 344
SECTION C: POLYKETIDE-DERIVED ANTIBIOTICS 348
Chapter 12. Anthracyclines 356
12.1 Introduction 356
12.2 Discovery 357
12.3 Biological Activity 357
12.4 Fermentation 359
12.5 Biosynthesis 359
12.6 Genetics of Anthracycline Production 364
12.7 Production of New Anthracyclines 377
References 378
Chapter 13. Tetracyclines 384
13.1 Introduction 384
13.2 Biogenesis 385
13.3 Enzymes of Secondary Metabolism 386
13.4 Enzymes of Primary Metabolism 390
13.5 Cellular Location of Enzymes 391
13.6 Genetics and Molecular Genetics 391
13.7 Regulation of Biosynthesis 399
13.8 Regulatory Mechanisms in the Mycelium 403
13.9 Supply of Antibiotic Precursors 404
13.10 Fermentation Analyses and Modelling 404
13.11 Production by Immobilized Cells 405
References 405
Chapter 14. Macrolides 410
14.1 Introduction 410
14.2 Cloning of Macrolide Biosynthesis Genes 412
14.3 Macrocyclic Lactone "Polyketide Synthases" 417
14.4 Modification of the Lactone Ring 428
14.5 Biosynthesis and Modification of Sugars 431
14.6 Resistance 435
14.7 Regulation 437
14.8 Future Prospects 438
Acknowledgements 440
References 440
Chapter 15. Avermectins 446
15.1 Introduction 446
15.2 Biosynthesis 448
15.3 Genetics of Avermectin Biosynthesis 452
15.4 Conclusions 464
References 465
Chapter 16. Polyethers 468
16.1 Introduction 468
16.2 Biochemical Aspects of Polyether Biosynthesis 470
16.3 Genetics of Polyether Biosynthesis 490
Acknowledgements 497
References 497
Chapter 17. Ansamycins 502
17.1 Introduction 502
17.2 Organisms Producing Ansamycins 503
17.3 Rifamycin Biosynthesis 505
17.4 Regulation of Rifamycin and Macbecin Biosynthesis 509
17.5 Shikimate Pathway Regulation 509
17.6 Nitrogen Incorporation into Rifamycin 512
17.7 Nitrogen Assimilation 513
17.8 Nitrogen Control of Rifamycin Production 514
17.9 Effects of Inorganic Phosphate 517
17.10 Effect of B-Factor on Rifamycin Biosynthesis 518
17.11 Genetics of Rifamycin Biosynthesis 518
Acknowledgements 519
References 519
SECTION D: OTHER BIOSYNTHETIC GROUPS OF ANTIBIOTICS 524
Chapter 18. Chloramphenicol 530
18.1 Introduction 530
18.2 Biosynthesis 532
18.3 Genetics 537
18.4 Physiological Regulation 540
18.5 Resistance 548
References 552
Chapter 19. Streptomycin and Related Aminoglycosides 556
19.1 Introduction 556
19.2 Streptomycin: Occurrence and Biology 557
19.3 Biosynthesis in S. griseus 559
19.4 Cloning and Analysis of str Genes 566
19.5 Regulation of Streptomycin Production Genes 578
19.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 586
References 587
Chapter 20. Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols 596
20.1 Introduction 596
20.2 AGACs Isolated since 1981 598
20.3 Butirosin 603
20.4 Semisynthetic AGACs 604
20.5 Biosynthesis of the Astromicin (Fortimicin) Group 606
20.6 AGAC Resistance Genes other than Self-resistance Genes 611
20.7 Gene Cloning in Micromonospora Species 615
20.8 Concluding Remarks 617
Acknowledgements 617
References 617
Chapter 21. Polyoxins and Related Nucleosides 622
21.1 Introduction 622
21.2 Polyoxins 623
21.3 Nikkomycins (Neopolyoxins) 632
21.4 Polyoxin N 636
21.5 Blasticidin S and Mildiomycin 636
21.6 Other Nucleoside Antibiotics Related to Polyoxins 639
21.7 Conclusions 639
Acknowledgements 640
References 640
Chapter 22. Agrocins 644
22.1 Introduction 644
22.2 Agrobacterium species and Biovars 645
22.3 Agrocins: Chemistry, Bioactivity and Specificity 645
22.4 Agrocins: Genetics of Biosynthesis 648
22.5 Agrocins: Biochemistry and Biosynthesis 650
22.6 Agrocins and Agrocinopines: Genetics of Sensitivity 650
22.7 Agrocins: Biological Control 652
22.8 Conclusions 654
Acknowledgements 655
References 655
Chapter 23. Isoprenoid Antibiotics 658
23.1 Introduction 658
23.2 Isoprenoid Chain-elongation Enzymes 660
23.3 Sesquiterpene Synthases 667
23.4 What Next ? 674
Acknowledgements 676
References 676
Index 682

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 28.6.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Pharmakologie / Pharmakotherapie
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Pharmazie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Genetik / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-9507-9 / 1483295079
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-9507-7 / 9781483295077