Social Dog (eBook)

Behavior and Cognition

Juliane Kaminski, Sarah Marshall-Pescini (Autoren)

eBook Download: EPUB

2014 | 1. Auflage
418 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-407931-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Dogs have become the subject of increasing scientific study over the past two decades, chiefly due to their development of specialized social skills, seemingly a result of selection pressures during domestication to help them adapt to the human environment. The Social Dog: Behaviour and Cognition includes chapters from leading researchers in the fields of social cognition and behavior, vocalization, evolution, and more, focusing on topics including dog-dog and dog-human interaction, bonding with humans, social behavior and learning, and more. Dogs are being studied in comparative cognitive sciences as well as genetics, ethology, and many more areas. As the number of published studies increases, this book aims to give the reader an overview of the state of the art on dog research, with an emphasis on social behavior and socio-cognitive skills. It represents a valuable resource for students, veterinarians, dog specialists, or anyone who wants deeper knowledge of his or her canine companion. - Reviews the state of the art of research on dog social interactions and cognition - Includes topics on dog-dog as well as dog-human interactions - Features contributions from leading experts in the field, which examine current studies while highlighting the potential for future research

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
The Social Dog: Behaviour and Cognition 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Preface 12
Contributors 14
Section I - Theoretical Aspects 16
Chapter 1 - The Social Dog: History and Evolution 18
1.1 WHERE DO DOGS’ SOCIALITY AND SOCIO-COGNITIVE ABILITIES COME FROM? THE CANID STORY 18
1.2 WHERE DO DOGS’ SOCIALITY AND SOCIO-COGNITIVE ABILITIES COME FROM? THE DOG–HUMAN STORY 25
1.3 CONCLUSIONS AND BOOK OVERVIEW 38
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 40
REFERENCES 41
Chapter 2 - On the Way to a Better Understanding of Dog Domestication: Aggression and Cooperativeness in Dogs and Wolves 50
2.1 DOG DOMESTICATION AND HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE ROLE OF WOLF–DOG COMPARISONS 50
2.2 HUMAN-LIKE BEHAVIOUR IN DOGS BUT NOT IN WOLVES: PART 1 54
2.3 EXPLAINING DOG–WOLF DIFFERENCES: DOMESTICATION HYPOTHESES 56
2.4 SELECTION FOR REDUCED AGGRESSION IN DOGS: BUT WHAT KIND OF AGGRESSION? 59
2.5 EARLIER ORIGINS OF DOG–HUMAN COOPERATION: CANINE COOPERATION HYPOTHESIS (RANGE ET AL., 2012 RANGE &
2.6 HUMAN-LIKE BEHAVIOUR IN DOGS BUT NOT IN WOLVES: PART 2 68
2.7 PRACTICAL RELEVANCE 71
REFERENCES 72
Section II - Social Behaviour 78
Chapter 3 - The Social Organisation of a Population of Free-Ranging Dogs in a Suburban Area of Rome: A Reassessment of the Effects of Domestication on Dogs’ Behaviour 80
3.1 INTRODUCTION 80
3.2 DOG POPULATION 84
3.3 WITHIN GROUP RELATIONSHIPS 87
3.4 INTERGROUP RELATIONSHIPS: SPACING PATTERN 104
3.5 VARIATION IN DOG SOCIETY 107
3.6 CONCLUSIONS 111
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 112
REFERENCES 112
Chapter 4 - Social Behaviour among Companion Dogs with an Emphasis on Play 120
4.1 INTRODUCTION 120
4.2 SOCIAL PLAY 120
4.3 DOMINANCE 132
4.4 DOG–DOG AGGRESSION AND RECONCILIATION 136
4.5 FRIENDLY BEHAVIOUR 139
4.6 CONCLUSIONS 140
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 141
REFERENCES 141
Chapter 5 - Auditory Communication in Domestic Dogs: Vocal Signalling in the Extended Social Environment of a Companion Animal 146
5.1 INTRODUCTION 146
5.2 HOW DOGS PRODUCE VOCAL SIGNALS 147
5.3 DESCRIPTION OF DOG VOCAL REPERTOIRE (AND COMPARISON WITH WOLVES, CANIS LUPUS) 149
5.4 THE COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTION OF ACOUSTIC VARIATION 157
5.5 THE PERCEPTION OF HUMAN VOCAL SIGNALS BY DOGS 163
5.6 CONCLUSIONS 171
REFERENCES 173
Chapter 6 - The Immaterial Cord: The Dog–Human Attachment Bond 180
6.1 BEING SOCIAL, BEING BONDED, BEING A DOG 180
6.2 ATTACHMENT: A BRIDGE BETWEEN ETHOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY 182
6.3 ON THE NATURE OF THE DOG–HUMAN BOND 185
6.4 ORIGIN OF DOG–HUMAN BOND: WHAT DO WE KNOW? 188
6.5 WHEN A BOND IS NOT FOREVER 193
6.6 CONCLUSIONS 197
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 199
REFERENCES 200
Chapter 7 - The Personality of Dogs 206
7.1 THE STUDY OF INDIVIDUALITY 206
7.2 THE CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY IN DOGS 210
7.3 NATURE AND NURTURE: THE ROLE OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN DOGS’ PERSONALITY 213
7.4 CONSISTENCY OF PERSONALITY TRAITS 226
7.5 CONCLUSIONS 229
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 230
REFERENCES 230
Chapter 8 - When the Bond Goes Wrong: Problem Behaviours in the Social Context 238
8.1 INTRODUCTION 238
8.2 AN INITIAL FRAMEWORK FOR CONSIDERING HUMAN–DOG SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS 239
8.3 DIMENSIONS WITHIN HUMAN–DOG RELATIONSHIPS 240
8.4 ORIGINS OF TENSION WITHIN THE RELATIONSHIP: THEIR EXPRESSION AND CONSEQUENCES 245
8.5 COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE CONSIDERATIONS OF SOME MANIFESTATIONS OF A PROBLEMATIC RELATIONSHIP 247
8.6 COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE RELATIONSHIP 251
8.7 CONCLUSIONS 257
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 258
REFERENCES 258
Section III - Social Cognition 262
Chapter 9 - Social Learning in Dogs 264
9.1 INTRODUCTION: FROM SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR TO THE SOCIAL DOG 264
9.2 SOCIAL LEARNING AS AN ADAPTIVE MECHANISM 266
9.3 THE DOG AS A MODEL FOR STUDYING CON- AND HETEROSPECIFIC SOCIAL LEARNING 272
9.4 CONCLUSIONS 301
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 303
REFERENCES 303
Chapter 10 - What Dogs Understand about Humans 310
10.1 MONITORING 310
10.2 PERSPECTIVE TAKING 313
10.3 SEEING LEADS TO KNOWING 318
10.4 INTENTIONS 320
10.5 THEORY OF MIND IN DOMESTIC DOGS? 325
10.6 MIND READING OR BEHAVIOUR READING? 327
REFERENCES 328
Chapter 11 - Dogs’ Sensitivity to Human Ostensive Cues: A Unique Adaptation? 334
11.1 INTRODUCTION 334
11.2 HUMAN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM: A UNIQUELY POWERFUL WAY OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSMISSION 336
11.3 THE INTERACTIVE NATURE OF DOG–HUMAN COMMUNICATION AS A HALLMARK OF DOGS’ SOCIAL COMPETENCE 342
11.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ON THE ‘INFANT-LIKENESS’ OF DOGS’ COMMUNICATION SKILLS 352
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 356
REFERENCES 356
Chapter 12 - Do Dogs Show an Optimistic or Pessimistic Attitude to Life?: A Review of Studies Using the ‘Cognitive Bias’ Paradigm to Assess Dog Welfare 362
12.1 INTRODUCTION 362
12.2 COGNITIVE BIAS 365
12.3 POINTS OF CONSIDERATION 374
12.4 CONCLUSIONS 384
REFERENCES 385
Chapter 13 - Wagging to the Right or to the Left: Lateralisation and What It Tells of the Dog’s Social Brain 388
13.1 INTRODUCTION 388
13.2 BRAIN LATERALISATION AND DOGS’ EMOTIONS: THE TAIL-WAGGING EXPERIMENT 389
13.3 RIGHT AND LEFT IN THE CANINE WORLD: COMPLEMENTARY SPECIALISATIONS OF THE TWO SIDES OF THE DOG’S BRAIN 392
13.4 PAW PREFERENCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR DOG COGNITION 401
13.5 CONCLUSIONS 404
REFERENCES 405
Index 410
Color Plates 420

Textauszug

Chapter 1

The Social Dog

History and Evolution

SarahMarshall-Pescini1,2,3JulianeKaminski4     1Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Sezione di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy     2Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria     3Wolf Science Centre, Ernstbrunn, Austria     4Psychology Department, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

Abstract

The recent explosion of studies on dogs’ social behaviour and cognitive abilities are impressive, opening a new field of studies on a species that has economic, social, and emotional significance to humans across the globe. The origin of domestic dogs has been firmly established to be from an ancestor common to wolves, but the ‘where, when, and how’ of domestication, as well as the effects of this event on the dogs’ mind and behaviour have engendered lively debates in journals and at conferences. In this chapter, we aim to introduce the reader of this book to some of the more salient and some of the more neglected aspects in the field. Hence, in the first part of this chapter (Section 1.1), we set dogs within the framework of their canine family, presenting some of the intriguing features that appear to set canids apart from other mammal families and that may have set the ground on which the wolf–human encounter took place. We also highlight areas where more research is needed because so little has been carried out to compare different canid species from a behavioural and cognitive perspective. In the second part (Section 1.2), we focus more on the dog–human story, summarising the archaeological evidence and genetic data helping us to draw the picture of the early history of men and dogs and presenting a brief overview of the different hypotheses put forward as regards the effects of domestication on dogs’ social behaviour and cognition. Finally, in this section, we also outline some of the key issues that need to be addressed to assess the competing hypotheses and move the field of canine cognition forward. We conclude (in Section 1.3) by suggesting that dogs’ sociality and their potentially ‘special’ socio-cognitive skills likely emerge both from the specific characteristics of their canid ancestry and the unique event of having encountered and started living alongside humans. We further present an overview of the chapters in this book, highlighting how contributions cover studies looking at both dogs’ social behaviour and cognitive skills directed at both conspecifics and humans, because both are equally necessary for a well-rounded understanding of our four-legged companion.

Keywords

social doghistoryevolutionsocialitysocio-cognitive abilitycanine familysocially driven phenomenonpair bondingdefence strategyself-domesticationgenetic revolutiondomesticationsocial behaviourcognition

Where do Dogs’ Sociality and Socio-Cognitive Abilities Come from? The Canid Story

The explosion of studies on dogs’ social behaviour and cognitive abilities since the turn of the twenty-first century has been impressive (see Bensky et al., 2013, for a comprehensive review), and the many hypotheses as to the causes behind dog’s remarkable socio-cognitive abilities have engendered lively debates in journals and at conferences. However, most debates revolve around the wolf–dog comparison (the wolf being dog’s closest living relative), neglecting the fact that the dog’s canine family is much larger and shows some unique and intriguing features that may well have played a role in allowing dogs’ emergence as our favoured social companions. Hence, in the first part of this chapter, we introduce dogs’ canine family, presenting some of these intriguing social features and highlighting some of the characteristics that may have played a fundamental role in allowing the emergence of one species’ unique history with humans.

Introducing Dogs’ ‘Canine’ Family

The domestic dog belongs to the Canidae family, consisting of 35 related species that diverged within the last ten million years (Wayne et al., 1997; Ostrander & Wayne, 2005). In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the evolutionary relationships between canids that has resulted in analyses based on both morphological (Berta, 1987; Tedford et al., 1995; Lyras & Van Der Geer, 2003; Zrzavý & ?i?ánková, 2004) and molecular data (Wayne et al., 1987; Wayne et al., 1989), including, more recently, DNA sequencing (Wayne et al., 1997; Bardeleben et al., 2005; Linblad-Toh et al., 2005; Wong et al., 2010). The development of methodologies for the sequencing of DNA has allowed researchers to reconstruct the dog’s family tree, with a certain amount of accuracy (although a few grey areas still exist).

Taken together, current results converge in showing three major groupings within the dog’s family: (1) the red fox–like canids, (2) South American canids, and (3) wolf-like canids. Together, these three clades contain 93% of all living canids. A separate lineage comprising the grey fox seems to be the most primitive and suggests a North American origin of the living canids about ten million years ago (Ostrander & Wayne, 2005; Bardeleben et al., 2005; Lindblad-Toh et al., 2005; Graphodatsky et al., 2008) (see Figure 1-1).

When one looks more closely at the wolf-like canids, results place grey wolves as the closest living ‘cousins’ of domestic dogs, followed by a close affiliation with coyotes, golden jackals, and Ethiopian wolves. These phylogenetic relationships imply that the dog has several close relatives within its genus, confirmed by results showing that all members of Canis can produce fertile hybrids, and several species may have genomes that reflect hybridisation in the wild (Wayne & Jenks, 1991; Gottelli et al., 1994; Roy et al., 1996; Adams et al., 2003). Closest to the Canis group are the dhole and African wild dog (thus completing the members of the wolf-like canids). Dhole and African wild dogs do not, however, form a monophyletic group, and their exact relationship to the Canis genus is still somewhat unclear (Bardeleben et al., 2005; Zhang & Chen, 2011). Finally, results from genetic analyses also appear to support an African origin for the wolf-like canids because the two African jackals are the most basal members of this clade (Lindblad-Toh et al., 2005).

Evolution of the Canid Brain: A Socially Driven Phenomenon?

Studies on the evolution of canids show that this family separated from the other mammals around 40 million years ago. Interestingly, a shift in canid encephalisation and architectural reorganisation of the brain (i.e., expansion of the prorean gyrus at the anterior end of the neocortex, general increase in the amount of infolding of the frontal lobe, and expansion of the prefrontal cortex; Radinsky, 1969, 1973; Lyras & Van der Geer, 2003) appears to have occurred sometime in the late Miocene or early Pliocene period, roughly coinciding also with a sudden taxonomic diversification (Van Valkenburgh, 1991) and expansion of global grasslands (Cerling et al., 1997). Based on these data, authors have put forward a number of suggestions as to the possible causes driving these changes in the brain.

According to some authors, they may simply have been a by-product of a rapid taxonomic diversification in the new environment (Andersson, 2005); however, considering the energetic expenditure of big brains, it would seem more probable that such an expensive adaptation would be driven by some major adaptive advantage. Work by Van Valkenburgh and colleagues puts forward the possibility that, in fact, the onset of cooperative pack hunting (Van Valkenburgh

FIGURE 1-1Branch colours identify the red fox–like clade (red), the South American clade (green), the wolf-like clade (blue), and the grey and island fox clade (orange). (From Lindblad-Toh et al., 2005.)

et al., 2003; Van Valkenburgh et al., 2004) may have driven this change. However, Finarelli’s (2008) analysis, taking into account a larger sample of both extinct and living canids, suggests that encephalisation increased in the three major living clades (wolf-like, fox-like, and South American canids) at the same time, yet most of the smaller-bodied canids (except for the South American bush dog) are not cooperative hunters. The trait that most canids share, however, is ‘monogamy’ (defined as a single male and single female mating exclusively with each other over multiple reproductive cycles) and (to differing extents) the cooperative rearing of the young. Hence, these...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 20.5.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Allgemeine Psychologie
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Verhaltenstherapie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• ISBN-10: 0-12-407931-8 / 0124079318
• ISBN-13: 978-0-12-407931-1 / 9780124079311