Digital Communication over Fading Channels
Wiley-IEEE Press (Verlag)
978-0-471-64953-3 (ISBN)
The four short years since Digital Communication over Fading Channels became an instant classic have seen a virtual explosion of significant new work on the subject, both by the authors and by numerous researchers around the world. Foremost among these is a great deal of progress in the area of transmit diversity and space-time coding and the associated multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) channel. This new edition gathers these and other results, previously scattered throughout numerous publications, into a single convenient and informative volume.
Like its predecessor, this Second Edition discusses in detail coherent and noncoherent communication systems as well as a large variety of fading channel models typical of communication links found in the real world. Coverage includes single- and multichannel reception and, in the case of the latter, a large variety of diversity types. The moment generating function (MGF)-based approach for performance analysis, introduced by the authors in the first edition and referred to in literally hundreds of publications, still represents the backbone of the book's presentation. Important features of this new edition include:
* An all-new, comprehensive chapter on transmit diversity, space-time coding, and the MIMO channel, focusing on performance evaluation
* Coverage of new and improved diversity schemes
* Performance analyses of previously known schemes in new and different fading scenarios
* A new chapter on the outage probability of cellular mobile radio systems
* A new chapter on the capacity of fading channels
* And much more
Digital Communication over Fading Channels, Second Edition is an indispensable resource for graduate students, researchers investigating these systems, and practicing engineers responsible for evaluating their performance.
MARVIN K. SIMON, PhD, is Principal Scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. MOHAMED-SLIM ALOUINI, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Preface xxv
Nomenclature xxxi
Part 1 Fundamentals
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
1.1 System Performance Measures 4
1.1.1 Average Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 4
1.1.2 Outage Probability 5
1.1.3 Average Bit Error Probability (BEP) 6
1.1.4 Amount of Fading 12
1.1.5 Average Outage Duration 13
1.2 Conclusions 14
References 14
Chapter 2 Fading Channel Characterization and Modeling 17
2.1 Main Characteristics of Fading Channels 17
2.1.1 Envelope and Phase Fluctuations 17
2.1.2 Slow and Fast Fading 18
2.1.3 Frequency-Flat and Frequency-Selective Fading 18
2.2 Modeling of Flat-Fading Channels 19
2.2.1 Multipath Fading 20
2.2.1.1 Rayleigh 20
2.2.1.2 Nakagami-q (Hoyt) 22
2.2.1.3 Nakagami-n (Rice) 23
2.2.1.4 Nakagami-m 24
2.2.1.5 Weibull 25
2.2.1.6 Beckmann 28
2.2.1.7 Spherically-Invariant Random Process Model 30
2.2.2 Log-Normal Shadowing 32
2.2.3 Composite Multipath/Shadowing 33
2.2.3.1 Composite Gamma/Log-Normal Distribution 33
2.2.3.2 Suzuki Distribution 34
2.2.3.3 K Distribution 34
2.2.3.4 Rician Shadowed Distributions 36
2.2.4 Combined (Time-Shared) Shadowed/Unshadowed Fading 37
2.3 Modeling of Frequency-Selective Fading Channels 37
References 39
Chapter 3 Types of Communication 45
3.1 Ideal Coherent Detection 45
3.1.1 Multiple Amplitude-Shift-Keying (M-ASK) or Multiple Amplitude Modulation (M-AM) 47
3.1.2 Quadrature Amplitude-Shift-Keying (QASK) or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 48
3.1.3 M-ary Phase-Shift-Keying (M-PSK) 50
3.1.4 Differentially Encoded M-ary Phase-Shift-Keying (M-PSK) 53
3.1.4.1 π/4-QPSK 54
3.1.5 Offset QPSK (OQPSK) or Staggered QPSK (sqpsk) 55
3.1.6 M-ary Frequency-Shift-Keying (M-FSK) 56
3.1.7 Minimum-Shift-Keying (MSK) 58
3.2 Nonideal Coherent Detection 62
3.3 Noncoherent Detection 66
3.4 Partially Coherent Detection 68
3.4.1 Conventional Detection 68
3.4.1.1 One-Symbol Observation 68
3.4.1.2 Multiple-Symbol Observation 69
3.4.2 Differentially Coherent Detection 71
3.4.2.1 M-ary Differential Phase-Shift-Keying (M-DPSK) 71
3.4.2.2 Conventional Detection (Two-Symbol Observation) 73
3.4.2.3 Multiple-Symbol Detection 76
3.4.3 π/4-Differential QPSK (π/4-DQPSK) 78
References 78
Part 2 Mathematical Tools
Chapter 4 Alternative Representations of Classical Functions 83
4.1 Gaussian Q-Function 84
4.1.1 One-Dimensional Case 84
4.1.2 Two-Dimensional Case 86
4.1.3 Other Forms for One- and Two-Dimensional Cases 88
4.1.4 Alternative Representations of Higher Powers of the Gaussian Q-Function 90
4.2 Marcum Q-Function 93
4.2.1 First-Order Marcum Q-Function 93
4.2.1.1 Upper and Lower Bounds 97
4.2.2 Generalized (mth-Order) Marcum Q-Function 100
4.2.2.1 Upper and Lower Bounds 105
4.3 The Nuttall Q-Function 113
4.4 Other Functions 117
References 119
Appendix 4A. Derivation of Eq. (4.2) 120
Chapter 5 Useful Expressions for Evaluating Average Error Probability Performance 123
5.1 Integrals Involving the Gaussian Q-Function 123
5.1.1 Rayleigh Fading Channel 125
5.1.2 Nakagami-q (Hoyt) Fading Channel 125
5.1.3 Nakagami-n (Rice) Fading Channel 126
5.1.4 Nakagami-m Fading Channel 126
5.1.5 Log-Normal Shadowing Channel 128
5.1.6 Composite Log-Normal Shadowing/Nakagami-m Fading Channel 128
5.2 Integrals Involving the Marcum Q-Function 131
5.2.1 Rayleigh Fading Channel 132
5.2.2 Nakagami-q (Hoyt) Fading Channel 133
5.2.3 Nakagami-n (Rice) Fading Channel 133
5.2.4 Nakagami-m Fading Channel 133
5.2.5 Log-Normal Shadowing Channel 133
5.2.6 Composite Log-Normal Shadowing/Nakagami-m Fading Channel 134
5.2.7 Some Alternative Closed-Form Expressions 135
5.3 Integrals Involving the Incomplete Gamma Function 137
5.3.1 Rayleigh Fading Channel 138
5.3.2 Nakagami-q (Hoyt) Fading Channel 139
5.3.3 Nakagami-n (Rice) Fading Channel 139
5.3.4 Nakagami-m Fading Channel 140
5.3.5 Log-Normal Shadowing Channel 140
5.3.6 Composite Log-Normal Shadowing/Nakagami-m Fading Channel 140
5.4 Integrals Involving Other Functions 141
5.4.1 The M -PSK Error Probability Integral 141
5.4.1.1 Rayleigh Fading Channel 142
5.4.1.2 Nakagami-m Fading Channel 142
5.4.2 Arbitrary Two-Dimensional Signal Constellation Error Probability Integral 142
5.4.3 Higher-Order Integer Powers of the Gaussian Q-Function 144
5.4.3.1 Rayleigh Fading Channel 144
5.4.3.2 Nakagami-m Fading Channel 145
5.4.4 Integer Powers of M -PSK Error Probability Integrals 145
5.4.4.1 Rayleigh Fading Channel 146
References 148
Appendix 5A. Evaluation of Definite Integrals Associated with Rayleigh and Nakagami-m Fading 149
5a.1 Exact Closed-Form Results 149
5a.2 Upper and Lower Bounds 165
Chapter 6 New Representations of Some Probability Density and Cumulative Distribution Functions for Correlative Fading Applications 169
6.1 Bivariate Rayleigh PDF and CDF 170
6.2 PDF and CDF for Maximum of Two Rayleigh Random Variables 175
6.3 PDF and CDF for Maximum of Two Nakagami-m Random Variables 177
6.4 PDF and CDF for Maximum and Minimum of Two Log-Normal Random Variables 180
6.4.1 The Maximum of Two Log-Normal Random Variables 180
6.4.2 The Minimum of Two Log-Normal Random Variables 183
References 185
Part 3 Optimum Reception and Performance Evaluation
Chapter 7 Optimum Receivers for Fading Channels 189
7.1 The Case of Known Amplitudes, Phases, and Delays—Coherent Detection 191
7.2 The Case of Known Phases and Delays but Unknown Amplitudes 195
7.2.1 Rayleigh Fading 195
7.2.2 Nakagami-m Fading 196
7.3 The Case of Known Amplitudes and Delays but Unknown Phases 198
7.4 The Case of Known Delays but Unknown Amplitudes and Phases 199
7.4.1 One-Symbol Observation—Noncoherent Detection 199
7.4.1.1 Rayleigh Fading 201
7.4.1.2 Nakagami-m Fading 206
7.4.2 Two-Symbol Observation—Conventional Differentially Coherent Detection 211
7.4.2.1 Rayleigh Fading 214
7.4.2.2 Nakagami-m Fading 217
7.4.3 N s -Symbol Observation—Multiple Differentially Coherent Detection 217
7.4.3.1 Rayleigh Fading 218
7.4.3.2 Nakagami-m Fading 218
7.5 The Case of Unknown Amplitudes, Phases, and Delays 219
7.5.1 One-Symbol Observation—Noncoherent Detection 219
7.5.1.1 Rayleigh Fading 220
7.5.1.2 Nakagami-m Fading 221
7.5.2 Two-Symbol Observation—Conventional Differentially Coherent Detection 221
References 222
Chapter 8 Performance of Single-Channel Receivers 223
8.1 Performance Over the AWGN Channel 223
8.1.1 Ideal Coherent Detection 224
8.1.1.1 Multiple Amplitude-Shift-Keying (M-ASK) or Multiple Amplitude Modulation (M-AM) 224
8.1.1.2 Quadrature Amplitude-Shift- Keying (QASK) or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 225
8.1.1.3 M-ary Phase-Shift-Keying (m-psk) 228
8.1.1.4 Differentially Encoded M-ary Phase-Shift-Keying (M-PSK) and π/4-QPSK 234
8.1.1.5 Offset QPSK (OQPSK) or Staggered QPSK (SQPSK) 235
8.1.1.6 M-ary Frequency-Shift-Keying (m-fsk) 236
8.1.1.7 Minimum-Shift-Keying (MSK) 237
8.1.2 Nonideal Coherent Detection 237
8.1.3 Noncoherent Detection 242
8.1.4 Partially Coherent Detection 242
8.1.4.1 Conventional Detection (One-Symbol Observation) 242
8.1.4.2 Multiple-Symbol Detection 244
8.1.5 Differentially Coherent Detection 245
8.1.5.1 M-ary Differential Phase-Shift-Keying (M-DPSK) 245
8.1.5.2 M-DPSK with Multiple-Symbol Detection 249
8.1.5.3 π/4-Differential QPSK (π/4-DQPSK) 250
8.1.6 Generic Results for Binary Signaling 251
8.2 Performance Over Fading Channels 252
8.2.1 Ideal Coherent Detection 252
8.2.1.1 Multiple Amplitude-Shift-Keying (M-ASK) or Multiple Amplitude Modulation (M-AM) 253
8.2.1.2 Quadrature Amplitude-Shift- Keying (QASK) or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 254
8.2.1.3 M-ary Phase-Shift-Keying (m-psk) 256
8.2.1.4 Differentially Encoded M-ary Phase-Shift-Keying (M-PSK) and π/4-QPSK 258
8.2.1.5 Offset QPSK (OQPSK) or Staggered QPSK (SQPSK) 262
8.2.1.6 M-ary Frequency-Shift-Keying (m-fsk) 262
8.2.1.7 Minimum-Shift-Keying (MSK) 267
8.2.2 Nonideal Coherent Detection 267
8.2.2.1 Simplified Noisy Reference Loss Evaluation 273
8.2.3 Noncoherent Detection 281
8.2.4 Partially Coherent Detection 282
8.2.5 Differentially Coherent Detection 284
8.2.5.1 M-ary Differential Phase-Shift- Keying (M-DPSK)—Slow Fading 285
8.2.5.2 M-ary Differential Phase-Shift- Keying (M-DPSK)—Fast Fading 290
8.2.5.3 π/4-Differential QPSK (π/4-DQPSK) 294
8.2.6 Performance in the Presence of Imperfect Channel Estimation 294
8.2.6.1 Signal Model and Symbol Error Probability Evaluation for Rayleigh Fading 295
8.2.6.2 Special Cases 297
References 301
Appendix 8A. Stein’s Unified Analysis of the Error Probability Performance of Certain Communication Systems 304
Chapter 9 Performance of Multichannel Receivers 311
9.1 Diversity Combining 312
9.1.1 Diversity Concept 312
9.1.2 Mathematical Modeling 312
9.1.3 Brief Survey of Diversity Combining Techniques 313
9.1.3.1 Pure Combining Techniques 313
9.1.3.2 Hybrid Combining Techniques 315
9.1.4 Complexity–Performance Tradeoffs 316
9.2 Maximal-Ratio Combining (MRC) 316
9.2.1 Receiver Structure 317
9.2.2 PDF-Based Approach 319
9.2.3 MGF-Based Approach 320
9.2.3.1 Average Bit Error Rate of Binary Signals 320
9.2.3.2 Average Symbol Error Rate of M-PSK Signals 322
9.2.3.3 Average Symbol Error Rate of M-AM Signals 323
9.2.3.4 Average Symbol Error Rate of Square M-QAM Signals 324
9.2.4 Bounds and Asymptotic SER Expressions 326
9.3 Coherent Equal Gain Combining 331
9.3.1 Receiver Structure 331
9.3.2 Average Output SNR 332
9.3.3 Exact Error Rate Analysis 333
9.3.3.1 Binary Signals 333
9.3.3.2 Extension to M-PSK Signals 339
9.3.4 Approximate Error Rate Analysis 340
9.3.5 Asymptotic Error Rate Analysis 342
9.4 Noncoherent and Differentially Coherent Equal Gain Combining 342
9.4.1 DPSK, DQPSK, and BFSK Performance (Exact and with Bounds) 343
9.4.1.1 Receiver Structures 343
9.4.1.2 Exact Analysis of Average Bit Error Probability 346
9.4.1.3 Bounds on Average Bit Error Probability 352
9.4.2 M-ary Orthogonal FSK 353
9.4.2.1 Exact Analysis of Average Bit Error Probability 356
9.4.2.2 Numerical Examples 364
9.4.3 Multiple-Symbol Differential Detection with Diversity Combining 367
9.4.3.1 Decision Metrics 367
9.4.3.2 Average Bit Error Rate Performance 368
9.4.3.3 Asymptotic (Large N s) Behavior 371
9.4.3.4 Numerical Results 372
9.5 Optimum Diversity Combining of Noncoherent Fsk 375
9.5.1 Comparison with the Noncoherent Equal Gain Combining Receiver 377
9.5.2 Extension to the M-ary Orthogonal FSK Case 378
9.6 Outage Probability Performance 379
9.6.1 MRC and Noncoherent EGC 379
9.6.2 Coherent EGC 380
9.6.3 Numerical Examples 381
9.7 Impact of Fading Correlation 389
9.7.1 Model A: Two Correlated Branches with Nonidentical Fading 390
9.7.1.1 Pdf 390
9.7.1.2 Mgf 392
9.7.2 Model B: D Identically Distributed Branches with Constant Correlation 392
9.7.2.1 Pdf 393
9.7.2.2 Mgf 393
9.7.3 Model C: D Identically Distributed Branches with Exponential Correlation 394
9.7.3.1 Pdf 394
9.7.3.2 Mgf 394
9.7.4 Model D: D Nonidentically Distributed Branches with Arbitrary Correlation 395
9.7.4.1 Mgf 395
9.7.4.2 Special Cases of Interest 396
9.7.4.3 Proof that Correlation Degrades Performance 397
9.7.5 Numerical Examples 399
9.8 Selection Combining 404
9.8.1 MGF of Output SNR 405
9.8.2 Average Output SNR 406
9.8.3 Outage Probability 409
9.8.3.1 Analysis 409
9.8.3.2 Numerical Example 410
9.8.4 Average Probability of Error 411
9.8.4.1 BDPSK and Noncoherent BFSK 411
9.8.4.2 Coherent BPSK and BFSK 413
9.8.4.3 Numerical Example 415
9.9 Switched Diversity 417
9.9.1 Dual-Branch Switch-and-Stay Combining 419
9.9.1.1 Performance of SSC over Independent Identically Distributed Branches 419
9.9.1.2 Effect of Branch Unbalance 433
9.9.1.3 Effect of Branch Correlation 436
9.9.2 Multibranch Switch-and-Examine Combining 439
9.9.2.1 Classical Multibranch SEC 440
9.9.2.2 Multibranch SEC with Post-selection 443
9.9.2.3 Scan-and-Wait Combining 446
9.10 Performance in the Presence of Outdated or Imperfect Channel Estimates 456
9.10.1 Maximal-Ratio Combining 457
9.10.2 Noncoherent EGC over Rician Fast Fading 458
9.10.3 Selection Combining 461
9.10.4 Switched Diversity 462
9.10.4.1 SSC Output Statistics 462
9.10.4.2 Average SNR 463
9.10.4.3 Average Probability of Error 463
9.10.5 Numerical Results 464
9.11 Combining in Diversity-Rich Environments 466
9.11.1 Two-Dimensional Diversity Schemes 466
9.11.1.1 Performance Analysis 468
9.11.1.2 Numerical Examples 469
9.11.2 Generalized Selection Combining 469
9.11.2.1 I.I.D. Rayleigh Case 472
9.11.2.2 Non-I.I.D. Rayleigh Case 492
9.11.2.3 I.I.D. Nakagami-m Case 497
9.11.2.4 Partial-MGF Approach 502
9.11.2.5 I.I.D. Weibull Case 510
9.11.3 Generalized Selection Combining with Threshold Test per Branch (T-GSC) 512
9.11.3.1 Average Error Probability Performance 515
9.11.3.2 Outage Probability Performance 520
9.11.3.3 Performance Comparisons 524
9.11.4 Generalized Switched Diversity (GSSC) 531
9.11.4.1 GSSC Output Statistics 531
9.11.4.2 Average Probability of Error 532
9.11.5 Generalized Selection Combining Based on the Log-Likelihood Ratio 532
9.11.5.1 Optimum (LLR-Based) GSC for Equiprobable BPSK 533
9.11.5.2 Envelope-Based GSC 536
9.11.5.3 Optimum GSC for Noncoherently Detected Equiprobable Orthogonal Bfsk 536
9.12 Post-detection Combining 537
9.12.1 System and Channel Models 537
9.12.1.1 Overall System Description 537
9.12.1.2 Channel Model 537
9.12.1.3 Receiver 539
9.12.2 Post-detection Switched Combining Operation 539
9.12.2.1 Switching Strategy and Mechanism 539
9.12.2.2 Switching Threshold 540
9.12.3 Average BER Analysis 540
9.12.3.1 Identically Distributed Branches 542
9.12.3.2 Nonidentically Distributed Branches 542
9.12.4 Rayleigh Fading 543
9.12.4.1 Identically Distributed Branches 544
9.12.4.2 Nonidentically Distributed Branches 547
9.12.5 Impact of the Severity of Fading 548
9.12.5.1 Average BER 550
9.12.5.2 Numerical Examples and Discussion 552
9.12.6 Extension to Orthogonal M-FSK 552
9.12.6.1 System Model and Switching Operation 552
9.12.6.2 Average Probability of Error 555
9.12.6.3 Numerical Examples 562
9.13 Performance of Dual-Branch Diversity Combining Schemes over Log-Normal Channels 566
9.13.1 System and Channel Models 566
9.13.2 Maximal-Ratio Combining 568
9.13.2.1 Moments of the Output SNR 568
9.13.2.2 Outage Probability 570
9.13.2.3 Extension to Equal Gain Combining 571
9.13.3 Selection Combining 571
9.13.3.1 Moments of the Output SNR 572
9.13.3.2 Outage Probability 575
9.13.4 Switched Combining 575
9.13.4.1 Moments of the Output SNR 576
9.13.4.2 Outage Probability 581
9.14 Average Outage Duration 584
9.14.1 System and Channel Models 585
9.14.1.1 Fading Channel Models 585
9.14.1.2 GSC Mode of Operation 585
9.14.2 Average Outage Duration and Average Level Crossing Rate 586
9.14.2.1 Problem Formulation 586
9.14.2.2 General Formula for the Average LCR of GSC 586
9.14.3 I.I.D. Rayleigh Fading 589
9.14.3.1 Generic Expressions for GSC 589
9.14.3.2 Special Cases: SC and MRC 590
9.14.4 Numerical Examples 591
9.15 Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) Antenna Diversity Systems 594
9.15.1 System, Channel, and Signal Models 594
9.15.2 Optimum Weight Vectors and Output SNR 595
9.15.3 Distributions of the Largest Eigenvalue of Noncentral Complex Wishart Matrices 596
9.15.3.1 CDF of S 596
9.15.3.2 PDF of S 598
9.15.3.3 PDF of Output SNR and Outage Probability 599
9.15.3.4 Special Cases 600
9.15.3.5 Numerical Results and Discussion 601
References 604
Appendix 9A. Alternative Forms of the Bit Error Probability for a Decision Statistic that Is a Quadratic Form of Complex Gaussian Random Variables 619
Appendix 9B. Simple Numerical Techniques for Inversion of Laplace Transform of Cumulative Distribution Functions 625
9b.1 Euler Summation-Based Technique 625
9b.2 Gauss–Chebyshev Quadrature-Based Technique 626
Appendix 9C. The Relation between the Power Correlation Coefficient of Correlated Rician Random Variables and the Correlation Coefficient of Their Underlying Complex Gaussian Random Variables 627
Appendix 9D. Proof of Theorem 9.1 631
Appendix 9E. Direct Proof of Eq. (9.438) 632
Appendix 9F. Special Definite Integrals 634
Part 4 Multiuser Communication Systems
Chapter 10 Outage Performance of Multiuser Communication Systems 639
10.1 Outage Probability in Interference-Limited Systems 640
10.1.1 A Probability Related to the CDF of the Difference of Two Chi-Square Variates with Different Degrees of Freedom 640
10.1.2 Fading and System Models 643
10.1.2.1 Channel Fading Models 643
10.1.2.2 Desired and Interference Signals Model 644
10.1.3 A Generic Formula for the Outage Probability 644
10.1.3.1 Nakagami/Nakagami Scenario 645
10.1.3.2 Rice/Rice Scenario 646
10.1.3.3 Rice/Nakagami Scenario 647
10.1.3.4 Nakagami/Rice Scenario 647
10.2 Outage Probability with a Minimum Desired Signal Power Constraint 648
10.2.1 Models and Problem Formulation 648
10.2.1.1 Fading and System Models 648
10.2.1.2 Outage Probability Definition 648
10.2.2 Rice/I.I.D. Nakagami Scenario 649
10.2.2.1 Rice/I.I.D. Rayleigh Scenario 649
10.2.2.2 Extension to Rice/I.I.D. Nakagami Scenario 652
10.2.2.3 Numerical Examples 652
10.2.3 Nakagami/I.I.D. Rice Scenario 654
10.2.3.1 Rayleigh/I.I.D. Rice Scenario 654
10.2.3.2 Extension to Nakagami/I.I.D. Rice Scenario 656
10.2.3.3 Numerical Examples 657
10.3 Outage Probability with Dual-Branch SC and SSC Diversity 659
10.3.1 Fading and System Models 661
10.3.2 Outage Performance with Minimum Signal Power Constraint 661
10.3.2.1 Selection Combining 662
10.3.2.2 Switch-and-Stay Combining 663
10.3.2.3 Numerical Examples 664
10.4 Outage Rate and Average Outage Duration of Multiuser Communication Systems 667
References 671
Appendix 10A. A Probability Related to the CDF of the Difference of Two Chi-Square Variates with Different Degrees of Freedom 674
Appendix 10B. Outage Probability in the Nakagami/Nakagami Interference-Limited Scenario 678
Chapter 11 Optimum Combining—a Diversity Technique for Communication over Fading Channels in the Presence of Interference 681
11.1 Performance of Diversity Combining Receivers 682
11.1.1 Single Interferer; Independent, Identically Distributed Fading 682
11.1.1.1 Rayleigh Fading—Exact Evaluation of Average Bit Error Probability 686
11.1.1.2 Rayleigh Fading—Approximate Evaluation of Average Bit Error Probability 689
11.1.1.3 Extension to Other Modulations 692
11.1.1.4 Rician Fading—Evaluation of Average Bit Error Probability 693
11.1.1.5 Nakagami-m Fading—Evaluation of Average Bit Error Probability 695
11.1.2 Multiple Equal Power Interferers; Independent, Identically Distributed Fading 697
11.1.2.1 Number of Interferers Less than Number of Array Elements 700
11.1.2.2 Number of Interferers Equal to or Greater than Number of Array Elements 706
11.1.3 Comparison with Results for MRC in the Presence of Interference 710
11.1.4 Multiple Arbitrary Power Interferers; Independent, Identically Distributed Fading 715
11.1.4.1 Average SEP of M-PSK 715
11.1.4.2 Numerical Results 716
11.1.5 Multiple-Symbol Differential Detection in the Presence of Interference 718
11.1.5.1 Decision Metric 718
11.1.5.2 Average BEP 718
11.2 Optimum Combining with Multiple Transmit and Receive Antennas 721
11.2.1 System, Channel, and Signals Models 721
11.2.2 Optimum Weight Vectors and Output SIR 723
11.2.3 PDF of Output SIR and Outage Probability 723
11.2.3.1 PDF of Output SIR 724
11.2.3.2 Outage Probability 724
11.2.3.3 Special Case When L t = 1
725
11.2.4 Key Observations 726
11.2.4.1 Distribution of Antenna Elements 726
11.2.4.2 Effects of Correlation between Receiver Antenna Pairs 726
11.2.5 Numerical Examples 727
References 729
Appendix 11A. Distributions of the Largest Eigenvalue of Certain Quadratic Forms in Complex Gaussian Vectors 732
11A.1 General Result 732
11A.2 Special Case 733
Chapter 12 Direct-Sequence Code-Division Multiple Access (ds-cdma) 735
12.1 Single-Carrier DS-CDMA Systems 736
12.1.1 System and Channel Models 736
12.1.1.1 Transmitted Signal 736
12.1.1.2 Channel Model 737
12.1.1.3 Receiver 738
12.1.2 Performance Analysis 739
12.1.2.1 General Case 740
12.1.2.2 Application to Nakagami-m Fading Channels 740
12.2 Multicarrier DS-CDMA Systems 741
12.2.1 System and Channel Models 742
12.2.1.1 Transmitter 742
12.2.1.2 Channel 743
12.2.1.3 Receiver 743
12.2.1.4 Notations 744
12.2.2 Performance Analysis 745
12.2.2.1 Conditional SNR 745
12.2.2.2 Average BER 749
12.2.3 Numerical Examples 750
References 754
Part 5 Coded Communication Systems
Chapter 13 Coded Communication over Fading Channels 759
13.1 Coherent Detection 761
13.1.1 System Model 761
13.1.2 Evaluation of Pairwise Error Probability 763
13.1.2.1 Known Channel State Information 764
13.1.2.2 Unknown Channel State Information 768
13.1.3 Transfer Function Bound on Average Bit Error Probability 772
13.1.3.1 Known Channel State Information 774
13.1.3.2 Unknown Channel State Information 774
13.1.4 An Alternative Formulation of the Transfer Function Bound 774
13.1.5 An Example 775
13.2 Differentially Coherent Detection 781
13.2.1 System Model 781
13.2.2 Performance Evaluation 783
13.2.2.1 Unknown Channel State Information 783
13.2.2.2 Known Channel State Information 785
13.2.3 An Example 785
13.3 Numerical Results—Comparison between the True Upper Bounds and Union–Chernoff Bounds 787
References 792
Appendix 13A. Evaluation of a Moment Generating Function Associated with Differential Detection of
M-PSK Sequences 793
Chapter 14 Multichannel Transmission—Transmit Diversity and Space-Time Coding 797
14.1 A Historical Perspective 799
14.2 Transmit versus Receive Diversity—Basic Concepts 800
14.3 Alamouti’s Diversity Technique—a Simple Transmit Diversity Scheme Using Two Transmit Antennas 803
14.4 Generalization of Alamouti’s Diversity Technique to Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code Designs 809
14.5 Alamouti’s Diversity Technique Combined with Multidimensional Trellis-Coded Modulation 812
14.5.1 Evaluation of Pairwise Error Probability Performance on Fast Rician Fading Channels 814
14.5.2 Evaluation of Pairwise Error Probability Performance on Slow Rician Fading Channels 817
14.6 Space-Time Trellis-Coded Modulation 818
14.6.1 Evaluation of Pairwise Error Probability Performance on Fast Rician Fading Channels 820
14.6.2 Evaluation of Pairwise Error Probability Performance on Slow Rician Fading Channels 821
14.6.3 An Example 824
14.6.4 Approximate Evaluation of Average Bit Error Probability 827
14.6.4.1 Fast-Fading Channel Model 827
14.6.4.2 Slow-Fading Channel Model 829
14.6.5 Evaluation of the Transfer Function Upper Bound on Average Bit Error Probability 831
14.6.5.1 Fast-Fading Channel Model 831
14.6.5.2 Slow-Fading Channel Model 833
14.7 Other Combinations of Space-Time Block Codes and Space-Time Trellis Codes 833
14.7.1 Super-Orthogonal Space-Time Trellis Codes 834
14.7.1.1 The Parameterized Class of Space-Time Block Codes and System Model 834
14.7.1.2 Evaluation of the Pairwise Error Probability 836
14.7.1.3 Extension of the Results to Super-Orthogonal Codes with More than Two Transmit Antennas 844
14.7.1.4 Approximate Evaluation of Average Bit Error Probability 845
14.7.1.5 Evaluation of the Transfer Function Upper Bound on the Average Bit Error Probability 846
14.7.1.6 Numerical Results 848
14.7.2 Super-Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Trellis Codes 850
14.7.2.1 Signal Model 850
14.7.2.2 Evaluation of Pairwise Error Probability 852
14.7.2.3 Examples 853
14.7.2.4 Numerical Results 857
14.8 Disclaimer 858
References 859
Chapter 15 Capacity of Fading Channels 863
15.1 Channel and System Model 863
15.2 Optimum Simultaneous Power and Rate Adaptation 865
15.2.1 No Diversity 865
15.2.2 Maximal-Ratio Combining 866
15.3 Optimum Rate Adaptation with Constant Transmit Power 867
15.3.1 No Diversity 868
15.3.2 Maximal-Ratio Combining 869
15.4 Channel Inversion with Fixed Rate 869
15.4.1 No Diversity 870
15.4.2 Maximal-Ratio Combining 870
15.5 Numerical Examples 871
15.6 Capacity of MIMO Fading Channels 876
References 877
Appendix 15A. Evaluation of J n (µ) 878
Appendix 15B. Evaluation of I n (µ) 880
Index 883
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 7.1.2005 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Wiley Series in Telecommunications and Signal Processing |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 158 x 245 mm |
| Gewicht | 1418 g |
| Themenwelt | Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik |
| ISBN-10 | 0-471-64953-8 / 0471649538 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-471-64953-3 / 9780471649533 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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