Heating, Cooling, Lighting (eBook)

Sustainable Design Strategies Towards Net Zero Architecture

Norbert M. Lechner, Patricia Andrasik (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2021 | 5. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-58580-0 (ISBN)

Infos

The essential guide to environmental control systems in building design 

For over 25 years Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Strategies Towards Net Zero Architecture has provided architects and design professionals the knowledge and tools required to design a sustainable built environment at the schematic design stage. This Fifth Edition offers cutting-edge research in the field of sustainable architecture and design and has been completely restructured based on net zero design strategies. Reflecting the latest developments in codes, standards, and rating systems for energy efficiency, Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Strategies Towards Net Zero Architecture includes three new chapters: 

• Retrofits: Best practices for efficient energy optimization in existing buildings 
• Integrated Design: Strategies for synergizing passive and active design 
• Design Tools: How to utilize the best tools to benchmark a building's sustainability and net zero potential 

Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Strategies Towards Net Zero Architecture is a go-to resource for practicing professionals and students in the fields of environmental systems technology or design, environmental design systems, construction technology, and sustainability technology.  

NORBERT LECHNER, LEED AP (Chapel Hill, NC) Architect and Professor Emeritus of Architecture in the Building Science Department at Auburn University, is an expert in energy responsive architectural design with an emphasis on solar responsive design, including daylighting. He is a consultant for designing sustainable, low energy, and solar responsive buildings, and is the inventor of new types of heliodons that are invaluable for teaching and designing solar responsive buildings.

PATRICIA ANDRASIK, NCARB, AIA, IIDA, LEED BD+C, LEED O+M (Washington, D.C.) Associate Dean for Undergraduate Studies and Assistant Professor in the School of Architecture and Planning at The Catholic University of America, is a licensed architect in Washington, D.C. and is internationally recognized for her research in informing design through performance metrics and using performance metrics to inform O&M.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Foreword to the fifth edition 15
Foreword to the first edition 17
Preface 19
Acknowledgements 21
Part 1 Fundamentals 23
Chapter 1 Background: Architecture in A Warming World 25
1.1 Introduction 26
1.2 Indigenous and Vernacular Architecture 27
1.3 Formal Architecture 28
1.4 Architecture and Energy 30
1.5 The Architectural Approach to Low-Energy Design 33
1.6 Climate and Architecture 36
1.7 Dynamic Versus Static Buildings 37
1.8 Form, Color and Ornamentation 37
1.9 Biophilic Design 40
1.10 Resilient Design 40
1.11 Sustainability Codes and Voluntary Programs 42
1.12 The Moral Imperative 42
1.13 Conclusion 43
Executive Summary 43
Resources 44
Chapter 2 Climate Change: The Key Sustainability Issue 45
2.1 Easter Island: Learning From the Past 46
2.2 Sustainable Design and Climate Change 46
2.3 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Regenerate by Design 47
2.4 The Sustainability Movement 49
2.5 The Basic Causes of Environmental Problems 50
2.6 Growth 53
2.7 Exponential Growth 53
2.8 The Amoeba Analogy 54
2.9 Supply Versus Efficiency 55
2.10 Sustainable-Design Issues 55
2.11 Embodied Energy 56
2.12 Climate Change 57
2.13 The Ozone Hole 59
2.14 Efficiency Versus Renewable Energy 59
2.15 Energy Sources 59
2.16 Energy Use in Ancient Greece 60
2.17 Nonrenewable Fossil Energy Sources 61
2.18 Nuclear Energy 62
2.19 Renewable Energy Sources 63
2.20 Conclusion 70
Executive Summary 71
Resources 72
Chapter 3 Basic Principles: The Physics of Heat Flow For Heating and Cooling Buildings 73
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Heat 74
3.3 Sensible Heat 74
3.4 Latent Heat 75
3.5 Evaporative Cooling 75
3.6 Convection 76
3.7 Transport 76
3.8 Energy-Transfer Mediums 77
3.9 Radiation 77
3.10 Greenhouse Effect 79
3.11 Equilibrium Temperature of a Surface 80
3.12 Mean Radiant Temperature 81
3.13 Heat Flow 81
3.14 Heat Sink 82
3.15 Heat Capacity 82
3.16 Thermal Resistance 82
3.17 Heat-Flow Coefficient 83
3.18 Time Lag 83
3.19 Insulating Effect of Mass 84
3.20 Energy Conversion 85
3.21 Combined Heat and Power 85
3.22 Off-Site Versus On-Site Renewable Energy 86
3.23 The Game Changers: Heat Pumps and Batteries 86
3.24 Net-Zero Buildings 87
3.25 Conclusion 87
Executive Summary 88
Chapter 4 Climate: Its Significant Impact on Buildings 89
4.1 Introduction 90
4.2 Climate 90
4.3 Microclimate 92
4.4 Climatic Anomalies 95
4.5 Climate Regions in a Time of Climate Change 96
4.6 Explanations of the Climatic Data Tables 97
4.7 Relative Heating and Cooling Loads 102
4.8 Climatic Data Tables 106
4.9 Design Strategies 141
Executive Summary 147
Resources 148
Chapter 5 Psychometrics: Thermal Comfort 149
5.1 Biological Machine 150
5.2 Thermal Barriers 151
5.3 Metabolic Rate 153
5.4 Thermal Conditions of the Environment 153
5.5 The Psychrometric Chart 155
5.6 Dew Point and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 157
5.7 Heat Content of Air 158
5.8 Thermal Comfort 160
5.9 Shifting of the Comfort Zone 161
5.10 Adaptive Comfort 163
5.11 Clothing and Comfort 163
5.12 Strategies 164
5.13 Conclusion 164
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 165
Resources 165
Chapter 6 Solar Geometry: The Most Powerful Element of Design 167
6.1 Introduction 168
6.2 The Sun 168
6.3 Elliptical Orbit 168
6.4 Tilt of the Earth’s Axis 169
6.5 Consequences of the Altitude Angle 169
6.6 Winter 170
6.7 The Sun Revolves Around the Earth! 171
6.8 The Sky Dome 171
6.9 Determining Altitude and Azimuth Angles 172
6.10 Solar Time 174
6.11 Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams 174
6.12 Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams 176
6.13 Drawing Sunbeams 177
6.14 Sun-Path Models 181
6.15 Solar Heat Gain 182
6.16 Solar Site-Evaluation tools 187
6.17 Heliodons 187
6.18 Sundials for Model Testing 188
6.19 Conceptually Clear Heliodons 189
6.20 Solar Responsive Design Strategies 190
6.20 Conclusion 192
Executive Summary 192
Resources 193
Part 2 Passive Design Strategies 195
Chapter 7 Passive Heating Systems: The Solar Potential of Natural Heating 197
7.1 History 198
7.2 Solar in America 199
7.3 Solar Hemicycle 200
7.4 Latest Rediscovery of Passive Solar 201
7.5 Passive Solar 202
7.6 Direct-Gain Systems 203
7.7 Design Guidelines for Direct-Gain Systems 205
7.8 Example 208
7.9 Trombe Wall Systems 208
7.10 Design Guidelines for Trombe Wall Systems 212
7.11 Example 212
7.12 Sunspaces 212
7.13 Balcomb House 215
7.14 Sunspace Design Guidelines 216
7.15 Comparison of the Three Main Passive Heating Systems 217
7.16 General Considerations for Passive Solar Systems 218
7.17 Heat-Storage Materials 223
7.18 Other Passive Heating Systems 225
7.19 Maximizing Passive Solar 226
7.20 Conclusion 226
Executive Summary 227
Resources 227
Chapter 8 Solar Rejection: Shading and Light Colors 229
8.1 Introduction to Solar Rejection 230
8.2 History of Shading and Light Colors 230
8.3 Shading Myths 235
8.4 Shading Basics 237
8.5 Fixed Exterior Shading Devices 239
8.6 Dynamic (Movable) Shading Devices 242
8.7 Shading Periods of the Year 251
8.8 Overhangs 254
8.9 Design of Horizontal Overhangs: Basic Graphical Method 255
8.10 Shading Design Strategies for South Windows 257
8.11 Shading Design Strategies for East and West Windows 258
8.12 Design of Fins on North Windows 262
8.13 Design Guidelines for Eggcrate Shading Devices 263
8.14 Special Shading Strategies 263
8.15 Shading Outdoor Spaces 267
8.16 Using Physical Models for Shading Design 269
8.17 Glazing as the Shading Element 275
8.18 Interior Shading Devices 281
8.19 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient 282
8.20 Roof and Wall Reflectivity 282
8.21 Conclusion 285
Executive Summary 289
Resources 289
Chapter 9 Passive Cooling: Natural Cooling, Raising The Comfort Zone, and Heat Avoidance 291
9.1 Introduction to Cooling 292
9.2 Historical and Indigenous Use of Passive Cooling 292
9.3 Passive Cooling Systems 298
9.4 Comfort Ventilation Versus Night-Flush Cooling 299
9.5 Basic Principles of Airflow 299
9.6 Airflow Through Buildings 303
9.7 Example of Ventilation Design 313
9.8 Comfort Ventilation 315
9.9 Night-Flush Cooling 317
9.10 Double-Skin Facades and Operable Roofs 320
9.11 Radiant Cooling 321
9.12 Evaporative Cooling 326
9.13 Cool Towers 329
9.14 Earth Cooling 330
9.15 Dehumidification with a Desiccant 333
9.16 Solar Chimney 333
9.17 Conclusion 335
Executive Summary 335
Resources 335
Chapter 10 Site Analysis: Orientation, Landscape and Context Innet-Zero Design 337
10.1 Introduction 338
10.2 Analysis 339
10.3 Site Selection 341
10.4 Solar Access 342
10.5 Shadow Patterns 344
10.6 Site Planning 348
10.7 Solar Zoning 350
10.8 Physical Models 354
10.9 Wind and Site Design 356
10.10 Plants and Vegetation 360
10.11 Vegetated Roofs 369
10.12 Lawns 372
10.13 Landscaping 372
10.14 Community Design 378
10.15 Cooling Our Communities 380
10.16 Conclusion 381
Executive Summary 382
Resources 382
Chapter 11 Light: Color, Vision, and Perception 385
11.1 Introduction 386
11.2 Light 387
11.3 Reflectance/Transmittance 390
11.4 Color 391
11.5 Vision 394
11.6 Perception 396
11.7 Performance of a Visual Task 399
11.8 Characteristics of the Visual Task 399
11.9 Illumination Level 401
11.10 Brightness Ratios 402
11.11 Glare 404
11.12 Equivalent Spherical Illumination 407
11.13 Activity Needs 409
11.14 Biological Needs 412
11.15 Light and Health 415
11.16 The Poetry of Light 415
11.17 Rules for Lighting Design 416
11.18 Career Possibilities 417
11.19 Conclusion 417
Executive Summary 418
Resources 419
Chapter 12 Daylighting: Architectural Control Fornatural Beauty, Comfort, Andenergy Reduction 421
12.1 History of Daylighting 422
12.2 Why Daylighting? 424
12.3 The Nature of Daylight 426
12.4 Conceptual Model 429
12.5 Illumination and the Daylight Factor 430
12.6 Light Without Heat? 433
12.7 Cool Daylight 433
12.8 Goals of Daylighting 435
12.9 Basic Daylighting Strategies 436
12.10 Basic Window Strategies 439
12.11 Advanced Window Strategies 442
12.12 Window Glazing Materials 447
12.13 Top Lighting 450
12.14 Skylight Strategies 451
12.15 Clerestories, Monitors, and Light Scoops 455
12.16 Special Daylighting Techniques 459
12.17 Translucent Walls and Roofs 461
12.18 Electric Lighting as a Supplement to Daylighting 465
12.19 Physical Modeling 467
12.20 Guidelines for Daylighting 472
12.21 Conclusion 473
Executive Summary 473
Resources 474
Chapter 13 The Thermal Envelope: Keeping Warm and Staying Cool 475
13.1 Introduction 476
13.2 Heat Loss 477
13.3 Heat Gain 478
13.4 Solar Reflectivity (Albedo) 480
13.5 Compactness, Exposed Area, and Thermal Planning 481
13.6 Insulation Materials 483
13.7 The Thermal Envelope 490
13.8 Heat Bridges 495
13.9 Windows 496
13.10 Dynamic Insulation 502
13.11 Insulating Effect from Thermal Mass 505
13.12 Earth Sheltering 509
13.13 Infiltration and Ventilation 516
13.14 Water: The Enemy of Architecture 518
13.15 Radon 522
13.16 Appliances 522
13.17 Conclusion 524
Executive Summary 524
Resources 525
Chapter 14 Retrofits: Energy Efficiency Upgrades for Existing Buildings 527
14.1 Introduction 528
14.2 Goals for the Energy Upgrade 528
14.3 Envelope Upgrades 528
14.4 Lighting 529
14.5 Mechanical Equipment 530
14.6 Hot Water 530
14.7 Appliances 530
14.8 Renewable Energy 530
14.9 Miscellaneous 530
14.10 Case Studies 530
Executive Summary 532
Chapter 15 Tropical Architecture: Not Your Temperate Architecture 533
15.1 Introduction 534
15.2 Traditional Tropical Architecture 534
15.3 The Tropical Climate 537
15.4 The Solar Geometry of the Tropics 539
15.5 Shading in Tropical Climates 543
15.6 Daylighting in the Tropics 546
15.7 Passive Cooling 547
15.8 Air-Conditioned Buildings in the Tropics 548
15.9 Conclusion 550
Executive Summary 550
Part 3 Active Design Strategies 551
Chapter 16 Electric Lighting: To Complement Daylight and at Night 553
16.1 Introduction 554
16.2 History of Light Sources 554
16.3 Light Sources 555
16.4 Incandescent and Halogen Lamps 556
16.5 Discharge Lamps 557
16.6 Fluorescent Lamps 559
16.7 High-Intensity Discharge Lamps 561
16.8 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 562
16.9 Comparison of the Major Lighting Sources 564
16.10 Luminaires 564
16.11 Lenses, Diffusers, and Baffles 564
16.12 Lighting Systems 567
16.13 Remote-Source Lighting Systems 570
16.14 Visualizing Light Distribution 570
16.15 Architectural Lighting 571
16.16 Outdoor Lighting 574
16.17 Emergency Lighting 575
16.18 Controls 576
16.19 Maintenance 578
16.20 Rules for Energy-Efficient Electric Lighting Design 578
16.21 Laws and Standards 579
16.22 Conclusion 579
Executive Summary 579
Resources 579
Chapter 17 Photovoltaics and Solar Thermal 581
17.1 Introduction 582
17.2 The Almost Ideal Energy Source 582
17.3 History of PV 583
17.4 The PV Cell 583
17.5 Types of PV Systems 584
17.6 Balance of System Equipment 585
17.7 Site-Integrated Photovoltaics 586
17.8 Glazing and PV 591
17.9 Orientation and Tilt 591
17.10 Design Guidelines 593
17.11 The Promise of PV 593
17.12 Sizing A PV System 594
17.13 The Cost-Effectiveness of PV Versus Solar Thermal Applications 595
17.14 Solar Thermal Basics 596
17.15 Solar Thermal Swimming-Pool Heating 596
17.16 Solar Hot-Water Systems 597
17.17 Passive Solar Thermal Systems 599
17.18 Solar Hot-Air Collectors 601
17.19 Preheating of Ventilation Air 601
17.20 Designing a Solar Thermal System 604
17.21 The Future of Solar Thermal 605
17.22 Conclusion 607
Executive Summary 608
Resources 609
Chapter 18 Mechanical Equipment for Heating and Cooling 611
18.1 Introduction 612
18.2 Heating 612
18.3 Thermal Zones 614
18.4 Heating Systems 615
18.5 Electric Heating 616
18.6 Hot-Water (Hydronic) Heating 617
18.7 Hot-Air Systems 619
18.8 Cooling 621
18.9 Refrigeration Cycles 624
18.10 Heat Pumps 626
18.11 Geo-Exchange 627
18.12 Cooling Systems 628
18.13 Air-Conditioning for Small Buildings 631
18.14 Air-Conditioning for Large Multistory Buildings 636
18.15 Design Guidelines for Mechanical Systems 648
18.16 Air Supply (Ducts and Diffusers) 649
18.17 Ventilation 653
18.18 Energy-Efficient Ventilation Systems 655
18.19 Air Filtration and Odor Removal 658
18.20 Special Systems 658
18.21 Integrated and Exposed Mechanical Equipment 660
18.22 Low-Energy Heating and Cooling 661
18.23 Conclusion 661
Executive Summary 662
Resources 663
Part 4 Integrated Design 665
Chapter 19 Synergies: When The Whole is Greater Than The Sum of The Parts 667
19.1 Introduction 668
19.2 Strategies 668
19.3 Synergies 672
19.4 Case Studies 673
19.5 Conclusion 679
Executive Summary 679
Endnotes 680
Chapter 20 Integrated Design Process 681
20.1 Introduction 682
20.2 Definition 682
20.3 Differences 682
20.4 Coordination 682
20.5 Documentation 684
20.6 Conclusion 690
Executive Summary 690
Part 5 Tools 691
Chapter 21 Codes 693
21.1 Introduction 694
21.2 Sustainability Codes 694
21.3 History 695
21.4 Current Model Codes 695
21.5 Reference Standards 697
21.6 Government Initiatives 697
21.7 Non-Governmental Initiatives 698
21.8 Conclusion 700
Executive Summary 700
Endnotes 700
Chapter 22 Checklist for Designing Net-Zero Buildings 701
22.1 Introduction 702
22.2 Site Selection 702
22.3 Form 702
22.4 Plan 702
22.5 Windows 702
22.6 Daylighting 703
22.7 Shading 703
22.8 Color 704
22.9 Thermal Envelope 704
22.10 Thermal Mass 704
22.11 Glazing 704
22.12 Air Barrier 705
22.13 Passive Systems 705
22.14 Electric Lighting 705
22.15 Mechanical Equipment 706
22.16 Behavioral Controls 706
22.17 Renewable Technology 706
Chapter 23 Assessment 707
23.1 Introduction 708
23.2 Global Rating Systems 708
23.3 Process 710
23.4 Conclusion 710
Executive Summary 710
Endnotes 712
Chapter 24 Digital 713
24.1 Introduction 714
24.2 Building Performance Analytics 714
24.3 Methodology 714
24.4 Challenges 715
24.5 Conclusion 717
Executive Summary 717
Endnotes 720
Appendix A: Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams 721
Steps for Converting Sun-Path Charts for Use in the Southern Hemisphere 721
Appendix B: Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams 733
Steps for Converting Sun-Path Charts for Use in the Southern Hemisphere 733
Appendix C: Solar Altitude and Azimuth Angles 745
Appendix D: Methods for Estimating the Height of Trees, Buildings, and the Like 751
D.1 Proportional-Shadow Method 751
D.2 Similar-Triangle Method 751
D.3 45° Right-Triangle Method 752
D.4 Trigonometric Method 752
D.5 Tools for Measuring Vertical Angles 752
Appendix E: Sundials 755
Appendix F: Sun-Path Models 765
F.1 Introduction 765
F.2 Directions for Constructing a Sun-PathModel 765
Appendix G: The Water Table for Ventilation Studies 777
G.1 Introduction 777
G.2 Construction of a Water Table 777
Appendix H: Site Evaluation Tools 779
H.1 Introduction 779
H.2 The Solar Pathfinder 779
H.3 The Suneye 779
H.4 The Sun Locator 780
H.5 Do-It-Yourself Solar Site Evaluator 780
Appendix I: Heliodons 787
I.1 Introduction 787
I.2 The Sun Simulator Heliodon 787
I.3 The Sun Emulator Heliodon 787
I.4 The Tabletop Heliodon 788
I.5 The Bowling Ball Heliodon 791
Appendix J: Tables of R-Values 793
Appendix K: Resources 797
K.1 Journals 797
K.2 Videos 797
K.3 Organizations 797
K.4 Web-Based Resources 798
Appendix L: Conversion Factors between the Inch-Pound (I-P) System and the International System of Units (SI) 799
Appendix M: Sizing a PV Array 803
M.1 Finding the PV Array Size for aStand-Alone Building by the ShortCalculation Method 803
M.2 Example 804
M.3 Design Guidelines 804
Bibliography 807
Index 813
Color Plates 830
EULA 838

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 20.9.2021
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Architektur
• Schlagworte: Architecture • Architektur • Bauentwurf • Beleuchtung • Building Design • Environmental control for sustainable architecture • Heiztechnik • Innenarchitektur • Interior design • Klimatechnik • Kühlung • net zero • Net-zero • net zero architecture • net zero cooling • net zero design • net zero environmental control systems • net zero heating • net zero lighting • net zero retrofits • net zero schematics
• ISBN-10: 1-119-58580-5 / 1119585805
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-58580-0 / 9781119585800