Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins (eBook)

Anastasia E. Hiskia, Theodoros M. Triantis, Maria G. Antoniou, Triantafyllos Kaloudis, Dionysios D. Dionysiou (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2020
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-92866-0 (ISBN)

Infos

Provides a comprehensive overview of key methods for treating water tainted by cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins 

Toxigenic cyanobacteria are one of the main health risks associated with water resources. Consequently, the analysis, control, and removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins from water supplies is a high priority research area. This book presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research on water treatment methods for the removal of cyanobacteria, taste and odor compounds, and cyanotoxins. 

Starting with an introduction to the subject, Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins offers chapters on cyanotoxins and human health, conventional physical-chemical treatment for the removal of cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins, removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins by membrane processes, biological treatment for the destruction of cyanotoxins, and conventional disinfection and/or oxidation processes. Other chapters look at advanced oxidation processes, removal/destruction of taste and odour compounds, transformation products of cyanobacterial metabolites during treatment and integrated drinking water processes.

• Provides a comprehensive overview of key methods for treating water tainted by cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins
• Bridges the gap between basic knowledge of cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins and practical management guidelines
• Includes integrated processes case studies and real-life examples
• Developed within the frame of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)-funded CYANOCOST

A must-have resource for every water treatment plant, Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins is a valuable resource for all researchers in water chemistry and engineering, environmental chemistry as well as water companies and authorities, water resource engineers and managers, environmental and public health protection organizations.

Anastasia E. Hiskia, is Research Director at the Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research ???Demokritos,??? Athens, Greece.

Theodoros M. Triantis, is Senior Researcher at the Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research ???Demokritos,??? Athens, Greece.

Maria G. Antoniou, is Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus.

Triantafyllos Kaloudis, is head of the Organic Micropollutants Laboratory of the Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company, EYDAP SA, Greece.

Dionysios D. Dionysiou, is Professor of Environmental Engineering and Science in the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

Textauszug

1
Introduction to Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins

Armah A. de la Cruz1, Neill Chernoff2, James L. Sinclair3, Donna Hill2, Deacqunita L. Diggs4, and Arthur T. Lynch5

1 Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

2 Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

3 Office of Water, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

4 Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

5 University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

Abstract

The source water for drinking water will contain a host of living microorganisms, often referred to as consortia. These consortia consist of viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and algae. The focus of this publication will be on one group of bacteria, namely cyanobacteria, but it is important to emphasize that in nature, cyanobacteria never occur alone or as one species. The complexities of the interactions between the variety of organisms and their environment will strongly influence the challenges for water treatment and purification when dealing with cyanobacteria. Management of water resources requires concerted efforts of public health officials, water treatment managers, scientists, and consumers to protect human health and the environment for future generations.

Keyword cyanobacteria; metabolites; cyanotoxin; geosmin; 2‐methylisoborneol; drinking water guideline; regulation; drinking water management; cyanobacterial harmful bloom; drinking water treatment

1.1 An Overview of Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria, although microscopic, are fascinating because of their impact on our world, and because of their ability to adapt for survival in virtually every ecosystem on Earth. Although they are primarily an aquatic organism, they have adapted to survive on bare rocks, arid deserts, in high salinity waters, hot springs, and the frozen Antarctica. They have also formed symbiotic relationships with other organisms such as fungi (lichens), invertebrates (corals, sponges and tunicates), legumes, ferns, cycad, and liverworts. The ability of cyanobacteria to oxygenate the atmosphere 3.5 billion years ago (bya) influenced the composition of life forms on earth. These tiny, but numerous organisms belong to the early single‐cell domain of Prokaryotae. Prokaryotes are described typically as unicellular microorganisms that lack a distinct nucleus and membrane‐bound organelles. All living organisms are classified as either Prokaryotae or Eukaryotae, and all multi‐cellular plants and animals are in the domain Eukaryote. Prokaryote is considered a domain, but the discovery of Archaean organisms in the 1970s caused the Prokaryote domain to be divided into two specific domains, Archaea and Eubacteria (which includes cyanobacteria). Cyanobacteria (or Cyanophyta) comprise a phylum further divided into six Orders: Chroococcales, Gloeobacterales, Nostocales, Oscillatoriales, Pleurocapsales, and Stigonematales (Table 1.1). Within the orders are families which are then described by genus and species [1, 2]. The Prochlorophyta are poorly studied organisms that are often generally termed “picoplankton” (0.2–2.0 μm). They are very similar to the cyanophyta and are generally considered a part of that group [3].

1.1.1 Evolution and Worldwide Occurrence

As the earth's crust formed and cooled, the earliest atmosphere likely consisted of volcanic gases and water vapor. It is proposed that complex chemical reactions transformed carbon molecules into our first living organisms on earth during the Archaean time period, 2.5–4.0 bya. This is when the prokaryotes started appearing, possibly the Archaean bacteria and cyanobacteria. The oldest fossils on record contain filamentous organisms believed to be cyanobacteria and date back to at least 2.8 bya [4, 5]. As prokaryotes evolved, they developed the function of photosynthesis using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. It is believed that photosynthetic prokaryotes are responsible for the Earth's oxygenation [6, 7]. Oxidized iron samples in ancient soils as well as bands deposited on sea floors have been found dating back to 2.45 bya, giving evidence of oxygen in the atmosphere during the Proterozoic period (2.5 bya – 543 million years ago (mya)) [8, 9]. Prokaryotes are considered to be the primary O2 producer throughout the Proterozoic Eon, and that period of time has been referred to as “the age of stromatolites” [10]. Stromatolites consist of sizable aggregations of cyanobacteria that form large structures binding to sedimentary materials and are some of the most ancient fossil records of life on Earth with fossil remains dating 3.5 bya (Figure 1.1a). Today, living stromatolites (Figure 1.1b) still occur in scattered locations in Australia, the Bahamas and Belize [11].

Table 1.1 Phylogenetic classification of cyanobacteria.

Phylum

Class

Order

Toxic genera

Cyanobacteria

Chroobacteria

Chroococales

Microcystis

Synechococcus

Snowella

Woronichinia

Oscillatoriales

Lyngbya

Oscillatoria

Phormidium

Planktothrix

Gloeobacteria

Gloeobacterales

Homogoneae

Nostocales

Anabaena

Aphanizomenon

Cylindrospermopsis

Cylindrospermum

Nodularia

Rhaphidiopsis

Pleurocapsales

Stigonematales

Hapalosiphon

Umezakia

Another postulated critical role for cyanobacteria concerns their ability to perform photosynthesis within a host species. This is referred to as the endosymbiotic theory, which proposes that chloroplasts, the photosynthetic organelle in plants and algae, evolved from cyanobacteria living symbiotically within the ancient host ancestors. The cyanobacteria would eventually change from a separate organism residing within a host to actually serving as a self‐replicating organelle in the host [12–15].

1.1.2 Physical Characteristics

Cyanobacteria are microorganisms ranging in size from 1 to 100 μm in diameter. The smallest cyanobacterial organisms, < 2 μm, are referred to as picoplankton and while very few have been formally described, they account for up to 50% of the biomass in lakes and > 70% in vast areas of the temperate oceans [16, 17]. As prokaryotes, cyanobacteria do not have a nucleus, internal organelles, or an internal membrane. They gain their energy from photosynthesis, making them photoautotrophs [18]. Many cyanobacteria have pigment proteins and accessory pigments in the phycobilisome complex and functions to capture light for photosynthesis [19–21]. Two of these pigments, chlorophyll a and a blue pigment, phycocyanin, generate the characteristic blue‐green color which has caused these ancient bacteria to be confused with algae and resulted in the misnomer given to cyanobacteria, “blue‐green algae”. Algae contain a nucleus, and are therefore eukaryotes, but since cyanobacteria and algae often reside in the same niche and may have similar coloration, cyanobacteria were mistakenly considered algae. Additional pigment proteins found in cyanobacteria are the red phycoerythrins and allophycocyanin. These pigments can absorb light at varying wavelengths, and some cyanobacteria can manipulate the amount of phycobiliproteins generated in order to maximize the use of available light spectrum [22, 23]. The phycobilisomes attach to the cell at the membrane enfoldings (thylakoids) where photosynthesis occurs. While not a true organelle, thylakoids are the specialized areas critical for photosynthesis [24]. Another type of pigment that is not within the phycobilisome complex, but is integrated into the cell membrane and is also used to absorb light for photosynthesis is the carotenoids (yellow‐orange range).

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Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 17.7.2020
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Hydrologie / Ozeanografie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• Schlagworte: Abwasserbehandlung • Advanced oxidation processes • Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen • Biological Degradation • Chemical oxidation • Chemie • Chemistry • Civil Engineering & Construction • Conventional water treatment • cyanobacteria • Cyanotoxins • earth sciences • Geowissenschaften • Hydrological Sciences • Hydrologie • membrane technologies • Taste and odor compounds • Toxicity • transformation products • Wasserchemie • Wastewater Purification • water chemistry • Water Treatment
• ISBN-10: 1-118-92866-0 / 1118928660
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-92866-0 / 9781118928660