Recent Advances in Material Sciences (eBook)

Select Proceedings of ICLIET 2018

Satish Pujari, Satuluri Srikiran, Sivarao Subramonian (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2019
XVIII, 790 Seiten
Springer Singapore (Verlag)
978-981-13-7643-6 (ISBN)

Infos

This book comprises select proceedings of the International Conference on Latest Innovations in Materials Engineering and Technology (ICLIET 2018). The book focuses on diverse engineering materials, their design and applications. The materials in discussion include those related to coatings, polymers, composites, tribology, acoustic insulators, lubricants, and cryogenics. The book also highlights emerging nano and micro materials, bio engineering materials, as well as new energy materials for solar cells and photovoltaic cells. This book will serve as an useful reference for students, researchers, and professionals working in the field of materials science and engineering. 

Dr. Satish Pujari is a professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering heading Research & Development Cell at Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology (LIET). Prior to joining LIET in 2015, he served for various institutions since 2006 and also gained years of industrial experience. His research interests include materials engineering, bio-medical engineering and tribology. He has guided several undergraduate and graduate students. Dr. Satish has published more than 25 articles in various international and national journals and conferences, and he hads also attended about 20 workshops and training programs conducted by various organizations. Further, he has served as an editorial board member and as a reviewer for various reputed journals and conferences.

Dr. Satuluri Srikiran received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering in 2016 from Andhra University in the field of nano lubrication used in machining applications. He completed his Masters (CIM) from National Institute of Technology, Warangal in 2001, and his Bachelors in mechanical engineering in the year 1996 from MITS, Gwalior. Currently, he heads the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology affiliated to J.N.T. University, Kakinada. He has more than 18 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include tribology, machining, nano lubrication and metal composites. He has published more than 30 papers and has authored one book. He is an editorial board member of many journals and is also on the reviewers panel of a few journals and conferences. He has completed two projects funded by DST, New Delhi and UGC, New Delhi.

Ir. Ts. Dr. Sivarao Subramonian is a professor at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), heading technology transfer office, specialized in high impact innovation development, intellectual property, and R&D commercialization. Prior to joining UTeM in 2003, he served at three polytechnics since 1991 and further gained years of industrial consultant experience. His major research interests are industrial design, composite materials, innovative engineering, and advanced manufacturing which yielded 150 international and national articles, 40 research grants, 15 patented inventions, and more than 30 international innovation medals. Besides being a keynote speaker in Germany in 2017, he has also acted as a judge for 23 prestigious innovation events including one in Italy. Further, he has served as an editorial board member and a reviewer for more than 14 reputable international journals and conferences.

 

Inhalt

Preface 7
Contents 8
About the Editors 15
Materials Science and Engineering 17
1 Experimental Investigations on Heat Sink Circular Pin Fins and Conical Spines Subjected to Natural Convection 18
Abstract 18
1.1 Introduction 18
1.2 Experimental Set-up 19
1.2.1 Pin Fin Assembly 19
1.2.2 Heating System 20
1.2.3 Formulation of Theoretical Model 21
1.3 Results and Discussions 22
1.3.1 Circular Pin Fin 22
1.3.1.1 Upward Orientation 22
1.3.1.2 Sideward Orientation 23
1.3.2 Cone Pin Fin 27
1.3.2.1 Upward Orientation 27
1.3.2.2 Sideward Orientation 27
1.4 Conclusions 30
References 31
2 Analysis of Mechanical and Thermal Behavior of Sisal Fiber Composites: Review 32
Abstract 32
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Sisal Fiber 33
2.3 Mechanical Behavior of Sisal Fiber Composites 35
2.4 Thermal Behavior of Sisal Fiber Composites 37
2.5 Conclusion 38
References 38
3 Effect of Machining Variables on Cutting Temperature While Rotary Milling of Inconel 625 42
Abstract 42
3.1 Introduction 42
3.1.1 Nickel-Based Superalloys 43
3.1.2 Self-propelled Rotary Tools 44
3.2 Material and Experimental Setup 45
3.2.1 Work Material (Inconel 625) 45
3.2.2 Infrared (IR) Thermometer 46
3.2.3 Working Principle 47
3.2.4 Experimental Setup 47
3.3 Results and Discussion 48
3.4 Conclusions 51
References 51
4 Experimental Investigation of Active Flux Coatings on AA-6082 Using A-TIG Welding Process 52
Abstract 52
4.1 Introduction 52
4.2 Experimentation 55
4.2.1 Preparation of Flux 55
4.2.2 Radio Graphic Testing (RT) 58
4.3 Results and Discussions 58
4.3.1 Observation at Welding Zone 60
4.4 Conclusions 63
References 63
5 Influence of Tool Geometry of Friction Stir Weldments on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of AA2014-T6 Aluminium Alloy 65
Abstract 65
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 Experimental Work 66
5.2.1 Tensile Testing 69
5.2.2 Impact Testing 70
5.2.3 Hardness Testing 70
5.3 Results and Discussions 70
5.3.1 Tensile Properties 70
5.3.2 Percentage of Elongation (% EL) 71
5.3.3 Impact Toughness 72
5.3.4 Hardness Measurement 73
5.3.5 Microstructure 74
5.4 Conclusions 76
References 76
6 Influence of CO2 Laser Beam Welding Process Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Alloy AISI 4130 Steel Welded Joints 78
Abstract 78
6.1 Introduction 78
6.2 Objective of Present Paper 79
6.3 Experimental Methodology 80
6.3.1 Laser Beam Welding Specimen 80
6.3.2 Procedure of Laser Beam Welding 80
6.3.3 Laser Beam Welding Parameters 81
6.3.4 Experimental Results 81
6.4 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 83
6.5 Statistical Validation 84
6.6 Results and Discussion 85
6.7 Evaluation of Optimal Process Condition 86
6.8 Conclusions 88
References 89
7 Mechanical and Welding Properties of A6082–SiC–ZrO2 Hybrid Composite Fabricated by Stir and Squeeze Casting 90
Abstract 90
7.1 Introduction 91
7.2 Experimentation 92
7.2.1 Materials and Manufacturing Process 92
7.2.2 Specimens’ Preparation 94
7.3 Results and Discussion 95
7.3.1 Optical Microstructure 95
7.3.2 SEM Microstructure 96
7.3.3 Hardness 97
7.3.4 Impact Test 98
7.3.4.1 The Charpy Impact Test 98
7.3.4.2 Fractography of the Charpy impact test specimens 99
7.3.5 Compression Test 99
7.3.6 Tensile Test 101
7.3.7 Fractography of Tensile Fractured Surface 102
7.3.8 Hardness of Welded Specimens 102
7.4 Conclusions 104
References 105
8 Effect of Crack Location and Crack Depth on Natural Frequencies of Fixed Beam Using Experimental Modal Analysis 106
Abstract 106
8.1 Introduction 107
8.2 Theoretical Vibration Analysis (Modal Analysis) 108
8.3 Finite Element Modal Analysis (FEMA) 109
8.4 Experimental Modal Analysis 110
8.4.1 Experimental Procedure 110
8.5 Results and Discussion 113
8.6 Conclusions 115
References 116
9 Effect of Cryogenic Coolant on Mechanical Properties and Micrographs of Solid State Welding of 2014 Al Plates 117
Abstract 117
9.1 Introduction 117
9.2 Experimentation 118
9.2.1 WorkPiece Material 118
9.3 Results 120
9.3.1 Microstructure Observation 120
9.3.2 Microhardness 121
9.3.3 Mechanical Properties 121
9.3.4 Fractography Analysis 122
9.4 Conclusion 123
Acknowledgements 123
References 123
10 Prediction of Surface Roughness in Turning of EN19 Steel Using Acoustic Emission 125
Abstract 125
10.1 Introduction 126
10.2 Tools and Materials Used 127
10.2.1 WorkPiece Material 127
10.2.2 Cutting Tool Insert 127
10.2.3 Tool Holder 128
10.2.4 Audio Recorder 128
10.2.5 Audio-Editing Software 128
10.2.6 Lathe 128
10.3 Experimental Procedure 128
10.4 Results and Analysis 129
10.5 Conclusions 133
References 134
11 A Study of Tribological Behavior of AL2014, AL2024 and AL7075 Alloys 135
Abstract 135
11.1 Introduction 136
11.2 Experimentation 136
11.2.1 Sample Preparation 136
11.2.2 Weights of the Aluminum Specimen 137
11.2.3 Hardness Test 137
11.2.4 Testing for Wear of the Specimens 138
11.2.4.1 Pin-on-Disk Apparatus 138
11.2.5 Taguchi L9 Method of Calculation 139
11.2.5.1 Properties of the Array 139
11.3 Tensile Test for AL2014, AL2024, and AL7075 Alloys 140
11.3.1 Tensile Test 140
11.3.1.1 ASTME Standards for Aluminum Alloy Specimens 141
11.3.2 Tensile Test for AL2024 142
11.3.2.1 UTM Results for AL2024 Specimen 142
11.3.3 Tensile Test for AL2014 143
11.3.3.1 UTM Results for AL2014 Specimen 143
11.3.4 Tensile Test for AL7075 144
11.3.4.1 UTM Results for AL7075 Specimen 145
11.4 Results and Discussions 146
11.4.1 Hardness Test Results for AL2024, AL2014, and AL7075 Alloys 146
11.4.2 Graphs for the Wear Test of Aluminum Alloys on the Pin-on-Disk Apparatus 146
11.5 Conclusion 148
References 149
12 Surface Modification of AA 6351 for Improvement of Mechanical Properties Using Friction Stir Processing 150
Abstract 150
12.1 Introduction 150
12.2 Experimental Procedure 153
12.2.1 Friction Stir Processing (FSP) 153
12.3 Results and Discussions 157
12.4 Conclusion 168
References 169
13 Ultimate Load Behaviour of Segmental Composite Slabs at Different Shear Connectors 170
Abstract 170
13.1 Introduction 170
13.2 Literature Review 171
13.3 Modelling and Validation of a Typical Segmental Composite Slab 172
13.3.1 Numerical Model 172
13.3.2 Material Modelling 173
13.3.3 Comparison of Result 173
13.3.4 Design of Shear Connector—Modelling and Analysis of Slabs 174
13.3.5 Geometrical Modelling 175
13.3.6 Boundary Condition 175
13.3.7 Slabs with Truss Type Connectors 176
13.3.8 Lattice-Type Connector 177
13.3.9 Dual-Steel-Type Connector 178
13.4 Results 180
13.5 Comparison of Connectors with Solid Slab 181
13.5.1 One-Way Slab 181
13.5.2 Two-Way Slab 182
13.6 Conclusions 185
References 186
14 Regression Model Developed Using RSM for Predicting Withstanding Pressure of HDPE Pipe During Extrusion Process 187
Abstract 187
14.1 Introduction 188
14.2 Methodology 189
14.2.1 Design of Experiments 189
14.2.2 Analysis of Process Factor 190
14.2.2.1 Response Surface Methodology 190
14.3 Result and Discussion 192
14.4 Conclusion 194
References 195
15 Experimental Investigations on Mould Dilation Characteristics of Synthetic Greensand Systems Using Factorial Design 196
Abstract 196
15.1 Introduction 197
15.2 Literature Review 197
15.3 Experimental Works 198
15.4 Factorial Design 199
15.5 Conclusions 202
Acknowledgements 207
References 207
16 Influence of Titanium Dioxide on the Mechanical Properties of Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Nylon 66 208
Abstract 208
16.1 Introduction 208
16.2 Materials and Experimental Methods 209
16.2.1 Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles 209
16.2.2 Sample Preparation 209
16.3 Characterization and Result 210
16.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction 210
16.4 Mechanical Properties 210
16.4.1 Tensile Test 210
16.4.2 Flexural Test 211
16.5 Morphological Analysis 213
16.6 Conclusion 217
References 217
17 Experimental Testing and Evaluation of Coconut Coir/Rice Husk Fiber Reinforced with Polymer Composites 218
Abstract 218
17.1 Introduction 219
17.1.1 Chemical Treatment of the Fiber 219
17.2 Literature Review 220
17.3 Design Manufacturing and Testing 220
17.3.1 Production of Test Specimen 220
17.4 Mechanical Testing 221
17.5 Results and Discussion 222
17.6 Conclusion 224
References 224
18 Fabrication and Corrosion Behaviour of Aluminium Hybrid and Non-hybrid MMCs Reinforced with B4C and Gr Additions by Powder Metallurgy Technique 225
Abstract 225
18.1 Introduction 226
18.2 Materials and Methods 227
18.2.1 Matrix and Reinforcement Materials 227
18.2.2 Ball Milling 228
18.2.3 Compaction of Mixed Powders 229
18.2.4 Sintering 232
18.3 Microscopic Examination 232
18.4 Corrosion Test 233
18.4.1 Electrochemical Analysis 233
18.4.1.1 Preparation of Test Solution 233
18.4.1.2 Corrosion Procedure 233
18.5 Conclusions 234
Acknowledgements 237
References 237
19 Optimization of Turning Process Parameters Using PSI-Based Desirability-Grey Analysis 239
Abstract 239
19.1 Introduction 239
19.2 Experimental Details 243
19.2.1 Plan of Experiments 243
19.2.2 Methodology 245
19.3 Results and Discussion 247
19.4 Conclusions 252
References 252
20 Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Okra-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 255
Abstract 255
20.1 Introduction 255
20.2 Materials and Methods 256
20.2.1 Materials 256
20.2.2 Fiber Preparation 257
20.2.3 Mold Preparation 257
20.2.4 Fabrication of Composite 257
20.3 Testing of Composites 258
20.3.1 Tensile Test 258
20.3.2 Flexural Test 258
20.3.3 Impact Test 258
20.4 Results and Discussions 258
20.4.1 Tensile Strength 258
20.5 Conclusions 262
References 262
21 Experimental Investigations in Turning of Steel Alloy Under Different Lubrication Conditions 265
Abstract 265
21.1 Introduction 266
21.2 Experimentation 267
21.3 Results and Discussions 267
21.3.1 Optimization and Effect of Process Parameters on Cutting Temperature 268
21.3.2 Effect of Cutting Speed with Type of Lubrication Condition on Cutting Temperature 270
21.3.2.1 Effect of Feed Rate with Type of Lubrication Condition on Cutting Temperature 272
21.3.2.2 Effect of Depth of Cut with Type of Lubrication Condition on Cutting Temperature 273
21.3.2.3 Effect of Type of Tool with Type of Lubrication Condition on Cutting Temperature 273
21.3.3 Influence of Process Parameters 275
21.4 Conclusions 276
References 277
22 Design and Analysis of Car Hood Made with Natural Fibers 279
Abstract 279
22.1 Introduction 280
22.2 Energy Absorption During Collision 281
22.3 Steps Undertaken to Protect Head 282
22.4 Materials Used 283
22.5 Basic Plane Hood Results 283
22.6 Considered Structures for Experimental Analysis 284
22.6.1 Geometry 284
22.6.2 Meshing 284
22.6.3 Equivalent (Von-Misses) Stress 284
22.6.4 Total Deformation 285
22.7 Stiffness of Hood 285
22.7.1 In This Study, Modal Analysis Is Carried Out on Triangular Hood to Identify Frequencies at Ten Different Modes 286
22.7.2 Validation of Three Different Hood Structures 287
22.8 Conclusion 288
References 289
23 Contact Stress Analysis of Structural Steel Gears Under Misalignment of Shafts 290
Abstract 290
23.1 Introduction 291
23.2 Contact Mechanics 292
23.2.1 Hertz’s Contact Stress (Involute Gear Tooth Contact Stress Analysis) 293
23.2.2 Hertz’s Contact Stress 294
23.2.3 Nomenclature of Parameters in Hertz’s Theory 294
23.3 Design and Modeling of Gear 295
23.4 Results and Discussion 298
23.5 Conclusions 302
Acknowledgements 302
References 302
24 Elemental Analysis of Indian Natural Chrysoberyl Gemstones by PIXE Technique 304
Abstract 304
24.1 Introduction 305
24.2 Materials and Methods 306
24.2.1 Mineralogy and Chemistry of Gemstones 306
24.2.2 Sample Collection and Preparation 307
24.2.3 Experimental Procedure 309
24.2.4 Experimental Details of X-ray Diffraction 310
24.2.5 Data Analysis 310
24.3 Results and Discussion 311
24.4 Conclusion 322
Acknowledgements 323
References 323
25 Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Phenol–Formaldehyde Composites Reinforced With Feather Fibre 325
Abstract 325
25.1 Introduction 325
25.2 Experimental 327
25.2.1 Preparation of the Composites 327
25.2.2 Testing 328
25.3 Results and Discussions 329
25.4 Conclusions 332
Acknowledgements 332
References 332
26 Study of Mechanical Properties of Glass–Jute-Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composites by Varying Its Fiber Orientation and Resins 334
Abstract 334
26.1 Introduction 335
26.2 Fabrication of Composites 336
26.2.1 Materials 336
26.2.1.1 Jute Fiber 336
26.2.1.2 Glass Fiber 337
26.2.1.3 General-Purpose Resin 337
26.2.1.4 Isophthalic Resin 337
26.2.1.5 Epoxy Grade Resin 337
26.2.2 Fabrication Process 337
26.3 Testing of Composites 338
26.3.1 Tensile Test 338
26.3.2 Flexural Test 338
26.4 Results and Discussions 339
26.4.1 Effect of Fiber Orientation and Resins Variation on the Tensile Properties of Composites 339
26.4.2 Effect of Fiber Orientation and Resins Orientation on the Flexural Strength and Percentage of Elongation of Composites 341
26.5 Conclusions 342
References 342
27 PIXE Analysis of Indian Natural Lead–Zinc Ores and Rocks 344
Abstract 344
27.1 Introduction 345
27.2 Materials and Methods 347
27.2.1 Sample Collection and Preparation 347
27.2.1.1 Study Area 347
27.2.1.2 Preparation of Pellet Ore Samples 347
27.2.2 Experimental Details 348
27.2.3 Data Analysis 349
27.3 Results and Discussion 349
27.4 Conclusion 355
Acknowledgements 355
References 355
28 Rice Husk Ash Blended M30 Grade Concrete Exposed to Acidic Environment 358
Abstract 358
28.1 Introduction 358
28.2 Experimental Work 359
28.2.1 Materials 359
28.2.2 Mix Proportions 359
28.2.3 Preparation, Curing, and Testing of Specimens 360
28.3 Results and Discussions 361
28.3.1 Concrete Specimens Cured in Water 362
28.3.2 Concrete Specimens Cured in Sulfuric Acid Solutions 362
28.3.2.1 Specimens Cured in 1% Sulfuric Acid Solution 363
28.3.2.2 Specimens Cured in 3% Sulfuric Acid Solution 363
28.3.2.3 Specimens Cured in 5% Sulfuric Acid Solution 364
28.3.3 Concrete Specimens Cured in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions 364
28.3.3.1 Specimens Cured in 1% Hydrochloric Acid Solution 365
28.3.3.2 Specimens Cured in 3% Hydrochloric Acid Solution 365
28.3.3.3 Specimens Cured in 5% Hydrochloric Acid Solution 366
28.4 Conclusion 367
References 367
29 Simulation and Analysis of Residual Stresses in a Laminated Graphite/Epoxy Composite Plate Using HyperMesh 369
Abstract 369
29.1 Introduction 369
29.1.1 HyperMesh 370
29.2 Literature Review 370
29.3 Methodology 370
29.3.1 Analytical Method 371
29.3.2 HyperMesh Procedure 374
29.4 Results and Discussions 375
29.5 Conclusions and Future Scope of Work 378
References 378
30 Study of Mechanical Properties of Banana-Fiber-Reinforced Vinyl Ester Resin Composites 379
Abstract 379
30.1 Introduction 379
30.2 Experimental 380
30.2.1 Preparation of Banana Fiber 380
30.2.2 Tensile Test 380
30.2.3 Flexural Test 381
30.2.4 Impact Test 381
30.3 Results and Discussion 382
30.3.1 Tensile Properties 382
30.3.2 Flexural Properties 382
30.3.3 Impact Properties 383
30.3.4 SEM Analysis 384
30.4 Conclusions 385
References 385
31 Flexural Stress Analysis on Three-Point Bending of Aluminum Matrix Composite 387
Abstract 387
31.1 Introduction 387
31.2 Test Procedure 388
31.3 Data 390
31.4 Equipment Used 390
31.5 Flexural Bend Test Fixtures 391
31.5.1 Point Flexural Bend Fixtures 391
31.6 Composite Material Specimen Fabrication 392
31.7 Flexural Test 394
31.8 Calculations for Three-Point Bending Test 394
31.8.1 Charpy Test 397
31.8.2 IZOD Test 397
31.9 Result and Discussion 398
31.10 Conclusion 398
References 398
32 Optimization of Process Parameters in WEDM on Inconel 600 Using Central Composite Design and Grey Relational Analysis 400
Abstract 400
32.1 Introduction 400
32.2 Experimentation 402
32.3 Multi-objective Optimization 403
32.3.1 Normalization Sequence 404
32.3.2 Determination of Deviation Sequence 405
32.3.3 Determination of Grey Relational Coefficient (GRC) 405
32.3.4 Determination of Grey Relational Grade (GRG) 406
32.4 Results and Discussion 406
32.5 Conclusions 409
References 410
33 Optimization of Process Parameters on Performance Measures of Wire Electrical Discharge Machining on Niobium C-103 Using Taguchi Method 411
Abstract 411
33.1 Introduction 412
33.2 Material and Methodology 413
33.2.1 Design of Experiment based on Taguchi method 413
33.2.2 Measurement of MRR and surface roughness 415
33.3 Results and Discussions 416
33.3.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Surface Roughness 419
33.3.2 Response Table for Surface Roughness 420
33.3.3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for MRR 420
33.4 Conclusions 424
References 424
34 Multi-Response Optimization of Variable Compression Ratio CI Engine Using Grey–Taguchi Method 426
Abstract 426
34.1 Introduction 427
34.2 Experimental Setup 429
34.2.1 Engine and Its Specifications 429
34.2.2 Fuel and Its Properties 429
34.3 Methodology 430
34.3.1 Grey Relational Analysis 430
34.3.1.1 Grey Relational Generation of Data 431
34.3.1.2 Grey Relational Coefficient 432
34.3.1.3 Total and Average Grey Relational Grades 432
34.4 Results and Discussions 432
34.4.1 Grey Relational Generation 432
34.5 ANOVA for Grey Relational Grade 434
34.6 Confirmation Test 435
34.7 Conclusions 435
References 436
35 Mechanical Behavioural Aspects of Al-356 Under the Influence of Boron Carbide and Magnesium 438
Abstract 438
35.1 Introduction 438
35.2 Experimentation 440
35.2.1 Materials and Processing 440
35.2.2 Selection of Testing Standards 442
35.3 Results and Discussions 444
35.4 Conclusions 446
References 447
36 Investigations on Mechanical Properties of Human Hair with Blast Furnace Slag Biocomposites 449
Abstract 449
36.1 Introduction 449
36.2 Experimentation 450
36.2.1 Glass Fiber 450
36.2.2 Hair Fiber 450
36.2.3 Blast Furnace Slag 451
36.2.4 Composite Fabrication 451
36.3 Mechanical Properties 451
36.3.1 Tensile Test 451
36.3.2 Flexural Test 452
36.3.3 Hardness Test 452
36.4 Results and Discussions 453
36.4.1 Tensile Test 453
36.4.2 Flexural Test 454
36.4.3 Brinell’s Hardness Test 454
36.5 Conclusions 455
References 456
37 Fabrication and Testing of Vetiver Fiber-Reinforced Composite 457
Abstract 457
37.1 Introduction 458
37.2 Experimentation 458
37.2.1 Materials 458
37.2.1.1 Resin 458
37.2.1.2 Hardener (Accelerator) 458
37.2.1.3 Glass Fiber 459
37.2.1.4 Vetiver Fiber 459
37.3 Composite Fabrication 459
37.4 Testing of Composite 460
37.4.1 Tensile Test 460
37.4.2 Flexural Test 460
37.4.3 Hardness Test 462
37.4.4 Thermal Conductivity 463
37.5 Results and Discussion 464
37.5.1 Tensile Test 464
37.5.2 Flexural Test 465
37.5.3 Rockwell Hardness 466
37.5.4 Thermal Conductivity 466
37.6 Conclusions 467
References 468
38 The Impact of SiC Powder Additive on Parameters of EDM: A Review 470
Abstract 470
38.1 Introduction 470
38.1.1 The Process Mechanism of PMEDM 471
38.1.2 Dielectric Fluid 472
38.1.3 Principle of PMEDM 474
38.2 Literature Review 474
38.3 Conclusions and Future Scope 477
References 477
39 Fabrication and Testing of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Hybrid Composite Plate with Hemp and Pineapple 479
Abstract 479
39.1 Introduction 479
39.2 Specifications Table 480
39.3 Experimental Design, Materials Used and Methods 480
39.3.1 Materials 480
39.3.2 Chemical Treatment of the Natural Fibres 481
39.3.3 Procedure for Fabrication of Composite Plate 482
39.4 Testing Procedure 483
39.5 Results and Discussion 484
39.5.1 Mechanical Characteristics of Composites 484
39.5.2 Tensile Test Results 485
39.5.3 Tensile Strength Versus % Weight Fraction of Composite 486
39.5.4 Breaking Strength Versus %Weight Fraction of Composite 486
39.5.5 Breaking Load Versus % Weight Fraction of Composite 487
39.5.6 Yield Stress Versus % Elongation Fraction of Composite 488
39.5.7 Elongation Versus % Weight Fraction of Composite 488
39.5.8 Impact Test Results 489
39.6 Conclusion 489
References 489
40 Novel Effects of Phytogenic Bulk Graphene on Germination and Growth of Monocots and Dicots 491
Abstract 491
40.1 Introduction 492
40.2 Materials and Methods 494
40.2.1 Chemicals 494
40.2.2 Synthesis of Phytogenic Graphene (PG) 494
40.2.3 Characterization 494
40.2.4 Seeds 495
40.2.4.1 Germination of Seeds 495
40.2.5 Estimation of Chlorophyll 495
40.2.6 Estimation of Total Soluble Protein 495
40.2.7 Antimicrobial Studies 496
40.3 Results and Discussion 496
40.3.1 Germination, Root Length and Shoot Length 497
40.3.2 Chlorophyll Content 499
40.3.3 Protein 501
40.3.4 Antifungal Activity 501
40.4 Conclusion 502
References 503
Nano Technology 505
41 Fabrication and Characterization of CNT-Based Hybrid Composite 506
Abstract 506
41.1 Introduction 506
41.2 Materials and Experimentation 508
41.2.1 Materials 508
41.2.2 Preparation of CNT Composite 508
41.2.3 Laminate Characterization Through the Standard Mechanical Tests 509
41.2.4 Statistical Procedure 509
41.3 Results and Discussion 510
41.3.1 Maximum Load Withstand by the Specimen 510
41.3.2 Results of Tensile Strength for the Specimens 510
41.3.3 Results of Flexural Strength for the Specimens 512
41.3.4 Results of Flexural Modulus for the Specimens 512
41.3.5 Results of Hardness Test for the Specimens 513
41.3.6 Development of Regression Model 514
41.3.7 Regression Equation for Tensile Stress 514
41.3.8 Regression Equation for Flexural Stress 514
41.3.9 Regression Equation for Flexural Modulus 516
41.4 Conclusion 516
References 517
42 Experimental Investigation of Nano-Graphite Cutting Fluid on EN-8 Steel Using Eco-friendly Oils with MQL Process 519
Abstract 519
42.1 Introduction 520
42.1.1 Minimum Quality Lubrication 520
42.1.2 Nano-Fluids 521
42.2 Experimental Procedure 522
42.2.1 Stability of Nano-fluid 524
42.2.2 Machining Parameters 525
42.3 Results and Discussion 528
42.3.1 Tool Wear 528
42.3.2 Temperature 529
42.3.3 Cutting Chips 531
42.3.4 Surface Roughness 531
42.4 Conclusions 533
References 535
43 Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Ag-Nps for Endodontics 537
Abstract 537
43.1 Introduction 537
43.2 Literature Survey 538
43.3 Materials and Methods 539
43.4 Synthesis and Characterization of AG-Nps 539
43.5 Endodontics 540
43.6 Results and Discussions 542
43.7 Conclusion 542
References 542
44 Structural Studies on the Trivalent Gadolinium Substituted Ni–Zn Ferrite System 544
Abstract 544
44.1 Introduction 544
44.2 Experimental 545
44.3 Results and Discussion 545
44.3.1 X-ray Analysis 545
44.4 Conclusions 548
References 548
45 Effect of Amalgamation of Al2O3 and Mustard Oil Nanofluids in the Machining of EN8 549
Abstract 549
45.1 Introduction 550
45.2 Materials Used in Experimentation 551
45.2.1 EN8 551
45.2.2 Al2O3 (Aluminium Oxide Powder) 551
45.2.3 Mustard Oil 552
45.3 Preparation of Amalgamated Al2O3 and Mustard Oil Nanolubricants 552
45.3.1 Samples Preparation 553
45.3.2 Thermal Properties for Prepared Amalgamated Al2O3 and Mustard Oil Nanolubricants 554
45.4 Experimental Evaluation 554
45.4.1 Scheme of Experiment 555
45.5 Results and Discussion 556
45.5.1 Surface Finish 557
45.5.2 Tool Wear 557
45.5.3 Tool and Work piece Temperatures 559
45.5.4 Chip Morphology 560
45.6 Conclusions 562
References 562
46 Experimental Investigation of Physical and Chemical Properties of the Biodiesel and Diesel Blended with Al2O3 Nanoparticles 564
Abstract 564
46.1 Introduction 565
46.2 Experimental Procedure 567
46.2.1 Biodiesel Preparation 567
46.2.2 Preparation of Nanoadditive Cottonseed Biodiesel Blends 568
46.3 Properties Analysis 568
46.3.1 Variation of Viscosity 568
46.3.2 Variation of Flash Point and Fire Point 569
46.3.3 Variation of Calorific Value 571
46.4 Conclusions 572
References 573
47 Study of Bismuth Ferrite-Silver Ferrite Nanocomposite About Structure, Characterization, Magnetic Properties and Band Gap Evaluation 574
Abstract 574
47.1 Introduction 575
47.2 Experimental 575
47.3 Characterization 576
47.4 Results and Discussion 576
47.5 Conclusions 581
47.6 Acknowledgement 581
References 581
48 Effect of Nd3+ Doped on Structural and Physical Properties of Nanocrystalline Ni–Zn Ferrites 583
Abstract 583
48.1 Introduction 583
48.2 Experimental Details 584
48.3 Result and Discussion 584
48.3.1 Lattice Constant, Density, and Grain Size 584
48.3.2 Cation Distribution and Structural Parameter’s 587
48.4 Conclusions 589
References 590
49 Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Rate by CuO Nanofluid with Twisted-Tape Inserts 591
Abstract 591
49.1 Introduction 591
49.2 Methods and Materials 592
49.2.1 Experimental Setup 592
49.2.2 Preparation of Nanofluid 593
49.2.3 Twisted-Tape Insert 594
49.2.4 Twisted Tape Characteristics 594
49.3 Result Analysis 595
49.3.1 Distilled Water with Inserts Having Different TR and Without Insert 595
49.3.2 0.1% Volume Concentration of CuO/Water Nanofluid with Inserts Having Different TR and Without Insert 596
49.3.3 0.3% Volume Concentration of CuO/Water Nanofluid with Inserts Having Different TR and Without Insert 597
49.3.4 0.5% Volume Concentration of CuO/Water Nanofluid with Inserts Having Different TR and Without Insert 597
49.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 598
49.4.1 Conclusion 598
49.4.2 Future Scope 598
References 599
50 Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Characterization of Nanoclay-Reinforced Banana Fiber/E-Glass/Epoxy Resin Hybrid Nanocomposite 600
Abstract 600
50.1 Introduction 601
50.2 Methodology 602
50.2.1 Materials 602
50.2.1.1 Banana Fiber 603
50.2.1.2 E-Glass Fiber 603
50.2.1.3 Nanoclay 603
50.2.1.4 Epoxy Resin (LY556) and Curing Agent (Hardener, HY951) 604
50.2.2 Functionalization 605
50.3 Fabrication of Hybrid Laminated Composites 606
50.3.1 Non-infusion of Nanoclay 606
50.3.2 Infusion of Nanoclay 607
50.4 Preparation of Test Specimens and Tests 608
50.4.1 Tensile Test 609
50.4.2 Izod Impact Test 609
50.4.3 3-Point Flexural Test 610
50.5 Results and Discussions 611
50.5.1 Tensile Strength 611
50.5.2 Flexural Strength 611
50.5.3 Izod Impact Strength 614
50.6 Conclusions 615
References 615
51 Synthesis and Characterization of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Applicability as Fuel Catalyst 617
Abstract 617
51.1 Introduction 618
51.1.1 General Introduction to Nanoparticles 618
51.1.2 Application of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle as Fuel Additive 618
51.2 Synthesis of CeO2 Nanoparticles 619
51.2.1 Preparation of CeO2 Using Co-Precipitation 619
51.3 Characterization of CeO2 620
51.3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of CeO2 620
51.3.2 UV Absorption and Transmittance 620
51.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) Analysis 620
51.4 Experimental Investigations of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle as Additive 622
51.4.1 Engine Specifications 622
51.4.2 Performance and Emissions Analysis with Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle as Additives 623
51.4.2.1 Observations of Brake Thermal Efficiency with Brake Power 623
51.4.2.2 Observations of Brake Power in Terms of BSFC 623
51.4.2.3 Observations of Load Versus Carbon Monoxide Emission 623
51.5 Conclusions 624
References 624
52 Influence of Milling and Heat Treatment on Phase Evolution and Microstructural Characteristics of Silicon Carbide Powders 626
Abstract 626
52.1 Introduction 626
52.2 Experimental Procedure 627
52.2.1 High-Energy Ball Milling 627
52.2.2 X-ray Diffraction Studies 627
52.2.3 Morphology Studies 627
52.3 Results and Discussion 628
52.3.1 As-Received and Milled SiC Powder Particles 628
52.3.2 Phase Analysis 628
52.3.3 Heat-Treated SiC Powder Particles 630
52.3.4 TEM Analysis 631
52.4 Conclusions 631
References 631
53 Experimental Investigations on the Tribological Properties of Jatropha Oil by the Addition of Graphite Nanoparticles 633
Abstract 633
53.1 Introduction 634
53.2 Preparation of Nano-Biolubricant Using Ultrasonicator 635
53.2.1 Jatropha Oil Properties 635
53.3 Experimental Methodologies 637
53.3.1 Pin-on-Disc Apparatus 637
53.4 Results and Discussion 638
53.4.1 Wear, Frictional Force and Coefficient of Friction Results 638
53.4.2 Wear Characteristics 638
53.4.3 Frictional Force Characteristics 641
53.4.4 Coefficient of Friction Characteristics 642
53.4.5 Kinematic Viscosity Test 643
53.4.6 Flash Point and Fire Point 644
53.5 Conclusion 644
References 645
54 Characterization of Banana Natural Fiber Nanocomposites by Thermal Analysis 646
Abstract 646
54.1 Introduction 646
54.2 Experimental Study 648
54.2.1 Preparation of BNF Composite 648
54.2.2 Study of BNF Composite—Thermal Properties 649
54.3 Results and Discussion 649
54.3.1 Thermal Degradation by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 649
54.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis 652
54.4 Conclusions 654
Acknowledgements 655
References 655
55 Effect of H3BO3 (nm) and TiO2 (µm) Mixture on Minimum Quantity Lubrication Machining of EN 24 Steel 658
Abstract 658
55.1 Introduction 659
55.2 Experimental Setup 660
55.3 Study of the Mechanical Properties 662
55.3.1 Comparison of the Mechanical Properties 662
55.4 Results and Discussions 664
55.5 Conclusions 665
References 665
Bio Materials 666
56 Polyurethane Elastomer—A Low-Cost Artificial Epidermal Skin 667
Abstract 667
56.1 Introduction 668
56.2 Methodology 670
56.2.1 Assumptions 670
56.2.2 Loading Conditions 670
56.3 Results and Analysis 673
56.4 Conclusions 677
References 678
57 Biodiesel Production Using Second-Generation Feedstocks: A Review 679
Abstract 679
57.1 Introduction 679
57.2 Necessity of Alternative Sources and Advantages 680
57.3 Biodiesel and Its Properties 681
57.4 Materials Used in Biodiesel Production 683
57.5 Methods of Biodiesel Production 686
57.5.1 Direct Use or Blending with Diesel Fuel (Dilution) 686
57.5.2 Micro-emulsification 687
57.5.3 Thermal Cracking (Pyrolysis) 687
57.5.4 Transesterification 688
57.5.4.1 Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification Process 689
57.5.4.2 Alkali-Catalyzed (Base) Transesterification Process 690
57.6 Various Factors Influencing Transesterification Process 691
57.6.1 Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) Content 691
57.6.2 Molar Ratio of Alcohol (Methanol) to Triglycerides 692
57.6.3 Concentration of Catalyst 692
57.6.4 Reaction Temperature 692
57.6.5 Reaction Time 693
57.6.6 Moisture Content 693
57.7 Conclusion 693
Acknowledgements 694
References 694
58 Analysis on CI Engine with Thermal Barrier Coating and Biodiesel Blends 696
Abstract 696
58.1 Introduction 696
58.2 Experimentation 697
58.2.1 Materials and Methods 697
58.2.2 Biodiesel Preparation and Coated Material 698
58.2.3 Experimental Set-up 699
58.3 Results and Discussion 701
58.3.1 Effect on Performance Characteristics 702
58.3.2 Effect on Emission Characteristics 702
58.4 Conclusion 705
References 705
Batteries and Energy Materials 707
59 Design and Simulation of Thermoelectric Heat Pump 708
Abstract 708
59.1 Introduction 709
59.1.1 General Description of THP 711
59.2 Literature Review 712
59.3 Analytical Procedure for Optimal Design 712
59.3.1 Seebeck–Thomson Model 714
59.4 Results and Discussions 715
59.5 Extended Work: Simulation of THP 718
59.6 Simulation Results and Comparison with Experimental Results 722
59.7 Conclusion 726
References 727
60 Design and Analysis on Structure of a Solar Tree for 3 kW Capacity 729
Abstract 729
60.1 Introduction 730
60.1.1 Advantages 730
60.1.2 Applications 730
60.1.3 Specifications 731
60.2 Literature Review 731
60.3 Objective 731
60.4 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Using ANSYS 733
60.5 Results and Analysis 734
60.6 Conclusions 737
References 739
61 Estimation of Power and Delay in CMOS Circuits Using Leakage Control Transistors 740
Abstract 740
61.1 Introduction 740
61.1.1 NAND Gate 741
61.1.1.1 Exclusive-or Gate (XOR) 742
61.1.1.2 Combinational Logic Circuits 743
61.1.1.3 Full Adder 743
61.1.1.4 Parallel Adder/Subtractor 744
61.1.1.5 CMOS Logic Family 745
61.1.1.6 CMOS NAND 745
61.1.1.7 Lector Technique 746
61.2 Simulation 748
61.3 Results 749
61.4 Conclusion 752
References 752
62 Structural and Electrical Conductivity Studies of Ce and Zn Substituted LiMn2O4 Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries 754
Abstract 754
62.1 Introduction 754
62.2 Experimental Method 755
62.3 Results and Discussions 756
62.3.1 XRD Studies 756
62.3.2 SEM Studies 757
62.3.3 FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies 759
62.3.4 Impedance Studies 759
62.3.4.1 Electrical Conductivity Studies 762
62.3.4.2 Modulus Studies 765
62.3.4.3 Dielectric Studies 767
62.4 Conclusions 769
Acknowledgements 769
References 769

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 6.8.2019
• Reihe/Serie: Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering
• Reihe/Serie: Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering
• Zusatzinfo: XVIII, 790 p. 598 illus., 514 illus. in color.
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Bio engineering materials • ceramics and glasses • ICLIET 2018 • nano-composites • Nano electronics and photonics • Optical and magnetic materials • Thermo electric materials
• ISBN-10: 981-13-7643-3 / 9811376433
• ISBN-13: 978-981-13-7643-6 / 9789811376436