Electrochemical Engineering (eBook)

Thomas F. Fuller, John N. Harb (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2018
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-119-44658-3 (ISBN)

Infos

A Comprehensive Reference for Electrochemical Engineering Theory and Application

From chemical and electronics manufacturing, to hybrid vehicles, energy storage, and beyond, electrochemical engineering touches many industries-any many lives-every day. As energy conservation becomes of central importance, so too does the science that helps us reduce consumption, reduce waste, and lessen our impact on the planet. Electrochemical Engineering provides a reference for scientists and engineers working with electrochemical processes, and a rigorous, thorough text for graduate students and upper-division undergraduates.

Merging theoretical concepts with widespread application, this book is designed to provide critical knowledge in a real-world context. Beginning with the fundamental principles underpinning the field, the discussion moves into industrial and manufacturing processes that blend central ideas to provide an advanced understanding while explaining observable results. Fully-worked illustrations simplify complex processes, and end-of chapter questions help reinforce essential knowledge.

With in-depth coverage of both the practical and theoretical, this book is both a thorough introduction to and a useful reference for the field. Rigorous in depth, yet grounded in relevance, Electrochemical Engineering: 

• Introduces basic principles from the standpoint of practical application
• Explores the kinetics of electrochemical reactions with discussion on thermodynamics, reaction fundamentals, and transport
• Covers battery and fuel cell characteristics, mechanisms, and system design
• Delves into the design and mechanics of hybrid and electric vehicles, including regenerative braking, start-stop hybrids, and fuel cell systems
• Examines electrodeposition, redox-flow batteries, electrolysis, regenerative fuel cells, semiconductors, and other applications of electrochemical engineering principles

Overlapping chemical engineering, chemistry, material science, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering, electrochemical engineering covers a diverse array of phenomena explained by some of the important scientific discoveries of our time. Electrochemical Engineering provides the critical understanding required to work effectively with these processes as they become increasingly central to global sustainability.

THOMAS F. FULLER is Professor of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and a Technical Editor for the Journal of the Electrochemical Society, responsible for fuel cells, electrolyzers, and energy conversion.

JOHN N. HARB is Professor of Chemical Engineering in the Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering and Technology at Brigham Young University.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Preface 11
List of Symbols 13
About the Companion Website 17
Chapter 1: Introduction and Basic Principles 20
1.1 Electrochemical Cells 20
1.2 Characteristics of Electrochemical Reactions 21
1.3 Importance of ElectrochemicalSystems 23
1.4 Scientific Units, Constants, Conventions 24
1.5 Faraday’s Law 25
1.6 Faradaic Efficiency 27
1.7 Current Density 28
1.8 Potential and Ohm’s Law 28
1.9 Electrochemical Systems: Example 29
Closure 32
Further Reading 32
Problems 32
Chapter 2: Cell Potential and Thermodynamics 34
2.1 Electrochemical Reactions 34
2.2 Cell Potential 34
2.3 Expression for Cell Potential 36
2.4 Standard Potentials 37
2.5 Effect of Temperature on StandardPotential 40
2.6 Simplified Activity Correction 41
2.7 Use of the Cell Potential 43
2.8 Equilibrium Constants 44
2.9 Pourbaix Diagrams 44
2.10 Cells with a Liquid Junction 46
2.11 Reference Electrodes 46
2.12 Equilibrium at Electrode Interface 49
2.13 Potential in Solution Due to Charge: Debye–Hückel Theory 50
2.14 Activities and Activity Coefficients 52
2.15 Estimation of Activity Coefficients 54
Closure 55
Further Reading 55
Problems 55
Chapter 3: Electrochemical Kinetics 60
3.1 Double Layer 60
3.2 Impact of Potential on Reaction Rate 61
3.3 Use of the Butler–Volmer Kinetic Expression 65
3.4 Reaction Fundamentals 68
3.5 Simplified Forms of the Butler–VolmerEquation 69
3.6 Direct Fitting of the Butler–VolmerEquation 71
3.7 The Influence of Mass Transfer on the Reaction Rate 73
3.8 Use of Kinetic Expressions in Full Cells 74
3.9 Current Efficiency 77
Closure 77
Further Reading 78
Problems 78
Chapter 4: Transport 82
4.1 Fick’s Law 82
4.2 Nernst–Planck Equation 82
4.3 Conservation of Material 84
4.4 Transference Numbers, Mobilities, and Migration 90
4.5 Convective Mass Transfer 94
4.6 Concentration Overpotential 98
4.7 Current Distribution 101
4.8 Membrane Transport 105
Closure 107
Further Reading 107
Problems 107
Chapter 5: Electrode Structures and Configurations 112
5.1 Mathematical Description of Porous Electrodes 113
5.2 Characterization of Porous Electrodes 115
5.3 Impact of Porous Electrode onTransport 116
5.4 Current Distributions in Porous Electrodes 117
5.5 The Gas–Liquid Interface in Porous Electrodes 121
5.6 Three-Phase Electrodes 122
5.7 Electrodes with Flow 124
Closure 127
Further Reading 127
Problems 127
Chapter 6: Electroanalytical Techniques and Analysis of Electrochemical Systems 132
6.1 Electrochemical Cells, Instrumentation, and Some Practical Issues 132
6.2 Overview 134
6.3 Step Change in Potential or Current for a Semi-Infinite Planar Electrode in a Stagnant Electrolyte 135
6.4 Electrode Kinetics and Double-Layer Charging 137
6.5 Cyclic Voltammetry 141
6.6 Stripping Analyses 146
6.7 Electrochemical Impedance 148
6.8 Rotating Disk Electrodes 155
6.9 iR Compensation 158
6.10 Microelectrodes 160
Closure 164
Further Reading 164
Problems 164
Chapter 7: Battery Fundamentals 170
7.1 Components of a Cell 170
7.2 Classification of Batteries and Cell Chemistries 171
7.3 Theoretical Capacity and State of Charge 175
7.4 Cell Characteristics and Electrochemical Performance 177
7.5 Ragone Plots 182
7.6 Heat Generation 183
7.7 Efficiency of Secondary Cells 185
7.8 Charge Retention and Self-Discharge 186
7.9 Capacity Fade in Secondary Cells 187
Closure 188
Further Reading 188
Problems 188
Chapter 8: Battery Applications: Cell and Battery Pack Design 194
8.1 Introduction to Battery Design 194
8.2 Battery Layout Using a Specific Cell Design 195
8.3 Scaling of Cells to Adjust Capacity 197
8.4 Electrode and Cell Design to Achieve Rate Capability 200
8.5 Cell Construction 202
8.6 Charging of Batteries 203
8.7 Use of Resistance to Characterize Battery Peformance 204
8.8 Battery Management 205
8.9 Thermal Management Systems 207
8.10 Mechanical Considerations 209
Closure 210
Further Reading 210
Problems 210
Chapter 9: Fuel-Cell Fundamentals 214
9.1 Introduction 214
9.2 Types of Fuel Cells 216
9.3 Current–Voltage Characteristics and Polarizations 217
9.4 Effect of Operating Conditions andMaximum Power 221
9.5 Electrode Structure 224
9.6 Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells 225
9.7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 230
Closure 234
Further Reading 234
Problems 235
Chapter 10: Fuel-Cell Stack and System Design 242
10.1 Introduction and Overview of Systems Analysis 242
10.2 Basic Stack Design Concepts 245
10.3 Cell Stack Configurations 247
10.4 Basic Construction and Components 248
10.5 Utilization of Oxidant and Fuel 250
10.6 Flow-Field Design 254
10.7 Water and Thermal Management 257
10.8 Structural–MechanicalConsiderations 260
10.9 Case Study 264
Closure 266
Further Reading 266
Problems 266
Chapter 11: Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors 270
11.1 Capacitor Introduction 270
11.2 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitance 272
11.3 Current–Voltage Relationship for Capacitors 278
11.4 Porous EDLC Electrodes 280
11.5 Impedance Analysis of EDLCs 282
11.6 Full Cell EDLC Analysis 285
11.7 Power and Energy Capabilities 286
11.8 Cell Design, Practical Operation, andElectrochemical Capacitor Performance 288
11.9 Pseudo-Capacitance 290
Closure 292
Further Reading 292
Problems 292
Chapter 12: Energy Storage and Conversion for Hybrid and Electrical Vehicles 296
12.1 Why Electric and Hybrid-ElectricSystems? 296
12.2 Driving Schedules and Power Demand in Vehicles 298
12.3 Regenerative Braking 300
12.4 Battery Electrical Vehicle 301
12.5 Hybrid Vehicle Architectures 303
12.6 Start–Stop Hybrid 304
12.7 Batteries for Full-Hybrid Electric Vehicles 306
12.8 Fuel-Cell Hybrid Systems for Vehicles 310
Closure 312
Further Reading 313
Problems 313
Appendix: Primer on Vehicle Dynamics 314
Chapter 13: Electrodeposition 318
13.1 Overview 318
13.2 Faraday’s Law and Deposit Thickness 319
13.3 Electrodeposition Fundamentals 319
13.4 Formation of Stable Nuclei 322
13.5 Nucleation Rates 324
13.6 Growth of Nuclei 327
13.7 Deposit Morphology 329
13.8 Additives 330
13.9 Impact of Current Distribution 331
13.10 Impact of Side Reactions 333
13.11 Resistive Substrates 335
Closure 338
Further Reading 338
Problems 338
Chapter 14: Industrial Electrolysis, Electrochemical Reactors, and Redox-Flow Batteries 342
14.1 Overview of Industrial Electrolysis 342
14.2 Performance Measures 343
14.3 Voltage Losses and the Polarization Curve 347
14.4 Design of Electrochemical Reactors for Industrial Applications 350
14.5 Examples of Industrial Electrolytic Processes 356
14.6 Thermal Management and Cell Operation 360
14.7 Electrolytic Processes for a Sustainable Future 362
14.8 Redox-Flow Batteries 367
Closure 369
Further Reading 369
Problems 369
Chapter 15: Semiconductor Electrodes and Photoelectrochemical Cells 374
15.1 Semiconductor Basics 374
15.2 Energy Scales 377
15.3 Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interface 379
15.4 Current Flow in the Dark 382
15.5 Light Absorption 385
15.6 Photoelectrochemical Effects 387
15.7 Open-Circuit Voltage for Illuminated Electrodes 388
15.8 Photo-Electrochemical Cells 389
Closure 394
Further Reading 394
Problems 394
Chapter 16: Corrosion 398
16.1 Corrosion Fundamentals 398
16.2 Thermodynamics of Corrosion Systems 399
16.3 Corrosion Rate for Uniform Corrosion 402
16.4 Localized Corrosion 409
16.5 Corrosion Protection 413
Closure 418
Further Reading 418
Problems 418
Appendix A: Electrochemical Reactions and Standard Potentials 422
Appendix B: Fundamental Constants 423
Appendix C: Thermodynamic Data 424
Appendix D: Mechanics of Materials 427
Index 432
End User License Agreement 437

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 15.2.2018
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Physikalische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Schlagworte: battery design • Battery fundamentals • chemical engineering • Chemie • Chemische Verfahrenstechnik • Chemistry • Corrosion • Electrochemical analysis • Electrochemical Capacitors • electrochemical cell potential • electrochemical double layer capacitors • electrochemical dynamics • electrochemical engineering and sustainability • electrochemical engineering applications • electrochemical engineering concepts • electrochemical engineering fundamentals • electrochemical engineering graduate • electrochemical engineering guide • electrochemical engineering in industry • electrochemical engineering laws • electrochemical engineering principles • electrochemical engineering reference • electrochemical engineering technology • electrochemical engineering text • Electrochemical Kinetics • electrochemical mechanics • electrochemical problems • electrochemical reactions • electrochemical systems • electrochemical thermodynamics • Electrochemistry • Electrochemistry basics • Electrodeposition • Electrodes • Electronics Design • Elektrochemie • Energie • Energiespeicherung • Energy • energy conversion • Energy Storage • fuel cell design • fuel cell dynamics • fuel cell fundamentals • hybrid fuel cells • Industrial electrolysis • Metalle • photoelectrochemical cells • porous electrode • practical electrochemistry • Regenerative Fuel Cells • semiconductor electrodes • semiconductors • sustainability science • undergraduate electrochemical engineering
• ISBN-10: 1-119-44658-9 / 1119446589
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-44658-3 / 9781119446583