Magnesium Technology 2018 (eBook)

Dmytro Orlov, Vineet Joshi, Kiran N. Solanki, Neale R. Neelameggham (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2018 | 1st ed. 2018
XXI, 448 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-72332-7 (ISBN)

Infos

The Magnesium Technology Symposium, the event on which this collection is based, is one of the largest yearly gatherings of magnesium specialists in the world. Papers represent all aspects of the field, ranging from primary production to applications to recycling. Moreover, papers explore everything from basic research findings to industrialization. Magnesium Technology 2017 covers a broad spectrum of current topics, including alloys and their properties; cast products and processing; wrought products and processing; forming, joining, and machining; corrosion and surface finishing; ecology; and structural applications. In addition, there is coverage of new and emerging applications.

Kiran N. Solanki is an associate professor of mechanical engineering in the School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy (SEMTE) at Arizona State University (ASU). Prior to coming to ASU, he was an associate director for the Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems at Mississippi State University (MSU). Dr. Solanki received his Ph.D. from MSU in December 2008. Dr. Solanki's research interest is at the interface of solid mechanics and material science, with a focus on characterizing and developing microstructure-based structure-property relationships across multiple length and time scales. To date, he has coauthored more than 60 journal articles, four book chapters, and more than 35 conference proceedings with faculty and students at ASU and MSU. In addition, his paper published in Engineering Fracture Mechanics was recognized as one of the most highly cited papers from years 2002 to 2005. For his efforts to promote the education of engineering students in the area of fatigue technology, he was awarded the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Henry O. Fuch Award by the SAE Fatigue Design & Evaluation Committee. In 2011, Dr. Solanki received The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society's (TMS) Light Metals Magnesium Best Fundamental Research Paper Award for his work on predicting deformation and failure behavior in magnesium alloys using a multiscale modeling approach. He received the 2013 TMS Light Metals Division Young Leader Professional Development Award; the 2013 Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Research Award; the 2013 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Orr Award for Early Career Excellence in Fatigue, Fracture, and Creep; and the 2016 Science Award from ECI/ONR.

Co-Editors

Dmytro Orlov, Ph.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Materials Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering (LTH) in Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Among other professional activities, at present he has a joint appointment as a senior scientist at the University of Nova Gorica in Slovenia and serves as a Vice Chair of the Magnesium Committee of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS).

Dr. Orlov obtained all graduate degrees at Donetsk National Technical University in Ukraine. During his Ph.D. studies he joined a research institute within National Academy of Sciences-Ukraine where he spent ten years, and then almost ten years on postdoctoral and senior research positions in world-renowned laboratories at Osaka, Kyoto, and Ritumeikan Universities in Japan, Monash University in Australia, and University of Nova Gorica in Slovenia. In the latter university he also received habilitation. To date, his track record includes more than 20 research projects, seven patents, more than 70 research papers and books, and approximately as many lectures at international meetings among which more than 20 were invited.

Dr. Orlov's background is in the engineering of thermo-mechanical processing technologies for metallic materials fabrication with a core expertise in the design of deformation processing based techniques. The primary scope of his laboratory within LTH is the engineering of novel hybrid, composite and mono-materials with hierarchical structures architectured from atomic- through to macro-scales. His present research interests and ongoing research projects are focused on the design of Mg alloys for biomedical and lightweight mobility applications, multi-scale architectured structures with topological control of their heterogeneity, and the development of relevant in-situ characterization techniques at large-scale facilities.

Alok Singh is a chief researcher in the Structural Materials Unit of National Institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba, Japan. He studied metallurgical engineering at undergraduate, masters, and doctoral levels. His Ph.D. work at the Indian Institute of Science was on the study of quasicrystalline and related intermetallic phases in aluminum alloys by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). He tackled the complex structures and reciprocal space of quasicrystals and its indexing problems.

After working for several years studying advanced materials by TEM at the Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, and visited National Research Institute for Metals in Japan, he moved to his present working place National Institute for Materials Science in 2002, and started working on magnesium alloys with special emphasis on Mg-Zn-RE alloys containing stable quasicrystal phase. His work has demonstrated very high strength with ductility in these alloys. These high mechanical properties have been analyzed with respect to microstructural characteristics. He has employed TEM to study dislocations, grain boundaries and twins, and interactions among these, to understand deformation behavior of magnesium alloys. Recently, he is applying advanced TEM techniques of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to study severely plastically deformed (SPD, a current trend in materials to achieve nano-scale microstructures) magnesium alloys, which is a challenge for the conventional TEM because of the strong contrast from high amount of mechanical strain. He has more than 90 refereed publications, more than 30 contributions to proceedings, and several patents on magnesium alloys.

As a member of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Societ (TMS), he is a regular attendee of TMS annual meetings and has been involved with the Magnesium Committee for many years. He has been JOM representative and Vice Chair of the Magnesium Committee. He received the TMS Magnesium Fundamental Research Award for year 2009 along with his coworkers.

Neale R. Neelameggham is 'The Guru' at IND LLC, involved in international consulting in the field of metals and associated chemicals (boron, magnesium, titanium, and lithium and rare earth elements), thiometallurgy, energy technologies, soil biochemical reactor design, etc. He was a visiting expert at Beihang University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, China. He was a plenary speaker at the Light Metal Symposium in South Africa - on low carbon dioxide emission processes for magnesium.

Dr. Neelameggham has more than 38 years of expertise in magnesium production and was involved in process development of its startup company NL Magnesium through to the present US Magnesium LLC, UT until 2011. Neelameggham and Brian Davis authored the ICE-JNME award winning (2016) paper-'21^st Century Global Anthropogenic Warming Convective Model'-which notes that constrained air mass warming is independent of the energy conversion source - fossil or renewable energy. He is presently developing Agricoal™ and agricoalture to improve arid soils.

Dr. Neelameggham holds 16 patents and patent applications, and has published several technical papers. He has served on the Magnesium Committee of the Light Metals Division (LMD) of TMS since its inception in 2000, chaired it in 2005, and in 2007 he was made a permanent co-organizer for the Magnesium Symposium. He has been a member of the Reactive Metals Committee, Recycling Committee, and Titanium Committee, and has been the Programming Committee Representative of LMD and LMD Council.

Dr. Neelameggham was the inaugural chair, when in 2008, LMD and EPD (Extraction & Processing Division) created the Energy Committee, and has been a co-editor of the energy technology symposium proceedings through the present. He received the LMD Distinguished Service Award in 2010. While he was the chair of the Hydro and Electrometallurgy Committee he initiated the rare metal technology symposium in 2014. He is co-editor of the 2017 proceedings for the symposia on magnesium technology, energy technology, rare metal technology and solar cell silicon.

Wim H. Sillekens is a project manager in the Strategic & Emerging Technologies Team at the research and technology center of the European Space Agency (ESA-ESTEC), where he is currently acting as the coordinator of the European Community research project ExoMet. He obtained his Ph.D. from Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands, on a subject relating to metal-forming technology. Since he has been engaged in aluminum and magnesium research, amongst others on (hydro-mechanical) forming, recycling/refining, (hydrostatic) extrusion, forging, magnesium-based biodegradable implants, and as of late on light-metal matrix nanocomposites and grain-refined materials. His professional career includes positions as a post-doc researcher at his alma mater and as a research scientist / project leader at the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO). International working experience includes a placement as a research fellow at MEL (now AIST) in Tsukuba, Japan. He has (co)-authored a variety of publications (about 150 entries to date). Other professional activities include an involvement in association activities (amongst others, as the lead organizer of TMS Magnesium Technology 2011), international conference committees, and as a peer reviewer of research papers and proposals. Research interests are in physical and mechanical metallurgy in general and in light-metals technology in particular.

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contents 7
About the Editors 13
Magnesium Technology 18
Magnesium Alloy Development: An LMD Symposium in Honor of Karl Kainer 18
Magnesium Technology 2018 18
Magnesium Alloy Development: An LMD Symposium in Honor of Karl Kainer 18
Session Chairs 18
Reviewer Pool 19
Magnesium Technology 2018 20
1 Mg Alloys: Challenges and Achievements in Controlling Performance, and Future Application Perspectives 21
Abstract 21
Introduction 21
Wrought Alloys 21
TRC-Twin Roll Casting 22
Extrusion 24
Creep Resistant Alloys 24
Mg-Based Nanocomposites 26
Corrosion and Corrosion Protection 27
Mg Biomaterials 28
Mg Batteries 30
Conclusions 30
References 30
2 Solute/Stacking Fault Energies in Mg and Implications for Ductility 33
Abstract 33
References 34
3 Recent Developments in Magnesium Alloy Corrosion Research 35
Abstract 35
4 Towards Active Corrosion Protection of Mg Alloys Using Corrosion Inhibition Approaches 36
Abstract 36
References 37
5 Ni-P-MWNTs Composite Coatings on Magnesium Alloys AZ31 Part 1: MWNTs Content in Coating 38
Abstract 38
Experimental 39
Results and Discussion 39
Conclusion 41
Acknowledgements 41
References 41
6 Ni-P-MWNTs Composite Coatings on Magnesium Alloys AZ31 Part 2: Tribological Behavior and MWNTs Content in Coating 43
Abstract 43
Experimental 43
Results and Discussion 44
Electrochemical Corrosion Resistance of Ni-P-MWNTs Composite Coating 44
Friction Properties of Ni-P-MWNTs Composite Coating 44
Conclusion 45
Acknowledgements 45
References 45
7 Adding Dimensions to the Immersion Testing of Magnesium Corrosion 47
Abstract 47
Introduction 47
Materials 47
Methods 48
Isothermal calorimetry 48
Pressure measurements 48
Results 49
Discussion 49
Conclusions 52
Acknowledgements 52
References 52
8 Effect of Fluoride Ion on the Microstructure and Properties of Permanganate Conversion Coating on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy 53
Abstract 53
Introduction 53
Experimental 54
Conversion Treatment 54
Titration 54
Microstructure Characterization 54
Electrochemical Measurement 54
Results and Discussion 54
Titration of the Permanganate Conversion Solution 54
Surface Morphology of the Permanganate Conversion Coating 55
Cross-section Characterization of the Permanganate Conversion Coating 55
Formation Mechanism of the Permanganate Conversion Coating 55
Corrosion Resistance of the Permanganate Conversion Coating 57
Conclusions 57
References 57
9 Corrosion Characteristics of Two Rare Earth Containing Magnesium Alloys 59
Abstract 59
Introduction 59
Experimental Methods 60
Materials 60
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties 60
Weight Loss and Hydrogen Evolution Tests 61
Electrochemical Tests 61
Results and Discussion 61
Microstructure Analysis 61
Mechanical Properties 63
Immersion Test Results 63
Electrochemical Analysis 63
Conclusions 68
Acknowledgements 69
References 69
10 Surface and Interfacial Energies of Mg17Al12–Mg System 70
Abstract 70
Introduction 70
Simulation Method 71
Results and Discussion 72
Conclusion 76
Acknowledgements 76
References 76
11 Effect of Ca on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Mg Alloys 78
Abstract 78
Introduction 78
Computational Details 79
Results and Discussion 80
Conclusions 82
Acknowledgements 83
References 83
12 Investigation of Grain Refinement Method for AZ91 Alloy Using Carbide Inoculation 85
Abstract 85
Introduction 85
Experimental Procedure 86
Results and Discussion 86
Conclusion 90
Acknowledgement 90
References 90
13 Experimental Study of the Solidification Microstructure in the Mg-Rich Corner of Mg–Al–Ce System 92
Abstract 92
Introduction 92
Materials and Methods 93
Results 94
Discussion 94
Microstructure Analysis 94
Phase Diagram Evaluation 95
Conclusions 97
Acknowledgements 97
References 97
14 Material Design for Enhancing Toughness of Mg Alloy and Application for Biodegradable Devices 99
Abstract 99
Introduction 99
Material Design 99
Application for Biodegradable Implant Devices 100
Summary 101
Acknowledgements 101
References 101
15 Influences of Yttrium Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of as-cast Mg–Ca–Y–Zr Alloys 102
Abstract 102
Introduction 102
Experimental 102
Results and Discussion 103
Effect of Y Addition on Microstructure 103
Effect of Y Addition on Mechanical Properties 104
Conclusions 107
Acknowledgements 107
References 107
16 Strengthening and Toughening Behaviors of the Mg–9Al Alloy Containing Oxygen Atoms 109
Abstract 109
Introduction 109
Experimental 109
Results and Discussion 110
Decomposing of TiO2 Nanoparticles 110
Position of O Atoms in Mg Lattice Structure 110
Microstructure of the Mg–O–9Al Alloy 110
Distributed O Atoms 110
Mechanical Properties of the Mg–O–9Al Alloy 111
Conclusion 114
Acknowledgements 114
References 114
17 Investigations on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Non-flammable Mg–Al–Zn–Ca–Y Alloys 115
Abstract 115
Introduction 115
Methodology 116
Results and Discussion 117
Melt Preparation/Casting 117
Microstructure 117
Dilatometer Tests 119
Extrusion Pressing 119
Tensile Tests 119
Flammability Tests 120
Conclusions 122
Acknowledgements 122
References 122
18 Development of BioMg® 250 Bioabsorbable Implant Alloy 124
Abstract 124
Introduction 124
Alloy Design 124
Alloying for Mechanical Properties 124
Alloying for Low Texture and Good Formability and Ductility 125
Alloying for Biocorrosion 126
Stress Corrosion 126
Alloying for Biocompatibility—Primary Criteria Being Selection of Elements that are Nutrients and Promote Bone Growth (Osteoconductivity) 126
Alloying Effects In Vivo 128
Biocompatibility Testing 130
Potential Biomedical Applications 130
Conclusions 131
Acknowledgements 131
References 131
19 The Electrolytic Production of Magnesium from MgO 133
Abstract 133
Introduction 133
Electrolytic Processes to Produce Mg Metal 134
Discussion 135
References 135
20 Empirical Examination of the Formation of Mechanical Properties of Heated Twin-Roll-Cast Magnesium Strips 136
Abstract 136
Introduction 136
Twin-Roll Casting Including Strip Forming and Heat Treatment Processes 137
Data 139
Model Estimation and Evaluation 139
Formative Measurement Model Assessment 139
Structural Model Assessment 140
Conclusion 141
Acknowledgements 141
References 141
21 The Morphology and Distribution of Al8Mn5 in High Pressure Die Cast AM50 and AZ91 143
Abstract 143
Introduction 143
Methods 143
Results and Discussion 144
Conclusions 150
Acknowledgements 150
References 150
22 Study on the Production of Metallic Magnesium from Nickel-Containing Serpentine 151
Abstract 151
Introduction 151
Serpentine Ore Process Mineralogy and Reduction Principle 152
The Structure and Characteristics of Serpentine Ore 152
Mineral Composition of Serpentine Ore 152
Identification of Rock and Mineral Facies 152
The Nature of Serpentine Ore 153
Reduction Principle 153
Experimental Procedure 153
Raw Materials 154
Test Methods 154
Comprehensive Experiment for Producing Magnesium 154
Conclusions 155
References 155
23 Fabrication of Mg(OH)2 by Electrolysis Using MgCl2 Aqueous Solution 156
Abstract 156
Introduction 156
Experimental 157
Materials and Mg(OH)2 Synthesis 157
Characterization of Mg(OH)2 Particles 157
Calculation of Current Efficiency and Energy Consumption 157
Results and Discussion 158
X-Ray Diffraction of Mg(OH)2 Particles 158
SEM Analysis of Mg(OH)2 Particles 158
Effect of Different Electrolysis Condition for Current Efficiency and Energy Consumption 158
Conclusions 160
Acknowledgements 160
References 160
24 Update on Ballistic Characterization of the Scalability of Magnesium Alloy AMX602 161
Abstract 161
Introduction 161
Material Exploration 162
Experimental Evaluation of Raw Materials 162
Powder Metallurgy 162
Ballistic Experimental Procedure 163
Experimental Projectiles 163
Ballistic Experimental Results 163
Conclusion 167
References 167
25 Experimental Study on the Reversion Reaction Between Magnesium and CO Vapor in the Carbothermic Reduction of Magnesia Under Vacuum 168
Abstract 168
Introduction 168
Experimental 169
Raw Material 169
Experimental Apparatus 169
Experiment Method 169
Analysis Methods 169
Results and Discussion 169
Influence of Reaction Temperature and the Temperature Gradient on the Direct Recovery 169
Macroscopic Analysis of Metal Magnesium Condensation 171
Microcosmic Analysis of Metal Magnesium Condensation 171
Conclusions 173
Funding 173
References 173
26 Study on Metal Smelting Process Under Microwave Irradiation 174
Abstract 174
Introduction 174
Experimental 175
Results and Discussion 175
Conclusion 175
References 175
27 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Simultaneous Decomposition and Formation of MgB2 176
Abstract 176
Introduction 176
Experimental 177
Materials 177
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 178
Characterization of MgB2 Powder 178
Results and Discussion 178
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 178
X-Ray Diffraction of MgB2 178
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 179
Activation Energy Calculation by Model Validation 179
Conclusion 181
Acknowledgements 181
References 181
28 Dislocations in Mg Alloys with Rare-Earth Element Addition 183
Abstract 183
Introduction 183
Experiments 184
Results and Discussion 184
Basal Slip and Cottrell Atmospheres in LPSO Phases 184
Basal Slip, Suzuki Segregation and Cottrell Atmospheres in Mg Matrix 186
Pyramidal Slip and Formation of GBs Composed of lessthan c+a greaterthan Dislocations in Mg Matrix 186
Sliding and Migration of GBs 186
Conclusion 188
Acknowledgements 188
References 188
29 Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of Mg–Gd–Zn Alloy 189
Abstract 189
Introduction 189
Experiments 189
Results and Discussion 189
Conclusions 192
Acknowledgements 192
References 192
30 Twin-Slip Interaction at Low Stress Stage Deformation in an AZ31 Mg Alloy 194
Abstract 194
Introduction 194
Experimental Method 195
Results and Discussion 195
Conclusion 198
Acknowledgements 198
References 198
31 In Situ Neutron Diffraction and Acoustic Emission During the Biaxial Loading of AZ31 Alloy 200
Abstract 200
Introduction 200
Experimental Methods 200
Results 201
Conclusions 203
Acknowledgements 203
References 203
32 Acoustic Emission Study of High Temperature Deformation of Mg–Zn–Y Alloys with LPSO Phase 204
Abstract 204
Introduction 204
Experimental Methods 205
Results 205
Discussion 206
Conclusions 208
Acknowledgements 208
References 208
33 Deformation and Recrystallization Mechanisms and Their Influence on the Microstructure Development of Rare Earth Containing Magnesium Sheets 210
Abstract 210
Introduction 210
Experimental Procedures 211
Results and Discussion 212
Summary 216
Acknowledgements 216
References 216
34 Thermo-Mechanical Treatment of Extruded Mg–1Zn Alloy: Cluster Analysis of AE Signals 218
Abstract 218
Introduction 218
Experimental 219
Results 219
Discussion 221
Conclusions 221
Acknowledgements 222
References 222
35 The Effect of Initial Texture on Deformation Behaviors of Mg Alloys Under Erichsen Test 223
Abstract 223
Introduction 223
Experimental and Simulation Details 224
Results and Discussion 224
Conclusions 228
Acknowledgements 228
References 228
36 Measurement of Twin Formation Energy Barriers Using Nudged Elastic Band Molecular Statics 230
Abstract 230
Introduction 230
Methodology 231
Results and Discussion 232
Conclusion 235
References 235
37 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-7.71Gd-2.39Nd-0.17Zr Alloy After the Different Heat Treatments 236
Abstract 236
Introduction 236
Experimental Procedures 237
Results and Discussion 237
Microstructures of the As-Cast and Solution Treated Alloy 237
Ageing-Hardening Response and Microstructure After Aged Treatment 238
Mechanical Properties 240
Conclusions 241
Acknowledgements 242
References 242
38 Superplasticity in a Chip-Consolidated Mg97Zn1Y2 Alloy with LPSO Phase 243
Abstract 243
Introduction 243
Experimental 244
Results and Discussion 244
Summary 247
Acknowledgements 247
References 247
39 Technological Solutions to Apply Magnesium Bulk Materials in Dynamic Bending and Axial Compression Load Cases 248
Abstract 248
Introduction 248
Relevant Properties of Mg AZ31B 249
Possible Areas of Application for Magnesium Bulk Materials 249
Concept and Solution for Applying Magnesium in Vehicle Structures Bending Loads 251
Solutions for Applying Magnesium in Axial Load Cases 252
Summary 254
Acknowledgements 254
References 254
40 Mechanical Properties of Thermo-Mechanically Treated Extruded Mg–Zn-Based Alloys 256
Abstract 256
Introduction 256
Experimental Procedure 257
Results and Discussion 257
Conclusions 261
Acknowledgements 261
References 261
41 Influence of Low Temperature Forging on Microstructure and Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Cast AZ31B Mg Alloy 263
Abstract 263
Introduction 263
Experimental Procedure 264
Results and Discussion 264
Microstructure and Texture 264
Quasi-static Tension Properties 265
Fatigue Behavior 265
Conclusion 268
Acknowledgements 268
References 268
42 The Recrystallization and Grain Growth Behavior of Magnesium 270
Abstract 270
Extended Abstract 270
Acknowledgements 271
References 271
43 Strengthening of a Biodegradable Mg–Zn–Ca Alloy ZX50 After Processing by HPT and Heat Treatment 272
Abstract 272
Introduction 272
Magnesium Alloys as Biodegradable Implants 272
Motivation of the Study 273
Experimental 273
Materials and Processing 273
Mechanical Properties 274
Results 274
Evolution of Vickers Hardness 274
Evolution of Young’s Modulus 275
Discussion 275
Summary and Conclusions 277
Acknowledgements 277
References 277
44 Strain Heterogeneity Structures in Wrought Magnesium AZ31 Under Reversed Loading 278
Abstract 278
Introduction 278
Materials and Methods 279
Results 280
Tensile Twin Plateau (Load Point A) 280
Detwinning Content (Load Point B) 281
Tensile Plasticity (Load Point C) 282
Conclusion 283
Acknowledgements 283
References 283
45 Hot Forging Behavior of Mg?8Al?4Ba?4Ca (ABaX844) Alloy and Validation of Processing Map 284
Abstract 284
Introduction 284
Methodology 285
Processing Map Development 285
FEM Simulation Model 285
Experimental 285
Results and Discussion 286
Initial Microstructure 286
Processing Map and Its Interpretation 286
Process Simulation 287
Load-Stroke Curves 287
Shapes of Forged Specimens 288
Microstructural Correlation 288
Conclusions 290
Acknowledgements 290
References 290
46 Effect of Ca on Oxidation Resistance of Magnesium Alloys (AZ91) 292
Abstract 292
Introduction 292
Materials and Methods 293
Result and Discussion 293
Conclusion 296
References 296
47 Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties During Casting and Rolling of the ZEK100 Sheet 297
Abstract 297
Introduction 297
Experimental Procedure 298
Alloy Melting and Plate Casting 298
Sheet Rolling and Its Heat Treatment 298
Property and Microstructure Characterization 299
Results and Discussion 299
Alloy Phase Composition 299
Microstructural Characteristics 300
Alloy Mechanical Properties 300
Microstructure-Property Correlation 301
Conclusions 304
References 304
Magnesium Alloy Development: An LMD Symposium in Honor of Karl Kainer 306
48 Recent Developments in the Application of the Interdependence Model of Grain Formation and Refinement 307
Abstract 307
Introduction and the Interdependence Model 307
Grain Size Variation of an Mg–Al–Sm Alloy 310
UST Assisted Grain Refinement of an AM60 Alloy Containing AlN Nanoparticles 311
Concluding Remarks 314
Acknowledgements 314
References 314
49 Thermodynamics of Phase Formation in Mg–Al–C Alloys Applied to Grain Refinement 315
Abstract 315
Introduction 315
Experimental Procedure 316
Materials 316
Sample Preparation 316
Synthesis and Thermal Treatments 316
SEM-EDS 316
Differential Thermal Analysis 316
Results and Discussion 317
Synthesis of Al2MgC2 317
Thermal Decomposition of Al2MgC2 317
Conclusion 318
Acknowledgements 318
References 318
50 Development of Magnesium-Rare Earth Die-Casting Alloys 320
Abstract 320
Introduction 320
Alloy Development 321
Rare Earths 321
Zn Additions 323
Al Additions 324
Alloy Composition and Properties 325
Conclusions 326
Acknowledgements 326
References 326
51 Creep Resistant Mg–Mn Based Alloys for Automotive Powertrain Applications 328
Abstract 328
Introduction 328
Experimental Procedure 329
Results and Discussion 329
Microstructural Evolution 329
Creep Strengthening 330
Conclusions 332
References 332
52 Solutions for Next Generation Automotive Lightweight Concepts Based on Material Selection and Functional Integration 334
Abstract 334
Introduction 334
Lightweight Design Strategy 334
Next Generation Car (NGC) 335
Safe Light Regional Vehicle (SLRV)—Safe and Light by Sandwich Design 336
Urban Modular Vehicle (UMV)—Side Crash Structure 336
Inter Urban Vehicle (IUV)—Lightweight Design with Functional Integration 338
Cross-Section Topics for Different Applications 338
Summary 338
References 339
53 Magnesium Pistons in Engines: Fiction or Fact? 340
Abstract 340
Introduction 340
Conclusions 344
References 344
54 Development of Magnesium Sheets 345
Abstract 345
Introduction 345
Experimental Procedures 346
Results and Discussion 348
Conclusion 350
Acknowledgements 350
References 350
55 Development of Heat-Treatable High-Strength Mg–Zn–Ca–Zr Sheet Alloy with Excellent Room Temperature Formability 351
Abstract 351
Introduction 351
Experimental Procedure 352
Results and Discussion 352
Summary 354
Acknowledgements 354
References 354
56 Interaction Between Propagating Twins and Non-shearable Precipitates in Magnesium Alloys 355
Abstract 355
Body 355
Acknowledgements 357
References 357
57 Effects of Severe Plastic Deformation on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloys 358
Abstract 358
Introduction 358
Methods 358
Results 359
Conclusions 360
Acknowledgements 360
References 360
58 Alloy Design for the Development of Heat Treatable High Strength Mg Sheet Alloy with Excellent Room Temperature Formability 361
Abstract 361
Introduction 361
Experimental Procedure 362
Results and Discussion 362
Summary 364
Acknowledgements 364
References 364
59 Co-precipitation on the Basal and Prismatic Planes in Mg–Gd–Ag–Zr Alloy Subjected to Over-Ageing 366
Abstract 366
Introduction 366
Experimental 367
Results and Discussion 367
Conclusion 370
Acknowledgements 370
References 370
60 Evolution of the Dislocation Structure During Compression in a Mg–Zn–Y Alloy with Long Period Stacking Ordered Structure 371
Abstract 371
Introduction 371
Experimental 372
Results 372
Summary 374
Acknowledgements 375
References 375
61 Intermetallic Phase Characteristics in the Mg–Nd–Zn System 376
Abstract 376
Introduction 376
Experimental Methods 377
Results and Discussion 377
As-Cast Microstructure 377
Phase Identification 378
Thermal Analysis 378
Heat Treatments 379
Thermodynamic Modeling 380
Conclusions 382
Acknowledgements 382
References 382
62 Biodegradable Mg–Y and Mg–Li Alloys with the Addition of Ca and Zn for Medical Applications 383
Abstract 383
Introduction 383
Methodology 384
Results 384
Conclusions 387
Acknowledgments 387
References 387
63 Degradable Magnesium Implants—Assessment of the Current Situation 389
Abstract 389
Introduction 389
Obstacle 1—The Material 390
Obstacle 2—The Surface 390
Obstacle 3—Degradation and Cytotoxicity Tests 390
Obstacle 4–The in Vivo Assessment 391
Scope of This Work 391
Materials and Methods 392
Results 392
Discussion 392
Conclusions 393
Acknowledgements 393
References 393
64 Study on Mg–Si–Sr Ternary Alloys for Biomedical Applications 396
Abstract 396
Introduction 396
Thermodynamic Calculations 397
Materials and Methods 397
Results 399
As Cast Condition 399
After Heat Treatment 402
Discussion 404
Conclusions 405
Acknowledgements 406
References 406
65 Solidification Analysis of Grain Refined AZ91D Magnesium Alloy via Neutron Diffraction 408
Abstract 408
Introduction 408
Experimental Procedure 408
Sample Preparation 408
Neutron Diffraction (ND) Experiments 409
Data Analysis 409
Results 409
Diffraction Patterns 409
Fraction of Solid 410
Conclusions 411
Acknowledgements 411
References 411
66 Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Thin Strip Twin Roll Cast (TRC) Mg Sheet 412
Abstract 412
Introduction 412
High Shear Melt Conditioned TRC (HSMC-TRC) 412
Low Force Thin Strip TRC 413
Conclusions 414
References 414
Environmental Challenges and Opportunities for the Magnesium Industry: Recycling and Sustainability Joint Session 416
67 Repaired Algorithm for Nonlinear to Predict the Displacement of Copper Ion in the Absorption System of Treated Steal Slag 417
Abstract 417
Introduction 417
Method and Procedure 418
Material and Equipment 418
Equipment 418
Method 418
Prediction Model of Adsorption and Removal Rate of Copper Ion 418
Phase Space Reconstruction 418
Nonlinear Regression Theory of Support Vector Machines 419
Propagation Potential of Metal Ions Based on {{/bf /nu }}-SVR with PH Value Chaotic Sequence Prediction 419
Model Predictive Analysis 419
Evaluation Indicators 420
Forecasting Steps 420
Analysis of the Results of the Discussion 420
Conclusion 422
References 422
Author Index 423
Subject Index 426

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 26.1.2018
• Reihe/Serie: Magnesium Technology 2018
• Zusatzinfo: XXI, 448 p. 362 illus.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: alloys • cast products and processing • corrosion and surface finishing • forming • Joining • Magnesium technology • Materials Science • Materials science and application • material technology and application
• ISBN-10: 3-319-72332-4 / 3319723324
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-72332-7 / 9783319723327