Applied Tribology (eBook)
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-70025-9 (ISBN)
Insightful working knowledge of friction, lubrication, and wear in machines
Applications of tribology are widespread in industries ranging from aerospace, marine and automotive to power, process, petrochemical and construction. With world-renowned expert co-authors from academia and industry, Applied Tribology: Lubrication and Bearing Design, 3rd Edition provides a balance of application and theory with numerous illustrative examples.
The book provides clear and up-to-date presentation of working principles of lubrication, friction and wear in vital mechanical components, such as bearings, seals and gears. The third edition has expanded coverage of friction and wear and contact mechanics with updated topics based on new developments in the field.
Key features:
- Includes practical applications, homework problems and state-of-the-art references.
- Provides presentation of design procedure.
- Supplies clear and up-to-date information based on the authors' widely referenced books and over 500 archival papers in this field.
Applied Tribology: Lubrication and Bearing Design, 3rd Edition provides a valuable and authoritative resource for mechanical engineering professionals working in a wide range of industries with machinery including turbines, compressors, motors, electrical appliances and electronic components. Senior and graduate students in mechanical engineering will also find it a useful text and reference.
Dr. Michael M. Khonsari holds the Dow Chemical Endowed Chair and Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Louisiana State University (LSU), where he directs the Center for Rotating Machinery. Prior to joining LSU, he served as a faculty member at The Ohio State University, University of Pittsburgh, and Southern Illinois University, and was a research Faculty Fellow at NASA Lewis (now Glenn) Research Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force laboratories, and the U.S. Department of Energy. He is holder of several US patents, has authored over 270 archival papers, 50 book chapters and special publications, and three books on tribology, fatigue, and rotor dynamics. Professor Khonsari is the recipient of ASME Mayo Hersey, ASME Burt Newkirk Awards, and serves as the Editor-in-Chief of ASME Journal of Tribology. He is a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Society of Tribologist and Lubrication Engineers (STLE), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
Dr. E. Richard Booser has been active in the field of tribology and lubrication for 70 years. He was employed by the General Electric Co. for 39 years in development work on bearings and lubricants for steam and gas turbines, electric motors and generators, aerospace and nuclear plant equipment, and a variety of related electrical products. He was the editor of three volumes of the Tribology Handbook series and a co-author of the 1957 book on Bearing Design and Application. He served as the President of the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) in 1956 and has received the STLE National Award.
Insightful working knowledge of friction, lubrication, and wear in machines Applications of tribology are widespread in industries ranging from aerospace, marine and automotive to power, process, petrochemical and construction. With world-renowned expert co-authors from academia and industry, Applied Tribology: Lubrication and Bearing Design, 3rd Edition provides a balance of application and theory with numerous illustrative examples. The book provides clear and up-to-date presentation of working principles of lubrication, friction and wear in vital mechanical components, such as bearings, seals and gears. The third edition has expanded coverage of friction and wear and contact mechanics with updated topics based on new developments in the field. Key features: Includes practical applications, homework problems and state-of-the-art references. Provides presentation of design procedure. Supplies clear and up-to-date information based on the authors widely referenced books and over 500 archival papers in this field. Applied Tribology: Lubrication and Bearing Design, 3rd Edition provides a valuable and authoritative resource for mechanical engineering professionals working in a wide range of industries with machinery including turbines, compressors, motors, electrical appliances and electronic components. Senior and graduate students in mechanical engineering will also find it a useful text and reference.
Dr. Michael M. Khonsari holds the Dow Chemical Endowed Chair and Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Louisiana State University (LSU), where he directs the Center for Rotating Machinery. Prior to joining LSU, he served as a faculty member at The Ohio State University, University of Pittsburgh, and Southern Illinois University, and was a research Faculty Fellow at NASA Lewis (now Glenn) Research Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force laboratories, and the U.S. Department of Energy. He is holder of several US patents, has authored over 270 archival papers, 50 book chapters and special publications, and three books on tribology, fatigue, and rotor dynamics. Professor Khonsari is the recipient of ASME Mayo Hersey, ASME Burt Newkirk Awards, and serves as the Editor-in-Chief of ASME Journal of Tribology. He is a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Society of Tribologist and Lubrication Engineers (STLE), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Dr. E. Richard Booser has been active in the field of tribology and lubrication for 70 years. He was employed by the General Electric Co. for 39 years in development work on bearings and lubricants for steam and gas turbines, electric motors and generators, aerospace and nuclear plant equipment, and a variety of related electrical products. He was the editor of three volumes of the Tribology Handbook series and a co-author of the 1957 book on Bearing Design and Application. He served as the President of the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) in 1956 and has received the STLE National Award.
Applied Tribology 3
Contents 9
Series Preface 11
Preface: Third Edition 13
Preface: Second Edition 15
About the Companion Website 17
Part I General Considerations 19
1 Tribology – Friction, Wear, and Lubrication 21
1.1 History of Tribology 21
Friction 22
Wear 22
Bearing Materials 22
Lubricants 23
Fluid-Film Bearings 23
Rolling Element Bearings 24
Nanotribology and Surface Effects 24
1.2 Tribology Principles 25
Dry Sliding 25
Fluid-Film Lubrication 26
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) 28
Boundary Lubrication 29
1.3 Principles for Selection of Bearing Types 30
Mechanical Requirements 32
Environmental Conditions 35
Economics 35
1.4 Modernization of Existing Applications 36
1.5 A Look Ahead 37
Dry and Semilubricated Bearings 37
Ball and Roller Bearings 37
Fluid-Film Bearings 38
References 39
2 Lubricants and Lubrication 41
2.1 Mineral Oils 41
2.2 Synthetic Oils 43
2.3 Viscosity 47
Viscosity Classifications 48
Viscosity–Temperature Relations 49
Viscosity–Pressure Relations 52
EHL Pressure–Viscosity Coefficients 54
2.4 Free Volume Viscosity Model 55
2.5 Density and Compressibility 57
2.6 Thermal Properties 58
2.7 Non-Newtonian Lubricants 60
Viscoelastic Effect 63
2.8 Oil Life 64
2.9 Greases 66
Oils in Greases 67
Thickeners 67
Mechanical Properties 68
2.10 Solid Lubricants 70
2.11 Lubricant Supply Methods 72
Self-Contained Units 72
Circulating Oil Systems 73
Centralized Lubrication Systems 78
References 79
3 Surface Texture, Interaction of Surfaces and Wear 83
3.1 Geometric Characterization of Surfaces 83
3.2 Surface Parameters 85
Amplitude Parameters 85
Spacing and Shape Parameters 87
Hybrid Parameters 89
3.3 Measurement of Surface Texture 90
Contacting Methods 90
Noncontacting Methods 93
3.4 Measurement of Surface Flatness 93
3.5 Statistical Descriptions 95
3.6 Surface Texture Symbols 96
3.7 Contact Between Surfaces 97
Micro-Contact Considerations: Deformation of Single Asperity 98
Contact of a Rough Flat Surface and a Smooth Flat Surface (Greenwood and Williamson-Based Models) 102
Contact of Two Rough Surfaces 105
Relationship Between Surface Features and GW Parameters 106
The Asperity Plasticity Index 106
Contact of Curved Surfaces 108
3.8 Temperature Rise in Sliding Surfaces 111
3.9 Lubrication Regime Relation to Surface Roughness 114
3.10 Friction 116
3.11 Wear 118
Adhesive Wear 118
Prediction of Adhesive Wear 118
Derivation and Interpretation of Archards Adhesive Wear Equation 122
Physical Meaning of the Wear Coefficient in Adhesive Wear 126
The Fatigue Theory of Adhesive Wear 127
Interpretation of Wear Coefficient by Fatigue Analysis 128
The Delamination Theory of Wear 129
Interpretation of the Wear Coefficient by the Delamination Theory 131
Abrasive Wear 132
Abrasive Wear Rate and Abrasive Wear Coefficient 133
Corrosive Wear 135
Surface Fatigue, Brittle Fracture, Impact, Erosion 135
Thermodynamics of Wear 137
Classification of Wear, Failure, and Wear Maps 141
Dry Bearing Wear Life 142
Lubricated Wear 143
General Progression of Wear 143
Effect of Load and Speed in Bearings 144
Means of Wear Reduction 145
References 146
4 Bearing Materials 153
4.1 Distinctive Material Selection Factors 153
Compatibility 154
Embedability and Conformability 154
Strength 156
Corrosion Resistance 156
Thermal Properties 156
4.2 Oil-Film Bearing Materials 157
Babbitts 157
Copper Alloys 159
Aluminum 160
Cast Iron and Steel 161
Silver 161
Zinc 161
4.3 Dry and Semilubricated Bearing Materials 162
Plastics 162
Carbon-Graphite 163
Rubber 163
Wood 163
4.4 Air Bearing Materials 163
Foil Air Bearings 164
Air Lifts 166
Computer Hard Disk Drives 166
4.5 High-Temperature Materials 167
4.6 Rolling Bearing Materials 170
Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) 171
References 173
Part II Fluid-Film Bearings 177
5 Fundamentals of Viscous Flow 179
5.1 General Conservation Laws 179
5.2 Conservation of Mass 180
Cartesian Coordinates 180
Cylindrical Coordinates 180
5.3 Conservation of Momentum 181
Newtonian Fluids 183
5.4 Conservation of Energy 185
5.5 Petroff’s Formula 191
5.6 Viscometers 193
Capillary Tube Viscometer 193
Rotational Viscometers 194
5.7 Nondimensionalization of Flow Equations 197
5.8 Nondimensionalization of the Energy Equation 198
5.9 Order-of-Magnitude Analysis 200
Comparison of Inertia Terms and Viscous Terms 200
Contribution of Gravity 201
Contribution of the Pressure Term 202
Comparison of Pressure and Viscous Forces 202
References 206
6 Reynolds Equation and Applications 207
6.1 Assumptions and Derivations 207
Navier-Stokes Equations 208
Boundary Conditions 209
Conservation of Mass 209
General Reynolds Equation 213
Standard Reynolds Equation 214
Cylindrical Coordinates 215
6.2 Turbulent Flows 215
6.3 Surface Roughness 217
6.4 Nondimensionalization 219
6.5 Performance Parameters 220
6.6 Limiting Cases and Closed-Form Solutions 221
A Simplified Form of Reynolds Equation for Steady Film 224
6.7 Application: Rayleigh Step Bearing 224
Optimization of Load-Carrying Capacity 225
Optimization of Load-Carrying Capacity 227
6.8 Numerical Method 229
References 236
7 Thrust Bearings 239
7.1 Thrust Bearing Types 239
7.2 Design Factors 242
7.3 Performance Analysis 243
7.4 Tapered-Land Thrust Bearings 244
Temperature Rise 247
7.5 Pivoted-Pad Thrust Bearings 250
7.6 Step Thrust Bearings 254
7.7 Spring-Mounted Thrust Bearings 255
7.8 Flat-Land Thrust Bearings 256
7.9 Maximum Bearing Temperature Based on Thermohydrodynamic Analysis 258
7.10 Parasitic Power Losses 264
1. Through-Flow Loss 264
2. Surface Drag Losses 265
Possible Methods for Reducing Parasitic Losses 266
7.11 Turbulence 267
References 270
8 Journal Bearings 273
8.1 Introduction 273
Film Thickness Profile 274
8.2 Full-Arc Plain Journal Bearing with Infinitely Long Approximation (ILA) 278
8.3 Boundary Conditions 279
8.4 Full-Sommerfeld Boundary Condition 280
Load-Carrying Capacity Based on Full-Sommerfeld Condition 281
8.5 Definition of the Sommerfeld Number 282
8.6 Half-Sommerfeld Boundary Condition 283
8.7 Cavitation Phenomena 287
Gaseous Cavitation 287
Vapor Cavitation 287
8.8 Swift-Stieber (Reynolds) Boundary Condition 288
8.9 Infinitely Short Journal Bearing Approximation (ISA) 291
8.10 Full- and Half-Sommerfeld Solutions for Short Bearings (ISA) 293
8.11 Bearing Performance Parameters 294
Leakage Flow Rate and Friction Coefficient 294
8.12 Finite Journal Bearing Design and Analysis 295
Tabulated Dimensionless Performance Parameters 297
8.13 Attitude Angle for Other Bearing Configurations 304
8.14 Lubricant Supply Arrangement 305
Supply Hole 305
Axial Groove 305
Circumferential Groove 307
Spiral Grooves 307
8.15 Flow Considerations 307
Holes or Axial Grooves 307
Axial Flow Due to Rotation 307
Pressure-Induced Flow 309
Total Leakage Flow Rate 310
Circumferential Groove 316
8.16 Bearing Stiffness, Rotor Vibration, and Oil-Whirl Instability 318
8.17 Tilting Pad Journal Bearings 322
8.18 General Design Guides 324
Effective Temperature 324
Maximum Bearing Temperature 325
Maximum Bearing Temperature and Effective Temperature Base on Thermohydrodynamic Analysis 326
Supply Temperature and Bearing Whirl Instability 329
Turbulent and Parasitic Loss Effects 330
Flooded versus Starved Condition 330
Bearing Load and Dimensions 331
Lift-Off Speed 331
Eccentricity and Minimum Film Thickness 332
Operating Clearance 333
Thermally Induced Seizure 334
Misalignment and Shaft Deflection 338
References 342
9 Squeeze-Film Bearings 347
9.1 Introduction 347
9.2 Governing Equations 348
9.3 Planar Squeeze Film 349
Two Parallel Circular Disks 350
Shape Variation: Elliptical Disks 351
9.4 Generalization for Planar Squeeze Film 352
9.5 Nonplanar Squeeze Film 355
Sphere Approaching a Plate 355
Expressions for Several Nonplanar Squeeze-Film Geometries 356
9.6 Squeeze Film of Finite Surfaces 361
Finite Planar Squeeze Film 361
Squeeze Film of Finite Nonplanar Bodies 366
Combined Squeeze and Rotational Motion 371
9.7 Piston Rings 378
Friction Force and Power Loss 384
References 388
10 Hydrostatic Bearings 391
10.1 Introduction 391
Heavily Loaded Precision Machinery 391
Hydrostatic Oil Lifts 392
Severe Operating Conditions 392
Stadium Mover/Converter 393
10.2 Types and Configurations 393
10.3 Circular Step Thrust Bearings 394
Pressure Distribution and Load 394
Load-Carrying Capacity 396
Flow Rate Requirement 396
Bearing Stiffness 397
Friction Torque 397
System Power Loss 397
Film Power Loss 397
Pumping Power Loss 398
Optimization 398
Thermal Effects and Typical Operating Conditions 398
10.4 Capillary-Compensated Hydrostatic Bearings 400
Governing Equations 401
Stiffness and Optimization 401
10.5 Orifice-Compensated Bearings 402
Stiffness and Optimization 403
10.6 Design Procedure for Compensated Bearings 404
10.7 Generalization to Other Configurations 405
Pressure Factor 405
Flow Factor 405
Power Loss Factor, Hf 407
10.8 Hydraulic Lift 408
References 411
11 Gas Bearings 413
11.1 Equation of State and Viscous Properties 413
Equation of State 413
Viscous Properties 414
11.2 Reynolds Equation 414
Restrictions and Limitation 417
Limiting Cases 419
11.3 Closed-Form Solutions 421
Infinitely Long Tapered-Step and Slider Bearings 421
Infinitely Long Journal Bearings 421
11.4 Finite Thrust Bearings 422
Rectangular Thrust Bearings 422
Sector-Pad Thrust Bearings 422
Design Procedure for Tilting-Pad Thrust Bearings 425
11.5 Finite Journal Bearings 431
Steady-State Performance 431
Angular Stiffness and Misalignment Torque 434
Whirl Instability 435
11.6 Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings 436
Steady-State Performance 436
11.7 Foil Gas Bearings 441
Coupling between Hydrodynamics and Structure 442
Analysis 443
Limiting Speed Analysis 445
References 448
12 Dry and Starved Bearings 451
12.1 Dry and Semilubricated Bearings 451
Plastics 451
Porous Metal Bearings 454
12.2 Partially Starved Oil-Film Bearings 457
Oil-Ring Bearings 458
Ring Speed and Oil Delivery 460
Disk-Oiled Bearings 463
12.3 Partially Starved Bearing Analysis 464
12.4 Minimum Oil Supply 468
Drop-Feed Oiling 469
Wick Oiling 469
Mist and Air–Oil Feed 471
Grease Lubrication 473
12.5 Temperature of Starved Bearings 474
References 476
Part III Rolling Element Bearings 479
13 Selecting Bearing Type and Size 481
13.1 Ball Bearing Types 481
13.2 Roller Bearing Types 485
13.3 Thrust Bearing Types 486
13.4 Nomenclature 487
Bearing Type Code 488
Bearing Bore Code 488
Bearing Cross Section Code 488
Extensions of the Dimensional Plan 489
13.5 Boundary Dimensions 490
13.6 Chamfer Dimensions 490
Internal Clearance 492
Precision Classifications 494
13.7 Shaft and Housing Fits 495
Rotating Inner Ring with a Stationary Load 495
Stationary Inner Ring with a Rotating Load 495
Indeterminate or Variable Load Direction 496
Mounting Tolerances 496
13.8 Load–Life Relations 496
Combined Radial and Thrust Load 499
Varying Load 502
Minimum Load and Preloading 503
13.9 Adjusted Rating Life 504
Life Reduction Due to Particle Contamination 508
13.10 Static Load Capacity 509
References 511
14 Principles and Operating Limits 513
14.1 Internal Geometry 513
Point and Line Contact 514
Curvature and Ball Contact Geometry 514
Radial (Diametral) Internal Clearance 516
Axial Clearance 517
Angular Misalignment 517
14.2 Surface Stresses and Deformations 518
Ball–Raceway Contacts 518
Roller–Raceway Line Contacts 522
14.3 Subsurface Stresses 524
14.4 Load Distribution on Rolling Elements 526
Radially Loaded Bearings 526
Thrust Loaded Bearings 528
Combined Radial and Thrust Loads 528
14.5 Speed of Cage and Rolling Elements 531
14.6 Cage Considerations 532
14.7 Vibration 534
Bearing Frequencies 535
14.8 Bearing Elasticity 536
14.9 Noise 538
Cage Noise 538
14.10 Speed Limit 540
Low and Ultra-low Speeds 542
14.11 Load Limit 542
14.12 Temperature Limit 543
14.13 Misalignment Limit 544
References 545
15 Friction and Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 547
15.1 Friction 547
15.2 Friction Moments 549
15.3 Wear 553
15.4 Bearing Operating Temperature 555
15.5 Rolling Bearing Lubrication 557
15.6 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) of Rolling Contacts 558
Line Contact 558
Point Contact 559
Lubrication Regimes 562
Mixed-Film Lubrication 562
Lubricant Starvation 564
15.7 Selection of Oil Viscosity 568
15.8 Oil Application 571
15.9 Oil Change Intervals 572
15.10 Grease Selection and Application 573
Grease Composition 573
15.11 Grease Life: Temperature and Speed Relations 574
15.12 Greasing and Regreasing 577
15.13 Solid Lubricants 579
References 582
Part IV Seals and Monitoring 589
16 Seals Fundamentals 591
Classification of Seals 591
16.1 Clearance Seals 593
Bushing Shaft Seals 593
Floating Bushing Seals 593
Labyrinth Shaft Seals 596
Brush Seals 597
Ferrofluid Seals 598
16.2 Visco Seals 599
Analysis of Flow in a Visco Seal: Laminar and Turbulent 599
Gas Ingestion 603
High Pressure Gas Sealing Using Double Screw Pump with a Buffer Fluid 605
16.3 Radial Contact Seals 607
Lip Seals 607
Packing Seals 608
16.4 Mechanical Face Seals 610
Elementary Considerations and Terminology 610
Balanced vs Unbalanced Seal 613
Hydrodynamic Pressure and Balance Ratio 614
Pressure-Velocity, Heat Generation, and Power Loss 616
Method for Reducing Surface Temperature 617
Seal Materials and Coefficient of Friction 618
Seal Flushing Systems 618
Seal Face Temperature 621
References 633
17 Condition Monitoring and Failure Analysis 637
17.1 Installation Analysis 637
17.2 On-Line Monitoring 638
Temperature 638
Vibration 639
17.3 Oil Analysis 641
17.4 Wear Monitoring 643
17.5 Ball and Roller Bearing Failure Analysis 645
17.6 Oil-Film Bearing Failure Analysis 648
Fatigue 650
Wear 650
Corrosion 653
Erosion 654
Electrical Damage 654
References 655
Appendix A Unit Conversion Factors 657
Appendix B Viscosity Conversions 659
Index 661
EULA 672
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 18.7.2017 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Tribology in Practice Series | Tribology in Practice Series (PEP) |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Technik ► Maschinenbau |
| Schlagworte | Bearings • Chemie • Chemistry • Contact Mechanics • Festkörpermechanik • Festkörpermechanik • Friction • Gears • Lager (techn.) • Lubrication/lubricants • Maschinenbau • Maschinenbau - Entwurf • Mechanical components • mechanical design • mechanical engineering • Mechanical Engineering - Design • Oberflächen- u. Kolloidchemie • Oberflächen- u. Kolloidchemie • Reibung • Schmierung • Seals • solid mechanics • Surface & Colloid Chemistry • Surface Science • Thin film • Tribology • Verschleiss • Wear |
| ISBN-10 | 1-118-70025-2 / 1118700252 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-118-70025-9 / 9781118700259 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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