Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2017 (eBook)

Shadia Ikhmayies, Bowen Li, John S. Carpenter, Jian Li, Jiann-Yang Hwang, Sergio Neves Monteiro, Donato Firrao, Mingming Zhang, Zhiwei Peng, Juan P. Escobedo-Diaz, Chenguang Bai, Yunus Eren Kalay, Ramasis Goswami, Jeongguk Kim (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 1st ed. 2017
872 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-51382-9 (ISBN)

Infos

This collection gives broad and up-to-date results in the research and development of materials characterization and processing. Coverage is well-rounded from minerals, metals, and materials characterization and developments in extraction to the fabrication and performance of materials. In addition, topics as varied as structural steels to electronic materials to plant-based composites are explored. The latest research presented in this wide area make this book both timely and relevant to the materials science field as a whole.  

 

The book explores scientific processes to characterize materials using modern technologies, and focuses on the interrelationships and interdependence among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials. Topics covered include ferrous materials, non-ferrous materials, minerals, ceramics, clays, soft materials, method development, processing, corrosion, welding, solidification, composites, extraction, powders, nanomaterials, advanced materials, and several others.

Autor

The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) is a member-driven international professional society dedicated to fostering the exchange of learning and ideas across the entire range of materials science and engineering, from minerals processing and primary metals production, to basic research and the advanced applications of materials. Included among its nearly 13,000 professional and student members are metallurgical and materials engineers, scientists, researchers, educators, and administrators from more than 70 countries on six continents. 

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contents 7
About the Editors 18
Soft Materials 29
1 Charpy Toughness Behavior of Fique Fabric Reinforced Polyester Matrix Composites 30
Abstract 30
Introduction 30
Experimental Procedure 31
Result and Discussion 32
Conclusion 35
References 35
2 Comparative Analysis of Curaua Fiber Density Using the Geometric Characterization and Pycnometry Technique 37
Abstract 37
Introduction 38
Experimental Procedure 39
Fiber Surface Analysis 40
Geometrical Characterization 40
Pycnometry Technique 40
Results and Discussion 41
Scanning Electron Microscopy—SEM 41
Geometric Characterization 41
Pycnometry Technique 42
Conclusions 44
Acknowledgements 44
References 44
3 Izod Impact Test in Polyester Matrix Composites Reinforced with Blanket of the Malva and Jute Fibers 46
Abstract 46
Introduction 46
Experimental Procedure 47
Results and Discussion 48
Conclusions 49
Acknowledgements 49
References 49
4 Tensile Behavior of Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced with Eucalyptus Fibers 51
Abstract 51
Introduction 51
Experimental Procedure 52
Results and Discussion 53
Conclusions 54
Acknowledgements 54
References 55
5 The Dimensional Characterization of Jute Fabric Strips for Reinforcement in Composite Polymeric 56
Abstract 56
Introduction 57
Experimental Procedure 58
Materials 58
Methods 59
Results and Discussion 60
Conclusions 62
Acknowledgements 62
References 62
6 Izod Toughness Behavior of Continuous Palf Fibers Reinforced Polyester Matrix Composites 64
Abstract 64
Introduction 64
Experimental Procedure 65
Results and Discussion 67
Conclusions 69
Acknowledgements 69
References 69
7 Mechanical, Thermal, Morphology and Barrier Properties of Flexible Film Based on Polyethylene-Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Blend Reinforced with Graphene Oxide 71
Abstract 71
Introduction 72
Experimental 73
Material 73
Preparation of HDPE/EVOH/EVA/GO Flexible Films 74
Electron-Beam Irradiation 74
Characterization of GO Nanosheets and HDPE/EVOH/EVA/GO Flexible Films 74
Results and Discussion 75
Conclusions 77
Acknowledgements 78
References 78
8 Radiation Effects on Crosslinking of Butyl Rubber Compounds 80
Abstract 80
Introduction 80
Experimental 82
Materials 82
Preparation of Mixtures 82
Irradiation 83
Characterization 83
Results and Discussions 84
Conclusions 86
Acknowledgements 86
References 86
Clays and Ceramics 88
9 Effect of Skin-Core Hierarchical Structure on Dielectric Constant of Injection Molded and Cast Film Extruded Liquid Crystalline Polymer 89
Abstract 89
Introduction 89
Experimental Methods 92
Resonant Cavity Perturbation Method Dielectric Measurement 93
Hierarchical Structure Examination 94
Results and Discussion 96
Injection Molded Plaque Skin Layer Removal and Dielectric Constant 96
Cast Film Skin Layer Removal and Dielectric Constant 98
Volume Fraction 100
Conclusions 101
Future Work 102
References 102
10 Aging Behaviour in Ni0.5CoxMn2.5?xO4 (x = 0.5, 0.8 and 1.1) Thermistors 104
Abstract 104
Introduction 104
Experimental Procedures 105
Results 106
Conclusion 107
Acknowledgements 108
References 108
11 Adsorption of Lead from Aqueous Solutions to Bentonite and Composite 109
Abstract 109
Introduction 110
Materials and Methods 110
Materials 110
Methods 111
Results and Discussion 112
Determining the Amount of Adsorbed Lead Ions, Qe 112
Influence of Reacting Time 112
Influence of Solution pH 113
Influence of Initial Metal Ion Concentration 114
Comparison of Adsorption Isotherms 115
Conclusions 117
References 117
Electronic, Magnetic, Environmental, and Advanced Materials 119
12 Characterization of Low-Zinc Electric Arc Furnace Dust 120
Abstract 120
Introduction 120
Experimental 121
Material 121
Experimental Methods 121
Results and Discussion 122
Chemical Composition 122
Phase Composition 122
Particle Size Distribution 122
Microstructure 123
Thermal Property 123
Conclusions 125
Acknowledgements 125
References 126
13 Gamma-Radiation Effect on Biodegradability of Synthetic PLA Structural Foams PP/HMSPP Based 127
Abstract 127
Introduction 127
Experimental 129
Materials 129
Blends Preparation 129
Foaming 130
Gamma-radiation 130
Characterization 130
Thermogravimetry (TG) 130
Soil Burial Test 130
Infrared Region Absorption Spectroscopy with Fourier Transformed (FTIR) 131
Results and Discussion 131
Thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) 131
Soil Burial Test 132
Infrared Region Absorption Spectroscopy with Fourier Transformed (FTIR) 132
Conclusions 134
Acknowledgements 134
References 134
14 Study of Flexible Films Prepared from PLA/PBAT Blend and PLA E-Beam Irradiated as Compatibilizing Agent 136
Abstract 136
Introduction 136
Experimental 137
Materials 137
Preparation of Blends and Composites 138
Films Preparation 138
Characterization 138
Results and Discussion 139
Conclusions 142
Acknowledgements 143
References 143
15 Synthesis of ZnO Micro Prisms on Glass Substrates by the Spray Pyrolysis Method 145
Abstract 145
Introduction 145
Experimental Procedure 146
Results and Discussion 146
Conclusions 151
References 151
16 Electrical and Microstructural Investigation of Ni0.5Co0.5Cu0.3Zn0.3 Mn1.4O4 Temperature Sensors 153
Abstract 153
Introduction 153
Experimental Procedure 154
Results 155
Conclusion 158
Acknowledgements 158
References 158
Nano Materials 159
17 Enhanced Physical Properties of Thin Film Nanocomposites 160
Abstract 160
Introduction 160
Experimental 163
Materials 163
Sample Preparation 163
Curing Procedure 164
UV-Visible Spectroscopy 164
FTIR Spectroscopy 164
Differential Scanning Calorimetry 164
Results and Discussion 165
Kinetics of Epoxy Resins 165
Thermal Analysis 169
Conclusions 171
Acknowledgements 171
References 172
18 A Study on the Size and Type of Inclusions in Si–Mn Combined Deoxidated Low Carbon Steel Strip 174
Abstract 174
Introduction 174
Experiment Produce 175
Results 176
Inclusions Larger Than 1 ?m 176
Inclusions with Diameter About Tens to Hundreds Nanometers 176
Ultrafine Particles 177
Discussion 179
Conclusion 181
Acknowledgements 182
References 182
19 Effect of Argon Gas Purging of Spark Plasma Sintered ZrB2+SiC Nano-Powder Composites 183
Abstract 183
Introduction 184
Experimental 184
Results and Discussion 185
Conclusions 189
Acknowledgements 190
References 190
Alloys 191
20 Investigating the Anisotropic Behaviour of Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 2101 192
Abstract 192
Introduction 192
Materials and Experimental Methods 193
Results and Discussion 194
Conclusions 199
Acknowledgements 200
References 200
21 Microstructural Investigation and Impact Testing of Additive Manufactured TI-6AL-4V 202
Abstract 202
Introduction 203
Material Characterisation 203
Experimental Procedure 204
Results and Discussion 204
Quasi-static Mechanical Response 204
Dynamic Response: Johnson-Cook Model 207
Conclusions 209
Acknowledgements 209
References 209
Powders and Foams 211
22 Synthesis of TiN Nano-Composite Powder by High-Energy Ball Milling of TiH2 Under Nitrogen Atmosphere 212
Abstract 212
Introduction 212
Experimental Procedure 213
Results and Discussion 214
Conclusions 216
Acknowledgements 217
References 217
23 Application of AFM in Morphology Determination of Powder Material 218
Abstract 218
Introduction 219
Experimental 219
Experimental Materials and Reagents 219
Experimental Methods 220
Experimental Instruments 220
Results and Discussion 220
Sintered Products of Ferrous Oxalate 220
Ferrous Oxalate with Two-Dimension Lamella Structure 221
Battery-Grade Lithium Carbonate 222
Extra Powder Samples (Boron Powder, Ferric Oxide and Zinc Oxide) 223
Conclusions 224
Acknowledgements 224
References 225
24 Effects of Thermal Processing on Closed-Cell Aluminium Foams 226
Abstract 226
Introduction 226
Experimental Procedures 227
Results and Discussions 228
Conclusions 232
Acknowledgements 232
References 232
25 Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Behaviour of Closed-Cell Aluminium Foams Under Drop Weight Impact 234
Abstract 234
Introduction 234
Experimental Procedures 235
Results and Discussions 236
Conclusions 240
Acknowledgements 240
References 241
26 Deformation Mechanisms of Closed Cell-Aluminium Foams During Drop Weight Impact 242
Abstract 242
Introduction 242
Materials 243
Experimental 244
Finite Element Simulation 244
Result and Discussion 245
Conclusions 247
Acknowledgements 248
References 248
Minerals 249
27 Industrial Use of Brazilian Bentonite Modified by Mild Acid Attack 250
Abstract 250
Introduction 250
Materials and Methods 251
Start Materials 251
Materials Characterization 251
Results and Discussion 252
Conclusions 256
Acknowledgments 257
References 257
28 Mullitization Characteristics and Sinterability of Kyanite in Ceramic Preparation 258
Abstract 258
Introduction 258
Materials and Methods 259
Results and Discussion 260
Sinterability of Kyanite Ceramic 260
Mullitization Characteristics of Kyanite Ceramic 261
Conclusion 264
References 266
29 Ore Dressing and Technological Characterization of Palygorskite from Piauí/Brazil for Application as Adsorbent of Heavy Metals 267
Abstract 267
Introduction 268
Materials and Methods 268
Sample Preparation 268
Characterization 269
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 269
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) 269
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 269
Zeta Potencial 269
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 270
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG-DTG) 270
Results and Discussion 270
Conclusions 273
Acknowledgements 273
References 273
30 Technological Characterization of Waste from Gold Mining Dam 274
Abstract 274
Introduction 275
Materials and Methods 276
Sample Preparation 276
Technological Characterization 276
Laser Granulometry Distribution 276
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 277
X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) 277
Carbon and Sulfur Elemental Analysis 277
Optical Emission Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) 277
Results and Discussion 277
Laser Granulometry Distribution 277
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 278
Carbon and Sulfur Elemental Analysis 280
X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) 280
Optical Emission Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) 281
Conclusions 282
Acknowledgements 282
References 282
31 Synthesis and Characterization of Sodalite and Cancrinite from Kaolin 284
Abstract 284
Introduction 285
Materials and Methods 286
Sample Preparation 286
Sodalite and Cancrinite Synthesis 286
Characterization 287
Results and Discussion 287
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 288
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 289
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 289
Thermogravimetry Analysis (TG/DTG) 290
Zeta Potential 291
Conclusions 292
Acknowledgements 292
References 293
Ferrous Metals 294
32 Effect of Alumina and Magnesia on Microstructure and Mineralogy of Iron Ore Sinter 295
Abstract 295
Introduction 295
Experimental 296
Materials 296
Methods 296
Determination of Chemical and Metallurgical Properties 297
Microstructure and Mineralogical Examination 297
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 297
Results and Discussion 298
Elemental Distribution of Magnesium 299
Elemental Distribution of Aluminum 299
Influence of Sinter MgO and Al2O3 on Low and High Basicity Sinter Microstructure 299
Influence of MgO and Al2O3 on Sinter Tumble and LTD 301
Conclusions 302
Acknowledgements 302
References 303
33 Isothermal Reduction Kinetics of CaO·2Fe2O3 by Thermogravimetric Analysis 304
Abstract 304
Introduction 304
Experimental 305
Materials 305
TG Analysis 305
Thermal Analysis Kinetics 307
Results and Discussion 308
Reduction Degree and Reduction Rate 308
Apparent Activation Energy for Reduction 309
Model Function Results 310
Conclusions 312
Acknowledgements 312
References 313
34 Phase Transformation of MnO2 and Fe2O3 Briquettes Roasted Under CO–CO2 Atmospheres 314
Abstract 314
Introduction 314
Experimental Procedure 315
Materials 315
Roasting Procedure 316
Characterization 316
Results and Discussion 317
Phase Transformation 317
Magnetism Changes 319
Discussion on the Phase Transformation 320
Conclusions 321
Acknowledgements 322
References 322
35 Contact Angle of Iron Ore Particles with Water: Measurements and Influencing Factors 323
Abstract 323
Introduction 323
Experiments 324
Capillary Pressure Theory 324
Materials 325
Apparatus and Method 326
Results and Discussion 327
Conclusion 329
Acknowledgements 329
References 329
36 Important Factors to Consider in FIB Milling of Crystalline Materials 331
Abstract 331
Introduction 331
Ga-Rich Phase Formation 332
Ion Beam Damage to HCP Materials 333
Concerns of Specimen Temperature Rise 334
Crystalbond 335
Wood’s Metal 336
Gallium 336
Summary 337
References 337
Material Processing and Corrosion 339
37 Corrosion Behavior of Super-Ferritic Stainless Steels in NaCl Media 340
Abstract 340
Introduction 341
Experimental Procedure 342
Results and Discussion 342
Open Circuit 342
EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) 343
Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization Curves 345
Conclusions 348
Acknowledgements 348
References 348
38 Effect of Bromide Ions on the Pitting Corrosion of Hafnium in Anhydrous t-Butanol and Acetonitrile 350
Abstract 350
Introduction 350
Experiment 351
Results and Discussion 352
Cyclic Voltammetry Measurements 352
Potentiodynamic Measurements 354
Potential/Time Transient Measurements 356
Current/Time Transient Measurements 357
EIS Measurements 358
Conclusions 360
Acknowledgements 360
References 360
39 Compression Behaviour of Semi-closed Die Forged AZ80 Extrusion 362
Abstract 362
Introduction 363
Material and Experiments 364
Results and Discussion 366
Microstructure and Texture 366
Compressive Properties 368
Conclusions 369
Acknowledgements 370
References 370
40 Nondestructive Characterization of Microstructures of Heat-Treated Steels by Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Technique 371
Abstract 371
Introduction 371
Experimental Studies 372
Results and Discussion 373
Conclusions 375
Acknowledgements 375
References 376
Method Development 377
41 Development of a New Recycling Process of PGM from Metal-Supported Catalyst Using Complex Oxide 378
Abstract 378
Introduction 378
Experimental Procedure 379
Results and Discussion 379
Pt-PbO 379
Pd-PbO 380
Rh-PbO 381
Conclusions 381
References 381
Composites 382
42 High Thermal Conducting Composites Using Percolation Theory 383
Abstract 383
Introduction 383
Experimental 384
Specimen Preparation 384
Measurement of Thermal Properties 384
Assembly Measurement Technique 385
Results and Discussion 385
Thermal Conductivity of Fillers 385
Thermal Conductivity of Composite Materials 386
Effect of Volume Fraction of Fillers 387
Conclusions 389
Acknowledgements 389
References 390
43 Sorption Characteristics of Low Density Polyethylene/Kola Nut Composite 391
Abstract 391
Introduction 392
Materials and Methods 393
Materials 393
Preparation of Polyethylene Composites 393
Testings 393
Results and Discussion 394
Sorption Characteristics 394
Conclusion 401
References 401
44 Residual Stress Analysis Within Steel Encapsulated Metal Matrix Composites Via Neutron Diffraction 403
Abstract 403
Introduction 404
Experimental Procedure 404
Results and Discussion 408
Conclusions 410
References 411
45 Tensile Behavior of Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced with Pure Ramie Fabric 412
Abstract 412
Introduction 412
Experimental Procedures 413
Results and Discussion 414
Conclusions 417
Acknowledgements 417
References 417
46 Hemp Fiber Density Using the Pycnometry Technique 419
Abstract 419
Introduction 420
Experimental Procedure 420
Results and Discussion 422
Conclusion 424
Acknowledgements 424
References 424
47 Preparation and Characterization of Clay Exfoliation and Vegetal Fibre on Properties of Recycled Low Density Polyethylene 425
Abstract 425
Introduction 425
Materials and Methods 426
Materials 426
Preparation of Costus Afer Particles 427
Clay Nanoparticle 427
Clay Organophilization 427
Composite Preparation 427
X-ray Diffraction Analysis 428
Thermal Analysis 428
Mechanical Test 428
Results and Discussion 428
X-ray Diffraction Analysis 428
Mechanical Test 429
Thermogravicmetric Analysis 431
Conclusion 432
References 433
Ferrous Metals 434
48 Estimation of Dislocation Density in Metals from Hardness Measurements 435
Abstract 435
Introduction 435
Theoretical Approach 436
Experimental Procedure 438
Material and Sample Preparation 438
Micro-Hardness Experiment 438
X-ray Diffraction Measurement 438
Results and Discussion 439
Microstructural Analysis 439
SSDs Calculations by Hardness Measurements 440
SSDs Calculations by XRD 441
Conclusions 442
Acknowledgements 442
References 442
Welding and Solidification 444
49 Interfacial Strength Characterization in a High-Modulus Low-Density Steel-Based Fe-TiB2 Composite 445
Abstract 445
Introduction 445
Experimental Procedure 446
Materials and Specimens 446
Nanoindentation Tests 448
Results and Discussions 448
Nanoindentation Test 448
Simulation of Interfacial Behavior 449
Finite Element Modeling 449
Comparison Between Simulation and Experimental Result 450
Summary and Conclusions 451
References 451
Materials Extraction 453
50 Leaching of Copper–Cobalt Tailings from Democratic Republic of Congo 454
Abstract 454
Introduction 454
Experimental 455
Materials 455
Leaching 455
Pre-treatment 456
Analysis and Characterisation of the Sample 456
Results and Discussions 456
Direct Leaching 456
Effect of Pre-treatment 457
Conclusions 459
References 460
51 Optimum Operating Conditions and Characterisation of Lignin Extracted from Palm Fruit Bunch 461
Abstract 461
Introduction 461
Materials and Methods 462
Materials 462
Experimental Design 463
Soda Pulping 463
Lignin Recovery from Black Liquor 463
Analytics 464
Results and Discussion 464
Statistical Analysis of Process 464
Morphology of Extracted Lignin and Cellulose Fibres 466
Structural Characteristics of Extracted Lignin 468
Conclusion 469
52 Selection on the Process of Enriching Gold by Smelting from Refractory Gold Ores 471
Abstract 471
Introduction 471
The Indirect Smelting Process of Refractory Gold Ores 472
The Direct Smelting Process of Refractory Gold Ores 474
The Metallurgy-Beneficiation United Process of Refractory Gold Ores 476
Conclusions 477
Acknowledgements 477
References 477
53 Selection on the Process for Removing and Recovering Antimony from Antimonial Refractory Gold Ores 479
Abstract 479
Introduction 479
Effect of Antimony on Cyanide Leaching and Pretreatment 480
Effect of Antimony on Cyanide Leaching 480
Effect of Antimony on Pretreatment Process 481
Recovering of Antimony from Sodium Sulfide Solution 481
Removing of Antimony from Antimonial Refractory Gold Ores 481
Recovering of Antimony from Sodium Sulfide Solution 482
The Comparison of Different Methods 483
Recovering Antimony from Hydrochloric Acid System 484
Leaching Antimony in Hydrochloric Acid System 484
Recovering Antimony from Hydrochloric Acid System 484
Slurry Electrolysis 485
The Comparison of Different Acid Systems 486
A Clean Process for Extracting Antimony 486
Process Flow 486
Technics Characteristic 487
Conclusion and Expectation 487
Acknowledgements 487
References 488
54 Upgrading of Copper and Cobalt from the Democratic Republic of Congo Tailings 489
Abstract 489
Introduction 489
Thermodynamic Analysis 490
Experimental 491
Materials 491
Flotation 491
Reduction Experiments 492
Characterisation of the Samples 492
Results and Discussion 492
Effect of PH Modifiers 493
Impeller Speed 493
Magnetic Separation of the Tailings 494
Conclusions 495
References 496
55 Characterization of Spent Printed Circuit Boards from Computers 497
Abstract 497
Introduction 497
Experimental 499
Material 499
Experimental Methods 499
Results and Discussion 500
Chemical Composition 500
Phase Composition 500
Organic Molecular Structure 500
Particle Size Distribution 502
Density and Specific Surface Area 502
Physical Microstructure 502
Conclusions 503
Acknowledgements 503
References 503
56 Study of the Effect of the Initial Nucleation Mechanism of Lead Anode Oxidation Film on Internal Stress in Chromic Acid Electrolyte 505
Abstract 505
Introduction 505
Experimental 506
Preparation of Oxide Film 506
Properties Tests 507
Results and Discussion 507
Conclusion 514
References 514
Poster Session 516
57 Addition of Cellulose Nanofibers in Reactive Powder Concrete 517
Abstract 517
Introduction 517
Materials and Methods 518
Results 520
Conclusions 522
Acknowledgements 523
References 523
58 Advanced Ion Column Solution for Low Ion Damage Characterization and Ultra-Fine Process 524
Abstract 524
Introduction 524
Experiment 525
Results and Discussion 527
Conclusions 531
References 531
59 Application of Membrane Separation Technology in Wastewater Treatment of Iron and Steel Enterprise 532
Abstract 532
Introduction 532
Status Analysis of Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Steel Industry 533
Application of Membrane Separation Technology in Wastewater Treatment of Steel Industry 534
Application of MF and UF in Steel Industry 535
Application of RO in Steel Industry 535
Application of Membrane Integrated Process in Steel Industry 536
Conclusions 537
References 537
60 Brillouin Scattering Study on Elastic Properties of Bulk hcp ZnO Single Crystal 539
Abstract 539
Introduction 539
Experimental Work 540
Material and Method 540
Results and Discussion 541
Polarization Selection Rules 541
The Peak Polarizations of All Modes 542
Calculation of Elastic Constants 542
Conclusions 545
Acknowledgements 545
References 545
61 Characteristics of Stamp Charging Coke and Top Charging Coke 547
Abstract 547
Introduction 547
Experimental 548
Samples 548
Experimental Procedure of Coke Gasification 548
Results and Discussion 549
Microstructure of Cokes 550
Conclusion 552
References 552
62 Characterization and Leaching Proposal of Ag(I) from a Zn Concentrate in an S2O32?-O2 Medium 553
Abstract 553
Introduction 553
Experimentation 554
Experimental Methods 555
Results and Discussion 555
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 555
Polarizing Light Microscopy (PLM) 556
Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersion X-ray Spectroscopy (MEB-EDS) 556
Chemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 559
Dissolution of Ag and As in S2O32?-O2 Medium 560
Conclusions 560
References 561
63 Mechanical Properties and Behavior of Additive Manufactured Stainless Steel 316L 562
Abstract 562
Introduction 562
Materials and Experimental Methods 563
Experimental Procedure 565
Results and Discussion 565
Conclusions 567
References 567
64 Characterization of Mercury Jarosite 569
Abstract 569
Introduction 570
Experimental Methodology 571
Results 572
Conclusions 574
References 574
65 Characterization of Steel Production Dust and Their Use in Structural Ceramics 577
Abstract 577
Introduction 578
Experiments 579
Results and Discussion 580
Characterization 580
Water Absorption and Apparent Porosity 580
Linear Shrinkage 581
Mechanical Strength 582
Conclusions 583
References 584
66 Charpy Toughness Behavior of Jute Fabric Reinforced Polyester Matrix Composites 585
Abstract 585
Introduction 585
Experimental Procedure 586
Results and Discussion 587
Conclusions 589
References 589
67 Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of a Mixed Sulphide Ore at Zimapan, Hidalgo, Mexico 591
Abstract 591
Introduction 592
Experimentation 592
Characterization Methods 593
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 593
X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) 593
Inductive Coupled Plasma (ICP) 593
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 593
Results and Discussion 594
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 594
X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) 595
Inductive Coupled Plasma (ICP) 597
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 597
Conclusions 598
References 598
68 Contribution to the ? Relaxation Study of the HDPE, LDPE and LLDPE 600
Abstract 600
Introduction 600
Experimental Section 601
Sample Preparation 601
Measurements 601
Viscoelastic Measurements 601
Results 602
Melt Flow Index Measurements 602
Dynamic Mechanical Measurements 602
Obtainment of the ?-Transition Peaks 603
Determination of the Activation Energy 605
Comparison of the Three Polyethylene Spectra 605
Discussion 605
Dynamic Mechanical Spectra 605
Activation Energy 606
Literature 606
Our Results 607
Conclusion 607
Acknowledgements 608
References 608
69 Determination of Ten Impurity Elements in Tin Concentrate and Smelting Products by ICP-AES 610
Abstract 610
Introduction 611
Experimental 612
Instruments and Operating Conditions 612
Experimental Material and Reagents 612
Experimental Methods 613
Results and Discussion 613
Investigation of Sample Dissolution Method 613
Selection of Spectral Line and Interference of Coexisting Elements 613
Regression Equation, Correlation Coefficients and Detection Limits 614
Accuracy and Precision 615
Conclusions 617
Acknowledgements 617
References 618
70 Effects of Wet Grinding on the Structure and Granularity of Biological Origin Aragonite and Its Polymorphic Transformation into Calcite 619
Abstract 619
Introduction 619
Materials and Methods 620
Results and Discussions 621
Particle Morphology 621
Changing of Aragonite Structure 621
Phase Transformation of Aragonite 624
Conclusion 626
References 627
71 Evaluation of Ballistic Armor Behavior with Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Malva Fibers 628
Abstract 628
Introduction 628
Materials and Methods 630
Results and Discussions 633
Conclusions 635
Acknowledgements 636
References 636
72 Evaluation of the Pozzolanic Activity of Residue From the Paper Industry 637
Abstract 637
Introduction 637
Materials and Methods 638
Results 640
Conclusion 641
Acknowledgements 641
References 642
73 Evaluation of the Properties of the Adhesive Mortar in the Fresh State with Addition of Glass Waste 643
Abstract 643
Introduction 644
Materials and Methods 645
Results 647
Conclusion 649
Acknowledgements 649
References 649
74 Experimental Evaluation of the Influence of Mortar’s Mechanical Properties on the Behavior of Clay Masonry 651
Abstract 651
Introduction 652
Materials and Methods 652
Results and Discussion 654
Conclusions 658
Acknowledgements 658
References 658
75 Influence of Operation Conditions on Normal Stress and Flow Pattern of Burden Materials in Blast Furnace Based on Discrete Element Method 660
Abstract 660
Introduction 660
Model Description 661
Mathematical Model 661
Physical Model and Boundary Conditions 662
Results and Discussion 663
Influence of Ore Batch on Flow Pattern and Stress Field of Burden Materials 663
Influence of the Root Position of Cohesive Zone on Flow Pattern and Stress Field of Burden Materials 664
Influence of the Slope of Cohesive Zone on Flow Pattern and Stress Field of Burden Materials 666
Conclusions 667
References 667
76 Polymer Blend Based on Recycled Polyethylene and Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymers Reinforced with Natural Fibers from Agricultural Wastes 668
Abstract 668
Introduction 668
Experimental 670
Results and Discussion 671
Conclusion 675
References 675
77 Preliminary Study of the Effect of Stirring Rate, Temperature and Oxygen Pressure on the Leach Rate of Copper Powder, Generated by Grinding of Printed Circuit Boards of Computer 677
Abstract 677
Introduction 677
Methodology 678
Characterization 678
Experimental Procedure and Materials 679
Results and Discussion 679
Characterization 679
Preliminary Kinetic Study 680
Effect of the Stirring Rate 680
Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure 682
Effect of Temperature 682
Conclusions 684
References 684
78 Preparation and Characterization of Polyethylene Nanocomposites with Clay and Silver Nanoparticles 686
Abstract 686
Introduction 687
Materials and Methods 688
Materials 688
Preparation of the Nanocomposites 689
Characterization 690
X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) 690
Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 690
Mechanical Test 690
Differential Scanning Calorimetry 690
Results and Discussion 691
X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) 691
Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 692
Mechanical Test 693
Differential Scanning Calorimetry 693
Conclusions 694
Acknowledgements 694
References 694
79 Production of Concrete Interlocking Blocks with Partial Replacement of Sand in Bulk by Waste Glass Machined 696
Abstract 696
Introduction 696
Methodology 698
Raw Material 698
Proof Bodies 700
Compressive Strength Test 701
Results and Discussions 702
Conclusion 704
References 704
80 Reactive Powder Concrete Production with the Addition of Granite Processing Waste 705
Abstract 705
Introduction 705
Materials and Methods 706
Results and Discussion 708
Conclusions 711
Acknowledgements 711
References 711
81 Research on the Reason of the Different Type of Chloride Forming in the Process of Blast Furnace Ironmaking 712
Abstract 712
Introduction 712
Normality of Chlorine Overflowing from Furnace 713
Anomaly Pattern of Chlorine Overflowing from Furnace 714
In the Type of HCl 714
Expression Form of HCl Overflowing from Furnace 714
Analysis of the Reason of the Abnormal pH 715
Mechanism Analysis of the Production of HCl 715
In the Type of NH4Cl 717
Expression Form of NH4Cl Overflowing from Furnace 717
Mechanism Analysis of the Production of NH4Cl 718
Conclusions 719
References 720
82 Stress and Deformation Analysis of Hot Blast Stove Piping System 721
Abstract 721
Introduction 721
Computational Model 722
Physical Model 722
Computational Conditions 722
Result and Discussion 723
Stress Distribution of Hot Blast Stove Shell 723
Stress Analyses Along Intersection Line of Hot Blast Main and Manifold 724
Stress Analyses Along Hot Blast Manifold 725
Stress Analyses Along Hot Blast Main 727
Conclusions 729
References 730
83 Stress and Deformation Analysis of Top Combustion Hot Blast Stove Shell 731
Abstract 731
Introduction 731
Computational Model 732
Physical Model 732
Computational Conditions 732
Result and Discussion 733
Stress Distribution of Hot Blast Stove Shell 733
Stress Analyses Along Hot Blast Outlet 734
In Blast Period 734
In Combustion Period 736
Comparison 737
Conclusions 738
References 739
84 Study of Calcined Mixtures from Industrial Residues for Production of Agglomerates 740
Abstract 740
Introduction 740
Materials and Methods 741
Collection, Preparation and Chemical Analysis of Raw Materials 741
Preparation and Sintering Mixtures 742
Characterization of the Produced Clinker 742
Results and Discussion 743
Chemical Analysis of Raw Materials 743
Preparation and Sintering of Mixtures 744
Characterization of the Produced Clinker 744
Conclusions 747
Acknowledgements 747
References 747
85 Study of Synergistic Effect of Light Stabilizer Additive, Conventional and Nanoparticles, Applied to Polyethylene Films Submitted to Ultraviolet Radiation 749
Abstract 749
Introduction 749
Materials and Methods 751
Materials 751
Preparation of Samples 752
Analytical Methods 752
Results 752
Conclusion 756
Acknowledgements 757
References 757
86 Study of the Effect of Surface Liquid Flow During Column Flotation of Mining Tailing of the Dos Carlos Dam 758
Abstract 758
Introduction 758
Experimental Procedure 760
Results and Discussion 762
Conclusions 768
References 769
87 Study on Bending Test on Concrete Structural Use Crumb Rubber as Substitute in Fine Aggregate 770
Abstract 770
Introduction 770
Literature Review 771
Particle Size 771
Bending Test 771
Materials and Methods 772
Body of Proof 772
Particle Size 772
Bending Test 773
Testing Machine 773
Results 773
Particle Size Distribution Test 773
Bending Test 775
Conclusion 777
References 777
88 Synthesis and Structural Characterization of BaTiO3 Doped with Gd3+ 779
Abstract 779
Introduction 779
Experimental Methodology 780
Results and Discussion 781
X-ray Diffraction 781
Raman Spectroscopy 782
Morphology and Microstructure 782
Conclusions 783
Acknowledgements 783
References 784
89 Texture Analysis and Anisotropic Properties of a Rolled CuZn36 Brass Alloy 785
Abstract 785
Introduction 785
Experimental Procedure 786
Results and Discussion 787
Mechanical Properties 787
Microstructure 789
Texture 789
Conclusions 791
References 792
90 The Influence of Titanium Content on the Sinter Ore Phase Structure and the Crack 793
Abstract 793
Introduction 793
The Chemical Composition of Sinter 794
The Analyses of Sinter Phase Structures 795
The Influence of Titanium Content 795
The Influence of Basicity on the Phase Structure 797
The Influence of Overbake on the Phase Structure 798
Compare with the Typical Sinter Ore 799
Conclusions 800
Acknowledgements 800
References 801
91 The Use of Network Simplex Method for Planning the Incorporation of Recycled Paper Mill Sludge in Manufacturing of Ceramic Bodies 802
Abstract 802
Introduction 803
Materials and Methods 803
Results and Discussion 805
Sludge Classification 805
Particle Size Analysis, Specific Mass and Atterberg Limits 805
X-ray Diffraction Analysis 805
Chemical Analysis 806
Thermal Analysis 806
Sludge Incorporation Analysis in Ceramic Bodies 807
Conclusions 809
Acknowledgements 810
References 810
92 Use of Alkaline Solid Wastes from Kraft Pulp and Paper Mills, Dregs and Grits in Cement Production 811
Abstract 811
Introduction 811
Materials and Methods 812
Results and Discussion 815
Conclusions 819
Acknowledgements 820
References 820
93 Wood-to-Concrete Joints Using Steel Connectors: Experimental Evaluation 821
Abstract 821
Introduction 821
Materials and Methods 824
Results and Discussion 826
Conclusions 830
Acknowledgements 830
References 830
Author Index 831
Subject Index 836

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 6.2.2017
• Reihe/Serie: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
• Reihe/Serie: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
• Zusatzinfo: XXIX, 872 p. 480 illus.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: characterization • Materials • material science and application • Materials Science • material technology and application • metals • minerals • Processing
• ISBN-10: 3-319-51382-6 / 3319513826
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-51382-9 / 9783319513829