Rare Metal Technology 2017 (eBook)

Hojong Kim, Shafiq Alam, Neale R. Neelameggham, Harald Oosterhof, Takanari Ouchi, Xiaofei Guan (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 1st ed. 2017
307 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-51085-9 (ISBN)

Infos

This collection presents papers from a symposium on extraction of rare metals as well as rare extraction processing techniques used in metal production. Topics include the extraction and processing of elements like antimony, arsenic, gold, indium, palladium, platinum, rare earth metals including yttrium and neodymium, titanium, tungsten, and vanadium. Rare processing techniques are covered, including direct extraction processes for rare-earth recovery, biosorption of precious metals, fluorination behavior of uranium and zirconium mixture of fuel debris treatment, and recovery of valuable components of commodity metals such as zinc, nickel, and metals from slag.

The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) is a member-driven international professional society dedicated to fostering the exchange of learning and ideas across the entire range of materials science and engineering, from minerals processing and primary metals production, to basic research and the advanced applications of materials. Included among its nearly 13,000 professional and student members are metallurgical and materials engineers, scientists, researchers, educators, and administrators from more than 70 countries on six continents. 

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contents 7
About the Editors 11
Rare Earth Elements I 17
1 The Economics of the Search Minerals Direct Extraction Process for Rare Earth Element Recovery 18
Abstract 18
Introduction 18
The Direct Extraction Process 19
Acid Treatment/Water Leach 20
Impurity Removal by Oxidation and Precipitation 20
Bulk Rare Earth Precipitation 20
Engineering and Cost Studies 23
SNC Lavalin Engineering and Cost Study [5] 23
Feed Preparation 24
Mixing and Acid Baking 25
Water Leaching, Impurity Removal and REE Precipitation 26
Releach and Precipitation 27
Calcination 28
Reagents 28
Preliminary Economic Assessment 29
Conclusions 31
Acknowledgements 31
References 32
2 Recovery of Critical Rare Earth Elements for Green Energy Technologies 33
Abstract 33
Introduction 34
Critical Rare Earths Processing by Hydrometallurgical Routes 37
Critical Rare Earth Elements Processing by Iono-Metallurgical Routes 39
Rare Earths Processing by Using Organo-Phosphorus Extractants 39
Acknowledgements 42
References 42
3 Selective Reduction and Separation of Europium from Mixed Rare-Earth Oxides from Waste Fluorescent Lamp Phosphors 44
Abstract 44
Introduction 44
Experimental 46
Materials 46
Analysis 46
Procedure 46
Results and Discussion 47
Analysis of Precipitate 47
Conclusions 49
References 49
4 Application of Rare Earths for Higher Efficiencies in Energy Conversion 50
Abstract 50
Introduction 50
Energy Supply Chain 51
Applications of Rare Earths 53
Permanent Magnets 53
Photovoltaics 54
Sustainability 55
Conclusions 57
Acknowledgements 57
References 58
5 Microwave Treatment for Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Phosphogypsum 59
Abstract 59
Introduction 59
Results and Discussions 61
Phosphogypsum Characterization 61
Microwave Treatment and Leaching Experiments 61
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy-Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) 62
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Results 62
Leaching Results 63
Conclusions 64
Acknowledgements 64
References 64
6 Selective Separation of Rare Earth Chlorides Utilizing Vapor Phase Extraction 66
Abstract 66
Introduction 66
Experimental 67
Results and Discussion 71
Conclusions 73
Acknowledgements 74
References 74
7 Microstructure Observation of Oxidation of Nd-Magnet at High Temperatures 75
Abstract 75
Introduction 75
Experimental Methodology 77
Materials 77
Approach and Parameters 77
Post Experiment Sample Preparation 78
Results and Discussion 79
Conclusions 83
Acknowledgements 83
References 83
Rare Earth Elements II and Platinum Group Metals 85
8 Electrochemical Behavior of Neodymium in Molten Chloride Salts 86
Abstract 86
Introduction 86
Experimental 87
Electrochemical Cell 87
Electrochemical Measurements 87
Electrodeposition Tests 88
Results and Discussions 88
Electrochemical Measurements 88
Electrowining Test 91
Stability of Nd(II) After Addition of Nd Metal 92
Conclusion 95
References 95
9 Novel Reactive Anode for Electrochemical Extraction of Rare Earth Metals from Rare Earth Oxides 96
Abstract 96
Introduction 96
Experimental 97
Results and Discussion 97
Conclusion 100
Acknowledgements 100
References 100
10 Electrochemical Formation of Nd Alloys Using Liquid Metal Electrodes in Molten LiCl–KCl Systems 102
Abstract 102
Introduction 103
Experimental 104
Results and Discussion 105
Electrochemical Behavior of RE(III) (RE = Dy, Nd) Using Liquid Sn Electrodes 105
Electrochemical Formation of RE–Sn (RE = Dy, Nd) Alloys Using Liquid Sn Electrodes 107
Conclusions 109
Acknowledgements 110
References 110
11 Challenges in the Electrolytic Refining of Silver—Influencing the Co-deposition Through Parameter Control 111
Abstract 111
Introduction 112
Background 112
Copper Co-deposition 113
Palladium Co-deposition 115
Process Consideration and Research Strategy 116
Experimental Validation 116
Results and Discussion 119
Conclusion 122
Acknowledgments 124
References 124
12 Vapor Treatment for Alloying and Magnetizing Platinum Group Metals 126
Abstract 126
Introduction 126
Experimental 129
Results and Discussion 130
Summary 132
Acknowledgments 133
References 133
13 Biotechnological Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Leachates of Spent Automotive Catalysts 135
Abstract 135
Introduction 135
Experimental Section 136
Ceramic Substrate Catalysts 136
Microorganism and Growth Conditions 136
Results and Discussion 137
Chemical Leaching of Ceramic Substrate Catalysts 137
Microbial Reduction and Deposition of Soluble PGMs 138
Recovery of PGMs from Microbial Cells 139
Recycling Process of PGMs Using the Biomineralization Method 140
Conclusions 141
Acknowledgments 141
References 141
14 Recovering Palladium from Chloridizing Leaching Solution of Spent Pd/Al2O3 Catalyst by Sulfide Precipitation 142
Abstract 142
Introduction 142
Experimental 143
Physical and Chemical Properties and Components of Lixivium 143
Reagent and Detection Method 144
Experimental Principle 144
Experimental Process 145
Results and Discussion 145
Effect of Lixivium Concentration on Palladium Precipitation 146
Effect of Sodium Sulfide Concentration on Palladium Precipitation 146
Effect of Terminated pH During Reaction on Palladium Precipitation 147
Effect of Initial pH of Lixivium on Palladium Precipitation 147
Effect of Adding Rate of Sodium Sulfide Solution on Palladium Precipitation 148
Effect of Temperature on Palladium Precipitation 149
Effect of Stirring Speed on Palladium Precipitation 149
Conclusions 150
Acknowledgments 150
References 150
15 Mechanism of Intensifying Cyanide Leaching of Gold from a Calcine by the Pretreatment of Acid or Alkali Washing 152
Abstract 152
Introduction 152
Experimental 153
Materials and Reagents 153
Experiment Methods 154
Analytical Methods 155
Results and Discussion 155
Acid or Alkali Pretreatment-Cyanide Gold Leaching 155
Intensifying Mechanism of Acid or Alkali Pretreatment 156
Chemical Compositions of Gold Ores 156
Size Distributions and Specific Surface Area of Gold Ores 157
SEM-EDS Analysis 158
Conclusions 159
Acknowledgements 160
References 160
Base and Rare Metals 161
16 Disclosure of the Kinetic Relations of Semidirect Cemented Carbide Leaching in Acid Media 162
Abstract 162
Introduction 163
Materials and Methods 164
Results and Discussion 166
Conclusion 167
Acknowledgements 167
References 168
17 A New Two-Stage Aluminothermic Reduction Process for Preparation of Ti/Ti-Al Alloys 169
Abstract 169
Introduction 169
Experimental 170
Raw Materials 170
Experimental Apparatus and Methods 170
Analysis Methods 171
Results and Discussion 171
Characterization of the Products Obtained by the First Stage Reduction 171
Characterization of the Products Obtained by the Second Stage Reduction 173
Conclusion 176
References 176
18 Study on Pre-reduction Mechanisms of Chromium Ore Pellets in SRC Process 178
Abstract 178
Introduction 178
Thermodynamics Analysis of Reduction Reaction in SRC Process 179
Experiment Analysis 181
Conclusions of Reduction Mechanism of SRC Process 183
References 183
19 Recovery of Valuable Metals from High-Content Arsenic Containing Copper Smelting Dust 184
Abstract 184
Introduction 184
Experimental 185
Materials and Procedure 185
Experimental Theory 186
Results and Discussions 187
Low-Temperature Vulcanized Vitalization Experiments 187
Pressure Leaching Experiments 189
Conclusions 192
References 192
20 Sulfuric Acid Leaching of Mechanically Activated Vanadium–Bearing Converter Slag 194
Abstract 194
Introduction 194
Experimental 195
Results and Discussion 197
Conclusions 202
Acknowledgements 202
References 202
21 Present Status and Development of Comprehensive Utilization of Vanadium-Titanium Magnetite 204
Abstract 204
Introduction 205
Status and Development of Utilization Technique for Titanium Iron Concentrate 205
Blast Furnace Iron Making Process 206
Non-blast Furnace Iron Making Process 206
Status and Development of Utilization Technique on Ilmenite Concentrate 206
Electric Smelting Method 207
Choice Chlorination Method 207
Reduction Process 207
Status and Development of Utilization Technique on Titanium-Bearing Blast Furnace Slag 208
Technique on Non-Titanium Extraction 208
Technique on Titanium Extraction 208
Status and Development of Utilization Technique on High Titanium Slag 209
Conclusion 210
References 210
22 Review of TiO2-Rich Materials Preparation for the Chlorination Process 212
Abstract 212
Introduction 213
Preparation of Rich Titanium-Rich Materials 213
Reduction Smelting 213
Preparation of Synthetic Rutile by Slag Enrichment 214
Reduction-Rusting Process 215
Hydrochloric Acid Leaching 215
Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation 215
Conclusions 216
References 217
Poster Session 218
23 Adsorbents for Selective Recovery of Heavy Rare Earth Elements 219
Abstract 219
Introduction 219
Experimental 221
Results and Discussion 222
Conclusions 223
References 224
24 Behavior of Sec-Octylphenoxy Acetic Acid (CA-12) in Yttrium Recovery from High Concentrated Heavy Rare Earths Mixture 225
Abstract 225
Introduction 226
Experimental 226
Apparatus 226
Reagent 227
Methods 227
Results and Discussion 227
The Role of the Phase Modifier 227
CA-12 Behavior for Feed Concentration = 0.2 M 228
CA-12 Behavior for High Feed (1 and 2 M) Concentration 230
Conclusions 231
Acknowledgements 232
References 232
25 Preparation of Molybdenum Powder from Molybdenite Concentrate Through Vacuum Decomposition-Acid Leaching Combination Process 234
Abstract 234
Introduction 235
Theoretical Analysis 236
Vacuum Decomposition Basis 236
Acid Leaching Basis 237
Material 238
Apparatus and Methods 238
Results and Discussion 239
Effect of Distillation Times 239
Effect of Material Diameter and Thickness 240
Effect of Temperature 241
Effect of Time 242
Effect of Hydrochloric Acid Concentration 242
Effect of Liquid-to-Solid Ratio 243
Conclusions 244
Acknowledgements 244
References 244
26 Pressure Leaching Behavior of Molybdenum-Nickel Sulfide from Black Shale 246
Abstract 246
Introduction 246
Experimental 247
Materials 247
Experimental Procedure 248
Analytical Methods 248
Results and Discussion 248
Characterization of the Materials 248
Effect of Agitation Speed 249
Effect of Leaching Temperature 249
Effect of Initial Sulfuric Acid Concentration 250
Effect of Partial Pressure of Oxygen 251
Effect of Particle Size 251
Phase Changes of Sulfide 252
Conclusions 252
Acknowledgements 252
References 252
27 Selective Recovery of Scandium From Sulfating Roasting Red Mud By Water Leaching 254
Abstract 254
Introduction 254
Experimental 256
Results and Discussions 256
Conclusions 262
Acknowledgements 263
References 263
28 Study for Preparation of Industrial Ammonium Molybdate from Low Grade Molybdenum Concentrate 264
Abstract 264
Introduction 264
Properties of Test Materials 265
The Method of Experiment 266
Results and Analysis 267
The Roasting Process 267
The Ammonia-Alkali Leaching 268
The Purification of the Leaching Solution 268
The Influence of the Terminal pH on the Purification 268
Test of the Condition of the Addition Contents of (NH4)2S Solution 270
Effect of the Temperature on Purification 270
The Effect of pH on Precipitation Process 271
Optimal Process Conditions and Product Inspection 272
Conclusion 273
References 273
29 Study of a Synergistic Solvent Extracting System to Separate Yttrium and Heavy Rare Earths: A Deep Investigation on System Behavior 275
Abstract 275
Introduction 276
Experimental 277
Apparatus and Reagents 277
Methods 277
Results and Discussion 278
Conclusions 281
Acknowledgements 281
References 282
30 The Recovery of Bismuth from Bismuthinite Concentrate Through Membrane Electrolysis 283
Abstract 283
Introduction 283
Experimental 284
Materials 284
Method 285
Results and Discussion 287
Leaching 287
Electro-Deposition 288
Effect of Bismuth Concentration in Catholyte 289
Effect of HCl Concentration in Catholyte 289
Effect of the Cathode Electrode Material 290
Effect of Electrowinning Temperature 291
Effect of Cathodic Current Density 292
Effect of the Anolyte pH Value on Anodic Product Yield 292
Effect of Sodium Chloride Concentration in Anolyte 294
Effect of Anode Electrode Material 294
Verification Experiment 295
Conclusion 298
Acknowledgements 298
References 298
Author Index 300
Subject Index 302

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 3.2.2017
• Reihe/Serie: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
• Reihe/Serie: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
• Zusatzinfo: XVI, 307 p. 168 illus.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Precious Metals • rare earth metals • rare metal extraction • rare metal processing techniques • rare metals
• ISBN-10: 3-319-51085-1 / 3319510851
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-51085-9 / 9783319510859