Proceedings of the 3rd Pan American Materials Congress (eBook)

Marc André Meyers, Hector Alfredo Calderon Benavides, Sonia P Brühl, Henry A Colorado, Elvi Dalgaard, Carlos Nelson Elias, Roberto B Figueiredo, Omar Garcia-Rincon, Megumi Kawasaki, Terence G. Langdon, R.V. Mangalaraja, Mery Cecilia Gomez Marroquin, Adriana da Cunha Rocha, Julie M Schoenung, Andre Costa e Silva, Mary Wells, Wen Yang (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 1st ed. 2017
XXV, 816 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-52132-9 (ISBN)

Infos

This collection covers a variety of materials science topics and has contributions from leading scientists and engineers representing 8 countries and 9 international materials, metals, and minerals societies. Papers are organized into the following sections:

Advanced Biomaterials

Advanced Manufacturing

Materials for Green Energy 

Materials for Infrastructure 

Materials for the Oil and Gas Industry 

Materials for Transportation and Lightweighting

Minerals Extraction and Processing

Nanocrystalline and Ultra-fine Grain Materials and Bulk Metallic Glasses 

Steels

The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) is a member-driven international professional society dedicated to fostering the exchange of learning and ideas across the entire range of materials science and engineering, from minerals processing and primary metals production, to basic research and the advanced applications of materials. Included among its nearly 13,000 professional and student members are metallurgical and materials engineers, scientists, researchers, educators, and administrators from more than 70 countries on six continents. 

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contents 7
About the Editors 16
Advanced Biomaterials 25
1 Analysis of Biomimetic Surgical Clip Using Finite Element Modeling for Geometry Improvement and Biomaterials Selection 26
Abstract 26
Introduction 26
Materials and Methods 28
Results and Discussion 28
Conclusion 32
Acknowledgements 32
References 32
2 Chemical Composition Effect of Sol-Gel Derived Bioactive Glass Over Bioactivity Behavior 33
Abstract 33
Introduction 33
Materials and Methods 34
Materials 34
Mixture Experimental Design 35
Bioactive Glass Synthesis 36
Sample Characterization 36
In Vitro Bioactivity Study 37
Results and Discussion 37
XRD Analysis of the Synthesized BG 37
Sample Characterization After In Vitro Tests 38
Conclusions 40
Conflict of Interest 40
References 41
3 Effects of Dialium guineense Based Zinc Nanoparticle Material on the Inhibition of Microbes Inducing Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 42
Abstract 42
Introduction 43
Experimental Methods 45
Extraction from Dialium guineense Leaf Material 45
Biosynthesis of D. guineense Based Nanoparticle Material 45
Characterisation of the Biosynthesized Zinc Nanoparticle 45
MIC Inducing Microbes for the Study 46
Inhibition Study on MIC Inducing Microbes by D. guineense Based Zinc Nanoparticle 46
Results and Discussion 46
Characterised Results of the Biosynthesized Zinc Nanoparticle 46
D. guineense Based Zinc Nanoparticle Material Inhibition of Microbes Inducing MIC 48
Conclusions 49
References 50
4 Injectability Evaluation of Bone-Graft Substitutes Based on Carrageenan and Hydroxyapatite Nanorods 53
Abstract 53
Introduction 53
Materials and Methods 55
Synthesis and Characterization of Carrageenan and Hydroxyapatite Nanorods 55
Preparation of Injectable Bone Substitute (NHA/CG) 56
Injectability Assay and Characterization 56
Statistical Analysis 56
Results and Discussion 57
Characterization of Carrageenan 57
Characterization of HA Nanorods 58
Injectability Test and Characterization of IBS 61
Conclusions 64
Conflict of Interest 64
References 64
5 Synthesis and Characterization of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4@mSiO2 Core Shell Nanocarrier for Drug Delivery Applications 67
Abstract 67
Introduction 67
Materials and Methods 69
Results and Discussion 69
Conclusions 73
Acknowledgements 73
References 73
Advanced Manufacturing 75
6 Carbon Based Coatings Deposited on Nitrided Stainless Steel: Study of Thermal Degradation 76
Abstract 76
Introduction 77
Experimental 77
Results and Discussion 78
Microstructure of DLC Films and the Nitrided Layers 78
Characterization of Coatings After Annealing 80
Conclusion 84
Acknowledgements 84
References 85
7 Comparative Mechanical Analysis Between Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Random Short Cuarua Fibers and Aligned Long Curaua Fibers 86
Abstract 86
Introduction 86
Experimental Procedure 87
Results and Discussion 90
Scanning Electron Microscopy—SEM 90
Tensile Test 91
Conclusions 92
Acknowledgements 92
References 93
8 On Tool Wear in Rotary Tool Micro-Ultrasonic Machining 94
Abstract 94
Introduction 95
Experimental Setup 96
Materials and Methods 96
Tool Wear in Micro-USM 96
Process Parameters 97
Results and Discussion 98
Effect of Tool Rotation Speed on Tool Wear, Width and Depth of Microchannel 98
Conclusions 100
Acknowledgements 101
References 101
9 Numerical Modeling of High-Velocity Impact Welding 102
Abstract 102
Introduction 103
Numerical Simulation Model 105
SPH Model 106
ALE Model 106
Experimental Test 107
Results 107
Conclusion 110
Acknowledgments 111
References 111
10 Selective Laser Sintering of Polyamide/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds 113
Abstract 113
Introduction 114
Experimental 114
Materials 114
Selective Laser Sintering 114
Mechanical Tests 115
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 115
Density and Open Porosity 115
Results and Discussion 116
Conclusions 119
References 119
Materials for Green Energy 122
11 A Comparison Between Recycled Spent Zeolite and Calcite Limestone for Manganese Removal 123
Abstract 123
Introduction 123
The Thomas Model 125
Materials and Methods 126
Results and Discussion 127
Conclusions 129
Acknowledgements 129
References 129
12 Effect of Mo6+ Substitution on Microstructure and Lithium Ionic Conductivity of Garnet-Type Li7La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolytes by Field Assisted Sintering Technology 131
Abstract 131
Introduction 132
Experimental Procedures 134
Result and Discussion 135
Conclusions 137
Acknowledgements 138
References 138
13 Electromagnetic Levitation Refining of Silicon–Iron Alloys for Generation of Solar Grade Silicon 140
Abstract 140
Introduction 140
Theoretical Aspects 141
Phosphorus Removal from Si–Fe Alloy Melts 141
Electromagnetic Levitation Refining 142
Experimental Aspects 142
Design of Levitation Equipment 142
Temperature Measurement 143
Levitation of Silicon–Iron Alloys 144
Results and Discussion 145
Effect of Time and Temperature 145
Effect of Hydrogen Partial Pressure 145
Effect of Iron Alloying 146
Effect of Initial Phosphorus Concentration 147
Conclusions 148
Acknowledgements 148
References 148
14 Green Extract of Mate Tea as Corrosion Inhibitor of Copper and Aluminum 149
Abstract 149
Introduction 149
Experimental Procedure 150
Obtaining the Extract 150
Electrochemical Measurements 151
Potentiodynamic Polarization 151
Cyclic Voltammetry 151
Results and Discussion 152
Potentiodynamic Polarization 152
Cyclic Voltammetry 155
Conclusions 157
Acknowledgements 157
References 158
15 Platinum Salt Synthesis as Precursor to Get Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biofuels Production 159
Abstract 159
Introduction 160
Synthesis of Tetraammineplatinum (II) Chloride Salt 161
Methodology 161
First Stage 161
Second Stage 162
Third Stage 162
Analysis, Discussion and Results 163
Proposed Pilot Scale Reactor 165
Conclusions 166
Acknowledgements 166
References 166
16 Technical and Environmental Assessment of an Alternative Binder for Low Traffic Roads with LCA Methodology 168
Abstract 168
Introduction 168
Materials and Methodology 170
Materials 170
Alkaline Activator 171
Methodology 171
Stage 1. Goal Definition and Scoping 172
Stage 2. Life Cycle Inventory 172
Stage 3. Impact Assessment and Interpretation 172
Results and Discussion 173
Technical Assessment of the Stabilizer 173
Environmental Assessment of the Stabilizer 174
Conclusions 176
Acknowledgements 176
References 176
Materials for Infrastructure 178
17 Anticorrosion and Adsorption Mechanism of Rhizophora mangle L. Leaf-Extract on Steel-Reinforcement in 3.5% NaCl-Immersed Concrete 179
Abstract 179
Introduction 180
Experimental 181
Results and Discussion 183
Conclusions 187
References 188
18 Cassia fistula Leaf-Extract Effect on Corrosion-Inhibition of Stainless-Steel in 0.5 M HCl 191
Abstract 191
Introduction 192
Experimental 192
Results and Discussion 194
Conclusions 198
References 198
19 Effect of C5H11NO2S on Reinforcing-Steel Corrosion in Concrete Immersed in Industrial/Microbial Simulating-Environment 202
Abstract 202
Introduction 203
Experimental 204
Results and Discussion 207
Conclusions 211
References 212
20 Fiber Reinforced Concrete Manufactured with Electric Arc Furnace Slag 215
Abstract 215
Introduction 215
Materials 216
Experimental Procedure 217
Results and Discussion 218
Consistency of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Abrams Cone Test According to UNE 12350-2 218
Compressive Strength According to UNE 83507 219
Flexotraction Strength According to UNE 83507 219
Indirect Tensile Strength According to UNE 12390-6 220
Resistance to Water Penetration Under Pressure According to UNE EN 12390-8 220
Tenacity According to UNE 83508 221
Conclusions 222
Acknowledgements 222
References 222
21 Jigs, Hydrocyclones and Sensor-Based Sorting to Value Recycled Aggregate 224
Abstract 224
Introduction 225
Mineral Processing Applied in CDW 225
Difficulty of Liberation 225
Use of Mineral Processing Techniques with Recycled Concrete 226
New Perspectives of Sorting and Liberation for Recycling Aggregates 227
Current Advanced Process 227
Process with Supplementary Sorting of the Concrete Recycled (First Improved Process) 228
Process with Supplementary Production with High Quality Recycled (Second Improved Process) 228
Method of Comparison 230
Method to Fix the Substitution Rate for a Given Concrete Application 230
Price of Transportation and Taxes 230
Results and Discussions 231
Optimal Substitution Rate 231
Gain in Density and Reduction in Water Absorption 231
Conclusions 232
Acknowledgements 233
References 233
22 Performance of Hydraulic Mixes Manufactured with Electric Arc Furnace Slag Aggregates 235
Abstract 235
Introduction 236
Materials 236
Mortars 237
Mix Design 237
Fresh Properties 238
Strength 239
Density, MIP and CAT Analysis 239
Durability 240
Concrete 240
Conclusions 241
Acknowledgements 242
References 242
23 Porous Asphalt Mixtures with 100% Siderurgic Aggregates 243
Abstract 243
Introduction 244
Materials 245
Mix Design 246
Testing and Results 247
Conclusions 249
Acknowledgements 249
References 249
Materials for Oil and Gas Industry 252
24 Blends of PVDF with Its Processing Waste: Study of the Mechanical Properties of the Blends Thermally Aged 253
Abstract 253
Introduction 253
Experimental 254
Materials and Methods 254
FTIR–ATR 255
XRD Analysis 255
DSC 255
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) 255
Results and Discussion 256
FTIR and XRD Characterization 256
DMA 258
DSC Characterization 260
Conclusion 261
Acknowledgements 262
References 262
25 Dynamic Transformation and Retransformation During the Simulated Plate Rolling of an X70 Pipeline Steel 264
Abstract 264
Introduction 265
Materials and Methods 266
Results and Discussions 267
Stress-Strain Curves 267
Mean Flow Stress 268
Optical Microscopy 269
Volume Fraction of Transformed and Retransformed Ferrite Per Pass 270
Production and Retention of Ferrite 270
Retransformation of Ferrite 271
SEM and EBSD Analysis 272
Conclusions 273
Acknowledgements 274
References 274
26 Effect of Heat Input on the Microstructure and Toughness of Welded API Pipelines 275
Abstract 275
Introduction 275
Proposed Mechanism 276
Experimental Procedure 277
Results and Discussion 279
Oxygen Composition 279
Vickers Hardness 280
Charpy “V” Notch (CVN) Tests 280
Microstructure 281
Conclusions 282
References 283
27 Evaluation of Non-destructive Techniques (Thermography, Ultrasound and Eddy Current) for Detection of Failures in Metallic Substrates with Composite Anticorrosive Coatings 284
Abstract 284
Introduction 285
Materials 286
Sample 286
Non-destructive Methods 286
Thermography Testing 286
Ultrasonic Testing 287
Eddy Current Testing 287
Results 287
General Results 287
Methods Comparison 289
Conclusions 289
Acknowledgements 289
References 290
28 High Temperature In-Situ X-Ray Analysis of a Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 291
Abstract 291
Introduction 291
Materials and Methods 292
Results 293
Discussion 295
Conclusions 296
Acknowledgements 296
References 296
29 Structural Integrity of Pipelines 298
Abstract 298
Introduction 298
Experimental Procedures and Results 300
Conclusions 304
References 305
Materials for Transportation and Lightweighting 306
30 Advantages of Hot Compression in the Manufacture of Al-B4C Composites 307
Abstract 307
Introduction 307
Materials, Experimental Procedure and Testing 308
Specimen Preparation 308
Mechanical and Physical Characterization 309
Electron Microscopy 309
Results 310
Mechanical and Physical Tests 310
Electron Microscopy 313
Discussion 313
Conclusions 314
References 314
31 An Improved Silicon Carbide Monofilament for the Reinforcement of Metal Matrix Composites 316
Abstract 316
Introduction 316
Silicon Carbide Monofilament 317
Metal Matrix Composite Performance 319
Discussion 321
References 322
32 Analysis of Coir Fiber Porosity 324
Abstract 324
Introduction 324
Materials and Methods 325
Results and Discussion 327
Summary and Conclusions 328
Acknowledgements 328
References 328
33 Ballistic Performance in Multilayer Armor with Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Malva Fibers 330
Abstract 330
Introduction 330
Materials and Methods 331
Results and Discussions 333
Conclusions 336
Acknowledgements 336
References 336
34 Curaua Non-woven Fabric Composite for Ceramic Multilayered Armors: A Lightweight, Natural, and Low Cost Alternative for KevlarTM 338
Abstract 338
Introduction 338
Materials and Methods 339
Results and Discussions 342
Conclusions 345
Acknowledgements 345
References 345
35 Effect of Forging on Microstructure, Texture and Compression Behavior of Extruded AZ31B 346
Abstract 346
Introduction 346
Experimental Procedure 347
Results and Discussion 348
Microstructure and Texture 348
Superficial Hardness 349
Compression Properties 350
Conclusion 351
Acknowledgements 352
References 352
36 Effect of Hypoeutectic Sc Additions to Al-4.5 wt% Cu Under Different Cooling Rates 354
Abstract 354
Introduction 354
Experimental and Methods 355
DSC 356
EML 356
IA 357
Analysis Techniques 357
Results and Discussions 357
Scale of Microstructures 357
Mechanical Properties 359
Conclusions 361
Acknowledgements 361
References 362
37 Izod Impact Tests in Polyester Matrix Composites Reinforced with Fique Fabric 363
Abstract 363
Introduction 363
Experimental Procedure 365
Results and Discussion 366
Conclusions 369
Acknowledgements 369
References 369
38 Izod Impact Tests in Polyester Matrix Composites Reinforced with Jute Fabric 371
Abstract 371
Introduction 371
Experimental Procedure 372
Results and Discussion 373
Conclusions 375
References 375
39 Microstructure and Hardness of Subzero Quenched and Heat Treated Ti-6Al-4V Alloy 377
Abstract 377
Introduction 377
Experimental Program 379
Results and Discussion 379
Microstructure Results 379
Microhardness Results 384
Tensile Strength Results 384
SEM Study 385
Discussion 385
Conclusions 388
References 388
40 Nano-additive Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Microballoon Epoxy Syntactic Foams 390
Abstract 390
Introduction 390
Experimental 391
Materials 391
Sample Fabrication 392
Preparation of Resin 392
Syntactic Foam Fabrication 392
Property Characterization 392
Microstructure Analysis 392
Compressive Strength 393
Tensile Strength 393
Results 394
Structure and Morphology 394
Compressive Properties 395
Tensile Properties 396
Conclusions 397
Acknowledgements 398
References 398
41 Nanocomposites Mechanical and Tribological Properties Using Graphene-Coated-SiC Nanoparticles (GCSiCNP) for Light Weight Applications 400
Abstract 400
Introduction 401
Experimental Procedure 403
Materials and Processing 403
Characterization 404
Results and Discussion 405
Nanocomposite Powders Processing 405
Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Extruded Alloy and Nanocomposite BM-Powders 407
Tribological Properties: NanoScratch Test 408
Conclusions 410
Acknowledgements 410
References 410
42 Synthesis of Energetic Composites in Ti–Al–B–C System by Adiabatic Explosive Compaction 413
Abstract 413
Introduction 414
Current State of the Problem 414
Experimental Procedures 415
Precursors and Selection of Powder Composition 415
Ultrafine Powder Fabrication 416
Explosive Compaction Technique 417
Results of Explosive Compaction 419
Conclusions 422
Acknowledgements 422
References 422
43 Tensile and Impact Properties of Two Fiber Configurations for Curaua Reinforced Composites 424
Abstract 424
Introduction 424
Materials and Methods 425
Results and Discussions 427
Conclusions 431
Acknowledgements 431
References 431
44 Thermo-mechanical Behavior of Nanostructure Polyacrylic Polymer Based on Al2O3 and Bentonite Nanoparticles 432
Abstract 432
Introduction 433
Experiment 434
Materials 434
Chemical Synthesis 434
Thermal Analysis 434
Uniaxial Tension 435
Nanoindentation 435
Scanning Electron Microscopy 435
Results and Discussion 435
Conclusion 440
Acknowledgements 440
References 441
45 Thermo-mechanical Properties of Waterborne Acrylate Hybrid Nanocomposites 442
Abstract 442
Introduction 443
Experiment 443
Materials 443
Chemical Synthesis 443
Thermal Analysis 444
Uniaxial Tension 444
Nano-Indentation 444
Scanning Electron Microscopy 445
Results and Discussion 445
Conclusions 449
Acknowledgements 449
References 449
46 Thermo-mechanical Properties of Copolymer/Clay Nanocomposites: A Comparative Study of Production Method by In-situ and Solution Mixture 451
Abstract 451
Introduction 452
Experiment 452
Results and Discussion 453
Conclusions 457
Acknowledgements 457
References 457
Minerals Extraction and Processing 459
47 Biotechnological Recycling of Precious Metals Sourced from Post-consumer Products 460
Abstract 460
Introduction 461
Metal Ion-Recovering Microorganisms 461
Recycling Technology of Precious Metals Based on Biomineralization 462
Microbial Reduction and Deposition of Soluble Precious Metals Using the Shewanella Bacteria 462
Recycling Process of Precious Metals Using the Biomineralization Method 464
Recycling Technology of Rare Metals Based on Biosorption 466
Microbial Adsorption of Soluble Rare Metals Using Shewanella Bacteria 466
Process for Recycling a Rare Metal (Indium) by the Biosorption Method 467
Conclusions 468
Acknowledgements 468
References 469
48 Biotechnologies for Wastewater Treatment in the Mineral Industry 470
Abstract 470
Introduction 470
Materials and Methods 471
Manganese Bioremediation 471
Sulphate Reduction 472
Results and Discussion 473
Manganese Bioremediation 473
Sulphate Reduction 475
Conclusions 477
Acknowledgements 478
References 478
49 Dissolution Thermodynamics of Smithsonite in Alkaline Iminodiacetate Aqueous Solution 480
Abstract 480
Introduction 480
Thermodynamic 481
Thermodynamic Model 481
Dissociation Equilibrium of ZnCO3 482
Equilibrium of Zn2+ 482
Equilibrium of Ida2? 483
Equilibrium of CO32? 483
Dissociation Equilibrium of H2O 483
Calculation 484
Results and Discussion 484
Total Concentration of Zn2+ 484
Free Concentration of Zn2+ 485
Free Concentration of Ida2? 486
Free Concentration of CO32? 487
Species Distribution of Zn2+ 487
Species Distribution of Ida2? 488
Conclusions 489
Acknowledgements 489
References 489
50 Effect of Ethylenediamine on Smithsonite Flotation 492
Abstract 492
Introduction 493
Experimental 493
Materials and Methods 493
Micro-flotation Experiments 494
Adsorption of Dodecylamine on the Smithsonite Surface 495
Results and Discussion 495
Flotation Study of Smithsonite 495
Effect of Ethylenediamine on the Adsorption of Dodecylamine on the Smithsonite Surface 496
The Mechanism Analysis 496
Conclusion 497
Acknowledgements 498
References 498
51 Extraction of Gold from Sands and Slimes Tailings Dump from Mazowe Mine, Zimbabwe 499
Abstract 499
Introduction 500
Ore Mineralogy 500
Sample Characteristics 501
Chemical Composition 501
Size Distribution 502
Gold Recovery Tests 503
Flotation 503
Gold Dissolution Test Work 505
Intensive Cyanidation Results 507
Flotation Followed by the Cyanidation of the Concentrate 507
Conclusions 508
Acknowledgements 509
52 Gold Recovery from Waste Solutions of PCBs Gold Plating Process Using Hydro Cyclone Reactor for Demonstration Study 510
Abstract 510
Introduction 510
Experimental 511
Results and Discussion 512
Hydrocyclone Design 512
Effect of Flow Rate 514
Effect of Current Density 514
Concentration of Electrolyte and Initial Gold 515
Cathode Materials 516
Conclusions 517
Acknowledgements 517
References 517
53 Improving Quality of Coke Made from Chinese Xinjiang Gas Coal with High Strength Modifier 519
Abstract 519
Introduction 519
Experimental 520
Materials 520
Kg Coke Oven Experiment 520
Reactivity Test 521
FTIR and TG Measurements 521
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 521
Results and Discussion 522
Effect of Modifier on Coal Characterization Data 522
Effect of Modifier on Coke Characterization Data 523
Effect of High Strength Modifier on Functional Groups During Pyrolysis 523
Effect of High Strength Modifier on Weight Variation During Pyrolysis 525
Effect of the High Strength Modifier on the Structural Parameters 526
Conclusion 527
Acknowledgements 527
References 527
54 Investigating the Dissolution Characteristics of Strontium Sulfide 529
Abstract 529
Introduction 529
Experimental Procedure 530
Results and Discussion 531
Effect of S/L Ratio 531
Effect of Temperature 532
Effect of Time 534
Conclusion 535
Acknowledgements 535
References 535
55 Kinetic Study on the Leaching of Vanadium-Bearing Converter Slag with Dilute Sulfuric Acid 536
Abstract 536
Introduction 536
Experimental 537
Results and Discussion 539
Conclusions 544
Acknowledgements 545
References 545
56 Leaching of Spent Ni–Mo Hydrodesulphurization (HDS) Catalyst in Oxalic Acid Solutions 546
Abstract 546
Introduction 546
Materials and Methods 547
Results and Discussion 548
Characterization 548
Leaching Experiments 549
Conclusions 552
References 553
57 Novel Adsorbent from Iron Ore Concentration Tailings for Toxic Cationic Dye Removal from Water 554
Abstract 554
Introduction 555
Materials and Methods 556
Materials and Chemicals 556
Synthesis of MZVI and FB-MZVI Adsorbents 556
Characterization of FB-MZVI Adsorbents 557
Adsorption Experiments 557
Results and Discussion 557
Adsorbent Preparation 557
Direct Iron Oxide Reduction 557
Orthogonal Analyses 559
Adsorbent Characterization 560
Removal of CV and MB 562
Adsorption Kinetics 562
Adsorption Isotherms 563
UV-Vis Analysis 564
Conclusions 565
Acknowledgements 565
References 565
58 Preliminary Analysis of the Application of Sensor Based Sorting on a Limestone Mine in the Region Caçapava do Sul, Brazil 567
Abstract 567
Introduction 568
Materials and Methods 569
Samples 569
Equipment of Classification (Sorter) 570
Results and Analysis 571
Conclusion 573
Acknowledgements 574
References 574
59 Preparation of High Grade Industrial Copper Compound from a Nigerian Malachite Mineral by Hydrometallurgical Process 575
Abstract 575
Introduction 576
Materials and Method 577
Leaching Tests 577
Solvent Extraction/Beneficiation Tests 577
Results and Discussion 578
Characterization Studies 578
Leaching Results 578
Solvent Extraction/Beneficiation Studies 579
Conclusion 579
References 580
60 Process of Improving the Flotation Using Ultrasonic Bombardment 581
Abstract 581
Introduction 582
Objectives 582
General Objective 582
Specific Objectives 582
Justification 583
Theoretical Framework 583
Influence of Mud Layers in the Flotation Process 583
Mass Balance in the Process of Flotation 583
Operating Flotation Properties 585
Gradient and Driving Forces 586
Methodology 587
Materials and Equipment 587
Methods and Procedures 588
Results 589
After Ultrasound Processing 589
After Chemical Analysis 590
Conclusão 592
Acknowledgements 592
References 592
61 Production of Strontianite from Celestite Ore in Carbonate Media 594
Abstract 594
Introduction 594
Materials and Method 596
Results and Discussion 597
Conclusion 599
Acknowledgements 600
References 600
62 Reduction Kinetics and Characterization Study of Synthetic Magnetite Micro Fines 601
Abstract 601
Introduction 602
Experimental 603
Results and Discussion 604
Conclusions 616
References 616
63 Study on Leaching Valuable Elements from Bayan Obo Tailings 618
Abstract 618
Introduction 618
Experimental 619
Materials 619
Experiment Theory 621
Experiment Method 622
Effect of Adding Amount of NaCl on Leaching Rates of Valuable Elements 622
Effect of Adding Amount of Ca(OH)2 on Leaching Rates of Valuable Elements 623
Effect of Calcination Time on Leaching Rates of Valuable Elements 623
Effects of Calcination Temperature on Leaching Rates of Valuable Elements 624
Conclusions 625
References 625
64 Study on Thermal Decomposition and Oxidation Characteristics of Iron Ores 627
Abstract 627
Introduction 627
Materials and Experiment 628
Materials 628
Experimental 628
Results and Discussion 629
Analysis of Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of Limonite(A1) 629
Analysis of Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of Hematite (B1) 632
Analysis of Thermal Oxidation Characteristics of Magnetite (C1) 633
Conclusion 635
References 635
65 The Direct Leaching of Micro-disseminated Gold Concentrate by Bromide Process and the Characterization of Leaching Products 637
Abstract 637
Introduction 637
Materials and Experiment 638
Properties of Materials 638
Leaching Experiments 638
Characterization Method 639
Results and Discussion 639
Experimental Results 639
XRD Analysis 640
SEM Characterization 642
Laser Particle Size Analysis 643
Conclusion 643
Acknowledgements 644
References 644
66 Working Experience on the New WOX Washing and Leaching Plant at ZGH Boleslaw S.A., Poland 645
Abstract 645
Project Background 645
Waelzoxide Plant Technology 646
Brief Process Description 648
Preparation of Oxide Suspension 648
Counter-Current Washing 648
Filtration 648
Pressure Washing 649
Filtration 649
Leaching the Purified Zinc Oxide 649
Thickening and Filtration 649
Achievements (Results) 649
Conclusions 651
Nanocrystalline and Ultra-fine Grain Materials and Bulk Metallic Glasses 653
67 Continuous Dynamic Recovery in Pure Aluminium Deformed to High Strain by Accumulative Press Bonding 654
Abstract 654
Introduction 655
Experimental 655
Results and Discussion 656
Conclusions 661
Acknowledgements 661
References 661
68 Effects of Natural Aging and Post-processed Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Processed Al-7B04 664
Abstract 664
Introduction 664
Experimental 665
Results 666
Microstructure Under PPHT State 666
Mechanical Properties Under NA and PPHT States 668
Conclusions 670
References 670
69 Evaluation of the Hardening and Softening Effects in Zn–21Al–2Cu with as Cast and Homogenized Microstructure Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing 671
Abstract 671
Introduction 672
Experimental Procedure 672
Results and Discussion 673
Effect of SPD on Microstructure and Microhardness 673
Evolution of Microstructure and Microhardness During Annealing 677
Conclusions 679
References 679
Steels 680
70 Effect of Titanium Sulfide Particles on Grain Size in Low Carbon Steel 681
Abstract 681
Introduction 681
Experiment Procedure 682
Results 683
Grain Growth Behavior 683
Particle Characterization 683
Discussions 685
Thermodynamics Calculation 685
Pinning Force and Driving Force 687
Conclusions 687
Acknowledgements 688
References 688
71 Evolution of Austenite Dislocation Density During Hot Deformation Using a Physical Dynamic Recrystallization Model 689
Abstract 689
Introduction 689
Modeling Method 690
General Equation Describing the Dislocation Density 690
Calculation of the Volume Fraction of DRX 691
Modeling of Work Hardening Dislocation Density ( /rho_{wh} and /overline{/rho }_{rex} ) 691
Determination of Characteristic Stresses and Strains of DRX ( /sigma_{0} ,{/varvec }/sigma_{c} {/varvec },{/varvec }/sigma_{sat} ,/varepsilon_{0} and /varepsilon_{c} ) 693
Recovery Rate Parameters Calculation ( k_{2} and k_{2}^{/prime } ) 693
Modeling Procedure 693
Material and Experiment 694
Parameters Calculation 694
Experimental Dislocation Density 694
The Calculation Results of the Characteristic Stresses and Strains 695
Work Hardening Parameters 695
Avrami Kinetics Parameters Determination 697
Dislocation Density Modeling Validation 699
Conclusion 700
Acknowledgements 700
References 700
72 A Rapid Heating Method for Press Hardening Processing 702
Abstract 702
Introduction 702
Experimental Procedure, Equipment and Materials 705
Material 705
Conventional and Short Austenitization Treatment with Subsequent Quenching 706
Characterization of Mechanical Properties and Analysis of Material Microstructure 706
Results and Discussion 708
Mechanical Properties 708
Microstructure 710
Conclusions 713
Acknowledgements 714
References 714
73 New Generation Niobium Bearing Structural Steels for Future Infrastructure Demands 716
Abstract 716
Introduction 716
Niobium Infrastructure Structural Steel Metallurgical Approach 717
Background 718
Structural Plates and Beams 719
Construction Plates for Wind Tower Infrastructure 720
Nb-Low Carbon Weathering Bridge Steel 722
Low Carbon Nb Containing Seismic-Resistant Rebar 723
Conclusions 726
References 726
74 Kinetic Study of the Austenite Decomposition During Continuous Cooling in a Welding Steel 727
Abstract 727
Introduction 728
Experimental Procedure 728
Materials 728
Dilatometry: Heating Cycle 729
Dilatometry: Cooling Cycles 729
Results and Discussion 730
Austenite Formation 730
Austenite Decomposition 730
Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagram 731
Austenite Decomposition Non-isothermal Kinetics 732
Nanoindentation Analysis 734
Conclusion 737
Acknowledgements 737
References 737
75 Microstructural Evolution in Microalloyed Steels During Thermomechanical Rod Rolling 739
Abstract 739
Introduction 739
Experimental Procedure 741
Results and Discussion 742
Conclusion 745
Acknowledgements 746
References 746
76 Modeling of Metal-Slag Mass and Momentum Exchanges in Gas-Stirred Ladles 748
Abstract 748
Introduction 748
Theory and Experiment 750
Mathematical Model 750
Physical Model 753
Physical Model Procedure for Hydrodynamics 753
Physical Model for Mass Transfer Experiment of Slag-Metal Exchange 754
Results and Discussion 754
Conclusions 757
Acknowledgements 757
References 757
77 Study on Adjustment and Optimization of LF Refining Slag of Spring Steel 55SiCrA 759
Abstract 759
Introduction 759
Industrial Tests 760
Optimization of Slagging Process 760
Research Methods 761
Results and Discussion 761
Compositions of LF Refining Slag 761
Change of Total Oxygen Content in Whole Production Route 762
Change of Inclusion Plasticity in Whole Production Route 764
Conclusions 764
Acknowledgements 765
References 765
78 Tempering Response of Bainitic and Martensitic Microstructures 766
Abstract 766
Introduction 766
Experimental Procedure 767
Results and Discussion 768
Scanning Electron Microscopy 768
Dilatometry 769
Mössbauer Spectroscopy 770
Conclusions 773
Acknowledgements 773
References 773
79 The Research on the Relationship Between Gas Movement Behaviors and Circulation Flow of the Molten Steel in RH 775
Abstract 775
Introduction 775
Theoretical Analysis 776
Experiments 777
Results and Discussion 778
The Relationship About the Circulating Kinetic Energy of Liquid Steel, Bubble Velocity and the Void Fraction in up Leg 778
The Effect of the Bubble Rising Velocity 778
The Effect of Void Fraction in up Leg on the Circulating Kinetic Energy 779
The Proportion of Circulating Kinetic Energy Linked to Behavior of Bubbles 779
Bubble Residence Time in the Vacuum Chamber 779
The Influence of Void Fraction in up Leg to the Proportion of Circulating Kinetic Energy 780
The Relationship Between the Bubble Velocity and the Proportion of Circulating Kinetic Energy 781
Conclusions 781
Acknowledgements 781
References 781
Author Index 783
Subject Index 787

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 7.2.2017
• Reihe/Serie: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
• Reihe/Serie: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
• Zusatzinfo: XXV, 816 p. 489 illus.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Additive Manufacturing • biomaterials • Extraction and processing • Lightweighting • Materials processing and properties • Materials Science • nanocrystalline • Oil and Gas • Steels
• ISBN-10: 3-319-52132-2 / 3319521322
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-52132-9 / 9783319521329