Bearing Tribology (eBook)
XII, 333 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-662-53097-9 (ISBN)
By focusing on the theory and techniques of tribological design and testing for bearings, this book systematically reviews the latest advances in applications for this field. It describes advanced tribological design, theory and methods, and provides practical technical references for investments in bearing design and manufacturing. The theories, methods and cases in this book are largely derived from the practical engineering experience gained and research conducted by the author and her team since the 2000s. The book includes academic papers, technical reports and patent literature, and offers a valuable guide for engineers involved in bearing design.
Preface 5
Contents 7
1 Friction, Wear, and Lubrication in the Bearing Application 13
1.1 Basic Concepts of the Tribology 13
1.1.1 Basic Definition of the Bearing Tribology 13
1.1.2 Objects and Tasks of the Bearing Tribology 14
1.1.2.1 Bearing Friction and Wear Mechanisms 15
1.1.2.2 Bearing Lubrication Theory 15
1.1.2.3 Bearing Tribology Research Method and Test Technology 15
1.1.2.4 Bearing Material and Surface Treatment 15
1.1.2.5 Bearing Lubricant 16
1.1.2.6 Performance Monitoring for Bearing in the Mechanical Equipments 16
1.1.3 Subject Characteristics of the Bearing Tribology 16
1.2 Bearing Friction and Wear 17
1.2.1 Sliding Friction and Rolling Friction 17
1.2.1.1 Sliding Friction 17
1.2.1.2 Rolling Friction 17
1.2.2 Types of Bearings 18
1.2.2.1 Plain Bearings 18
1.2.2.2 Rolling Bearings 18
1.2.3 Friction and Wear in the Bearing Application 19
1.2.3.1 Friction and Wear in the Plain Bearings 19
1.2.3.2 Friction and Wear in the Rolling Bearings 19
1.3 Bearing Lubrication 19
1.3.1 Plain Bearing Lubrication 20
1.3.2 Rolling Bearing Lubrication 20
References 20
2 Bearing Surface Contact 21
2.1 Surface Structure and Property 21
2.1.1 Surface Structure 21
2.1.2 Surface Property 23
2.1.2.1 Surface Energy 23
2.1.2.2 Surface Film 24
2.1.2.3 Surface Oxidation 25
2.2 Surface Morphology Parameters 26
2.2.1 Surface Geometry 26
2.2.2 Surface Morphology Parameters 27
2.2.2.1 One-Dimensional Topography Parameter 27
2.2.2.2 Two-Dimensional Topography Parameter 28
2.2.2.3 Three-Dimensional Topography Parameter 28
2.2.2.4 Support Surface Curve 29
2.2.3 Surface Morphology Statistical Parameters 29
2.2.3.1 Height Distribution Function 30
2.2.3.2 Distribution Curve Deviation 30
2.3 Hertz Elastic Contact 30
2.3.1 Contact Between Two Cylinders 31
2.3.2 Contact Between Two Balls 33
2.3.3 Rough Surface Contact 34
2.3.3.1 Unimodal Contact 34
2.3.3.2 Contact Between Ideal Rough Surfaces 35
2.3.3.3 Contact Between Real Contact Surfaces 37
2.3.4 Plasticity Index 39
2.4 Heating Effect of the Surface Contact 40
2.4.1 Static Heat Source 40
2.4.2 Dynamic Heat Source 41
2.4.3 Sliding Heat 42
2.4.4 Rolling Heat 44
2.5 Contact Problems in the Bearings 44
2.5.1 Rolling Bearing Contact 44
2.5.1.1 Point Contact 44
2.5.1.2 Line Contact 45
2.5.1.3 Contact Model in Roller Bearing 46
2.5.2 Plain Bearing Contact 48
2.5.2.1 Line Contact 48
2.5.2.2 Surface Contact 48
2.5.3 Contact Stress Between Rolling Element and Raceway 49
2.5.4 Contact Stress Between Rolling Element and Rib 49
References 50
3 Mechanism of Bearing Friction and Wear 51
3.1 Sliding Friction Mechanism 51
3.1.1 Sliding Friction Characteristics 51
3.1.2 Basic Friction Theory 53
3.1.2.1 The Mechanical Interlocking Theory (Concave–Convex Theory) 53
3.1.2.2 Molecular Interaction Theory (Molecular Adhesion Theory) 54
3.1.2.3 Mechanical-Molecular Friction Theory 55
3.1.3 Adhesion Friction Theory 55
3.1.4 Friction Binomial Law 62
3.2 Rolling Friction Mechanism 63
3.2.1 Micro-Slip Effect 63
3.2.2 Elastic Hysteresis 64
3.2.3 Plastic Deformation 64
3.2.4 Adhesion Effect 65
3.2.5 Rolling Friction Calculation 65
3.2.6 Rolling Friction Law 66
3.3 Wear Mechanism 67
3.3.1 Wear Classification 67
3.3.2 Wear Mechanism 68
3.3.2.1 Adhesive Wear Mechanism 68
3.3.2.2 Abrasive Wear Mechanism 71
3.3.2.3 Fatigue Wear Mechanism 73
3.3.2.4 Corrosive Wear Mechanism 76
3.3.2.5 Fretting wear Mechanism 78
3.4 Wear Calculation 79
3.4.1 Wear Representation 79
3.4.2 Abrasive Wear Calculation 79
3.4.3 Adhesive Wear Calculation 80
3.4.4 IBM Wear Calculation 81
3.5 Wear Law in the Practical Design 83
3.5.1 Friction Pair Material Selection Rules 83
3.5.2 Protective Layer Principle and Wear-Resisting Layer Design Criteria 85
References 88
4 Materials for Bearing Frictional Pairs 89
4.1 Sliding Bearing Material 89
4.1.1 Babbitt Alloy 90
4.1.2 Copper Alloy 93
4.1.3 Aluminum Alloy 94
4.1.4 Gray Cast Iron, Wear Resistant Cast Iron and Nodular Graphite Iron 96
4.1.5 Porous Metallic Materials 96
4.1.6 Nonmetallic Materials 97
4.1.6.1 Engineering Plastic 97
4.1.6.2 Carbon-Graphite 97
4.1.6.3 Rubber 99
4.1.7 Graphite–Metal Alloy 99
4.2 Rolling Bearing Material 99
4.2.1 Steels for Rings and Rolling Elements 100
4.2.2 Other Materials of the Rolling Bearings 107
4.2.3 Bearing Steel Selection Principle 109
References 110
5 Sliding Bearing Lubrication Theory 112
5.1 Lubrication Condition 112
5.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication 114
5.2.1 Fluid Lubrication Basic Equation 114
5.2.2 Reynolds Equation 116
5.2.2.1 Reynolds Equation General Formula 116
5.2.2.2 Simplification of the Reynolds equation 118
5.2.3 Flow Equation and Shearing Stress Equation 121
5.2.3.1 Flow Equation 121
5.2.3.2 Shear Stress Equation 122
5.2.3.3 Application of Reynolds Equation 123
5.3 Design and Calculation of Hydrodynamic Sliding Bearing 123
5.3.1 Tapered-Land Thrust Bearing 124
5.3.1.1 Single Bevel Bush 124
5.3.1.2 Multiple Bushes 126
5.3.2 Ladder Bearing 126
5.3.2.1 Pressure Distribution 127
5.3.2.2 Load Capacity 128
5.3.3 Journal Bearing 128
5.3.3.1 Integral Boundary Conditions 128
5.3.3.2 Infinite Radial Bearing with Complete Cycle (360°) 129
5.3.3.3 Finite Radial Bearings 134
5.3.3.4 Parameters Selection of the Radial Sliding Bearing Design 136
5.4 Fluid Dynamic Instability 137
5.4.1 Oil Film Instability 137
5.4.2 Half-frequency Whirl 138
5.4.3 Oil Oscillation 139
5.4.4 Oil Film Instability Restraint 140
5.5 Hydrostatic Lubrication 141
5.5.1 Working Principle 141
5.5.1.1 Hydrostatic Bearing with Constant Oil Flow 141
5.5.1.2 Hydrostatic Bearing with Constant Oil Pressure 142
5.5.1.3 Throttling Valve 143
5.5.2 Design Principle of Capillary Throttling Journal Hydrostatic Bearing 145
5.5.2.1 Pressure W1 of Single Oil Cavity to the Shaft Neck 146
5.5.2.2 Flow of the Capillary 146
5.5.2.3 Outlet Flow on the Single Oil Cavity Cover 146
5.5.2.4 Bearing Load Capacity 148
5.6 Special Sliding Bearings 150
5.6.1 Gas Bearing Lubrication Theory 150
5.6.2 Magnetic Suspension Bearing Principle 153
References 154
6 Rolling Bearing Lubrication Theory 155
6.1 Rigid Contact Lubrication Theory 155
6.1.1 Geometric Analogy and Clearance Equation 156
6.1.1.1 Contact Between the Cylindrical Surface with Cross-Section Shape and Flat Surface 156
6.1.1.2 Contact Between Two Cylinders 157
6.1.2 Martin Line Contact Lubrication Theory 157
6.1.2.1 Pressure Distribution 157
6.1.2.2 Load Capacity in Per Unit Length 159
6.1.2.3 Boundedness of Martin Equation 159
6.2 Elastic Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory 160
6.2.1 Approximate Solution for Line Contact EHL 160
6.2.1.1 Elastic Deformation of Line Contact 160
6.2.1.2 Reynolds Equation Considering the Pressure–Viscosity Effect 161
6.2.1.3 Analysis and Discussion 162
6.2.1.4 ?py??? Oil Film Thickness Equation 164
6.2.2 Numerical Solution for Line Contact EHL 165
6.2.2.1 Basic Equation 166
6.2.2.2 Solution Method to the Reynolds Equation 168
6.2.2.3 Solution Method for Elastic Deformation Equation 168
6.2.2.4 Solution Sequence 169
6.2.2.5 Dowson–Higginson Line Contact Oil Film Thickness Equation 169
6.2.3 Key Influencing Factors on Loads Distribution and Oil Film Shape for EHL 170
6.2.4 Line Contact Lubrication Equation and State Diagram 171
6.2.4.1 Rigid-Constant Viscosity (R-I) 172
6.2.4.2 Rigid-Variable Viscosity (R-V) 172
6.2.4.3 Elasticity-Constant Viscosity (E-I) 172
6.2.4.4 Elasticity-Variable Viscosity (E-V) 172
6.2.5 Point Contact Lubrication Equation and State Diagram 173
6.2.5.1 Computational Formula 173
6.2.5.2 Oil Film Shape and Pressure Distribution 175
6.2.5.3 Lubrication State Diagram of Point Contact 175
6.3 EHL Theory in the Bearing Application 177
6.3.1 EHL Theory Application 177
6.3.2 EHL Calculation in the Rolling Bearing 178
6.4 Boundary Lubrication Theory 181
6.4.1 Boundary Lubrication Mechanism 181
6.4.2 Boundary Film Types and Characteristics 181
6.4.3 Influencing Factors on Boundary Lubrication Film 183
6.5 Recearch Development for the Rolling Bearing Lubrication Mechanism 184
6.5.1 EHL Simulation Study in the Rough Surface 185
6.5.2 Grease Lubrication Mechanism 186
6.5.3 Grease Lubrication Migration Mechanism 188
6.6 Genetic Algorithm in the Cylindrical Roller Bearing Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Numerical Analysis 191
References 195
7 Bearing Lubrication Application 196
7.1 Lubricant 196
7.1.1 Oil Lubrication 196
7.1.2 Grease 201
7.1.3 Solid Lubricant and Gas Lubricant 202
7.2 Sliding Bearing Lubrication 202
7.2.1 Sliding Bearing with Boundary Lubrication 203
7.2.2 Sliding Bearing with Dynamic Lubrication 203
7.2.3 Lubrication Types 204
7.2.4 Lubricant Selection 205
7.2.5 Lubrication System 205
7.3 Rolling Bearing Lubrication 206
7.3.1 Lubrication Types 207
7.3.2 Lubricant Selection 208
7.3.3 Lubricant Dosage 211
7.4 Bearing Lubrication for the Typical Equipment 214
7.4.1 Auto Bearing Lubrication 214
7.4.2 Mill Bearing Lubrication 216
7.4.3 Large Size Motor Bearing Lubrication 220
References 221
8 Friction and Wear Testing Technology in the Bearing 222
8.1 Friction Torque Measuring of the Bearing 222
8.1.1 Twisted Shaft Method 223
8.1.2 Balance Moment Method 223
8.1.3 Energy Conversion Method 223
8.2 Wear Loss Measuring of the Bearing 224
8.2.1 Weight Method 224
8.2.2 Length Method 225
8.2.3 Radioisotope Method 225
8.2.4 Precipitation or Chemical Analysis Method 226
8.2.5 Profiler Method 226
8.2.6 Displacement Sensor Method 226
8.3 Friction Temperature Measuring of the Bearing 227
8.3.1 The Thermocouple Method 227
8.3.2 The Thin Film Sensor Method 228
8.3.3 The Infrared Thermometry Method 229
8.3.4 The Thermal Resistance Method 229
8.3.5 The Optical Fiber Method 230
8.4 Traction Force Measuring of the Bearing 230
8.4.1 Line Contact EHL Traction Force Method 231
8.4.2 Point Contact EHL Traction Force Method 233
8.5 Bearing Tribo-tester of the Bearing 234
8.5.1 High-Speed Tribo-tester 235
8.5.2 Heavy Load Sliding Friction Tester 237
8.5.3 Spherical Plain Bearing Tribo-tester 238
8.5.4 Bearing Life Tester 240
8.5.5 Bearing Friction Torque Tester 242
8.5.6 Journal Bearing Tribo-tester 245
References 246
9 Fault Diagnosis and Status Monitoring of the Bearing 248
9.1 Introduction 248
9.2 Basic Theory of the Condition Monitoring 249
9.2.1 Status Signal and Characteristic Parameter 250
9.2.1.1 Selection Principle 250
9.2.1.2 Common State Characteristic Signals 251
9.2.1.3 Common Characteristic Parameters (Index of Characteristic) 252
9.2.1.4 Principal Component Analysis 256
9.2.2 Signal Processing and Analysis 257
9.2.3 State Recognition 257
9.2.3.1 Comparative Diagnosis Method 257
9.2.3.2 Probability Statistics Method 258
9.3 Oil Analysis 258
9.3.1 Oil Analysis 258
9.3.1.1 Oil Analysis Procedure 259
9.3.1.2 Oil Analysis Content 260
9.3.1.3 Oil Analysis Method 261
9.3.2 Ferrographic Analysis 262
9.3.3 Magnetic Plug Inspection 266
9.4 Vibration Diagnosis 268
9.4.1 Introduction 268
9.4.1.1 Selection of the Diagnostic Parameters 268
9.4.1.2 Selection of Measuring Point 269
9.4.1.3 Selection of (Vibration Pickup) Sensor 270
9.4.1.4 Selection of Vibration Measurement Instrument 273
9.4.2 Discriminant Standard 274
9.4.2.1 Absolute Standard 274
9.4.2.2 Relative Standard 275
9.4.2.3 Analogy Standard 275
9.4.3 Signal Analysis 275
9.4.3.1 Tendency Chart Analysis 275
9.4.3.2 Wave Form Vibration Analysis During the Start and Stop Process 276
9.4.3.3 Common Spectrum Analysis 276
9.4.3.4 Order Spectrum Analysis 276
9.4.3.5 Spectrum Matrix Analysis 279
9.5 Plain Bearing Working Condition Monitoring 280
9.5.1 Failure Types 280
9.5.1.1 Wear Failure 281
9.5.1.2 Fatigue Failure 284
9.5.1.3 Corrosion 286
9.5.1.4 Cavitation 288
9.5.1.5 Fretting Corrosion 289
9.5.2 Diagnostic Methods 291
9.5.2.1 Half Speed Vortex Diagnosis Method 291
9.5.2.2 Frequency Domain Diagnostic 294
9.5.2.3 Mode Shape Diagnostic 294
9.5.2.4 Ferrographic Diagnosis for Sliding Bearing 294
9.5.3 Cases 295
9.6 Rolling Bearing Working Condition Monitoring 297
9.6.1 Diagnostic Technology 297
9.6.1.1 Fundamental Form of the Rolling Bearing Fault 297
9.6.1.2 Fault Monitoring and Diagnostic Method of the Rolling Bearing 300
9.6.2 Basic Process and Methods 302
9.6.2.1 Basic Link of Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis 302
9.6.2.2 Fault Diagnosis Methods of the Rolling Bearing 303
9.6.3 Vibration Analysis in the Fault Diagnosis 304
9.6.4 Fault Signal Processing 304
9.6.5 Rolling Bearing Fault Vibration Diagnosis 305
9.6.6 Rolling Bearing Vibration Monitoring 309
9.6.6.1 Simple Diagnosis 310
9.6.6.2 Precision Diagnosis 310
References 314
10 Applied Tribology in the Bearing 316
10.1 Applied Tribology in the Railway Bearing 316
10.1.1 Material Effect 317
10.1.2 Processing Quality Effect 318
10.1.3 Lubrication and Sealing Effect 318
10.1.4 Structure Effect 319
10.2 Applied Tribology in the Auto Bearing 320
10.2.1 Engine Bearing Tribology 320
10.2.2 Differential Side Bearing and Transmission Bearing Tribology 323
10.2.3 Clutch Bearing Tribology 324
10.2.4 Steer Bearing Tribology 324
10.2.5 Hub Bearing Tribology 325
10.2.6 Constant Velocity Universal Joint Tribology 325
10.3 Applied Tribology in the Lathe Bearing 326
10.3.1 Wear 327
10.3.2 Lubrication 327
10.4 Applied Tribology in the Mill Bearing 328
10.4.1 Rolling Bearing Tribology 329
10.4.2 Sliding Bearing Tribology 330
10.5 Applied Tribology in Aerospace Bearing 331
10.5.1 Aerospace Rolling Bearing Tribology 332
10.5.2 Aerospace Sliding Bearing Tribology 334
10.6 Applied Tribology in the Precise Instrument Bearing 336
10.7 Applied Tribology in Heavy-Duty Bearing 338
10.7.1 Heavy-Duty Rolling Bearing Tribology 338
10.7.2 Heavy-Duty Sliding Bearing Tribology 340
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 20.10.2016 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XII, 333 p. 145 illus., 9 illus. in color. |
| Verlagsort | Berlin |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Technik ► Maschinenbau |
| Schlagworte | Bearing Application • Bearing Tribology • Fault Diagnosis and Condition Monitoring • Friction and Wear Testing Technology • Lubrication Theory • Wear Mechanism |
| ISBN-10 | 3-662-53097-X / 366253097X |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-662-53097-9 / 9783662530979 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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