Principles and Applications of Ubiquitous Sensing (eBook)

Waltenegus Dargie (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2016
Wiley (Verlag)
978-1-119-09131-8 (ISBN)

Infos

Applications which use wireless sensors are increasing in number. The emergence of wireless sensor networks has also motivated the integration of a large number of small and lightweight nodes which integrate sensors, processors, and wireless transceivers.  Existing books on wireless sensor networks mainly focus on protocols and networks and pay little attention to the sensors themselves which the author believes is the main focus.  Without adequate knowledge of sensors as well as how they can be designed, realized and used, books on wireless sensor networks become too theoretical and irrelevant. The purpose of this book is to intimately acquaint readers with the technique of sensing (resistive, capacitive, inductive, magnetic, inertial, etc.) and existing sensor technologies. It also discusses how the sensors are used in a wide application domain and how new sensors can be designed and used in a novel way.

Waltenegus Dargie, Associate Professor, Dresden University of Technology, Germany.
Professor Dargie holds a PhD in Computer Engineering from the Technical University of Dresden, Germany (2006). His educational background in electrical engineering, electronics, and computer engineering inspired him to consolidate these subject areas in a single book. He has rich teaching and research experience at various universities, having taught wireless sensor networks, computer networks, and stochastic processes for more than eight years. These courses have enabled him to collect a vast amount of material used in this book. In 2010 he co-authored a book on wireless sensor networks, which is now being used as a text book in many universities around the world (Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice, Wiley).

Inhalt

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright 6
Dedication 7
Contents 9
Preface 15
About the Companion Website 17
List of Abbreviations 19
Chapter 1 Introduction 21
1.1 System Overview 22
1.1.1 Sensing System 22
1.1.2 Conditioning System 23
1.1.3 Analogue-to-digital Signal Conversion 23
1.1.4 Processor 24
1.2 Example: A Wireless Electrocardiogram 24
1.3 Organisation of the Book 27
Chapter 2 Applications 29
2.1 Civil Infrastructure Monitoring 29
2.1.1 Bridges and Buildings 30
2.1.2 Water Pipelines 37
2.2 Medical Diagnosis and Monitoring 41
2.2.1 Parkinson's Disease 41
2.2.2 Alzheimer's Disease 45
2.2.3 Sleep Apnea and Medical Journalling 46
2.2.4 Asthma 48
2.2.5 Gastroparesis 51
2.3 Water-quality Monitoring 54
References 59
Chapter 3 Conditioning Circuits 64
3.1 Voltage and Current Sources 64
3.2 Transfer Function 65
3.3 Impedance Matching 71
3.4 Filters 76
3.5 Amplification 81
3.5.1 Closed-loop Amplifiers 83
3.5.2 Difference Amplifier 85
References 90
Chapter 4 Electrical Sensing 92
4.1 Resistive Sensing 93
4.2 Capacitive Sensing 98
4.3 Inductive Sensing 104
4.4 Thermoelectric Effect 111
References 114
Chapter 5 Ultrasonic Sensing 116
5.1 Ultrasonic Wave Propagation 120
5.2 Wave Equation 126
5.3 Factors Affecting Ultrasonic Wave Propagation 128
References 131
Chapter 6 Optical Sensing 134
6.1 Photoelectric Effect 136
6.2 Compton Effect 140
6.3 Pair Production 146
6.4 Raman Scattering 147
6.5 Surface Plasmon Resonance 151
References 153
Chapter 7 Magnetic Sensing 156
7.1 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices 156
7.1.1 DC-SQUID 159
7.1.2 RF-SQUID 161
7.2 Anisotropic Magnetoresistive Sensing 162
7.3 Giant Magnetoresistance 168
7.4 Tunnelling Magnetoresistance 171
7.5 Hall-effect Sensing 175
References 177
Chapter 8 Medical Sensing 180
8.1 Excitable Cells and Biopotentials 181
8.1.1 Resting Potential 182
8.1.2 Channel Current 186
8.1.3 Action Potentials 186
8.1.4 Propagation of Action Potentials 187
8.1.5 Measuring Action Potentials 191
8.2 Cardiac Action Potentials 195
8.2.1 Propagation of Cardiac Action Potentials 197
8.2.2 The Electrocardiogram 200
8.2.2.1 Re-entry 201
8.2.2.2 Loss of Membrane Potential 202
8.2.2.3 Afterdepolarisations 203
8.3 Brain Action Potentials 205
8.3.1 Electroencephalography 208
8.3.2 Volume Conduction 213
8.3.3 Electrode Placement 215
References 218
Chapter 9 Microelectromechanical Systems 222
9.1 Miniaturisation and Scaling 222
9.1.1 Physical Properties 223
9.1.2 Mechanical Properties 223
9.1.3 Thermal Properties 224
9.1.4 Electrical and Magnetic Properties 225
9.1.5 Fluid Properties 225
9.1.6 Chemical Properties 226
9.1.7 Optical Properties 226
9.2 Technology 226
9.2.1 Growth and Deposition 227
9.2.2 Photolithography 227
9.2.3 Etching 229
9.3 Micromachining 229
9.3.1 Surface Micromachining 230
9.3.2 Bulk Micromachining 231
9.3.2.1 Reactive Ion Etching 232
9.3.2.2 Micromolding 235
9.3.2.3 Non-silicon Micromolding 236
9.3.2.4 Plastic Micromolding 237
9.4 System Integration 238
9.5 Micromechanical Sensors 240
9.5.1 Pressure and Force Sensors 240
9.5.1.1 Piezoelectric Effect 242
9.5.1.2 Piezoresistance 246
9.5.1.3 Fabrication of a Piezoresistive Sensor 247
9.5.2 Flow Sensors 247
9.5.2.1 Floating Plate 248
9.5.2.2 Artificial Hair Cell 251
9.5.3 Accelerometers 254
9.5.3.1 Fabrication of an Accelerometer 255
9.5.4 Gyroscopes 256
9.5.4.1 Fabrication of a Gyroscope 266
References 269
Chapter 10 Energy Harvesting 273
10.1 Factors Affecting the Choice of an Energy Source 273
10.1.1 Sensing Lifetime 274
10.1.2 Sensor Load 274
10.1.3 Energy Source 275
10.1.4 Storage 276
10.1.5 Regulation 277
10.2 Architecture 283
10.3 Prototypes 285
10.3.1 Microsolar Panel 285
10.3.2 Microgenerator 289
10.3.3 Piezoelectricity 292
References 295
Chapter 11 Sensor Selection and Integration 298
11.1 Sensor Selection 298
11.1.1 Accuracy 298
11.1.2 Sensitivity 300
11.1.3 Zero-offset 300
11.1.4 Reproducibility 300
11.1.5 Span 301
11.1.6 Stability 301
11.1.7 Resolution 302
11.1.8 Selectivity 302
11.1.9 Response Time 302
11.1.10 Self-heating 302
11.1.11 Hysteresis 303
11.1.12 Ambient Condition 303
11.1.13 Overload Characteristics 303
11.1.14 Operating Life 304
11.1.15 Cost, Size, and Weight 304
11.2 Example: Temperature Sensor Selection 304
11.2.1 Resistance Temperature Detectors 304
11.2.2 Thermistors 305
11.2.3 Thermocouples 306
11.2.4 Infrared 306
11.3 Sensor Integration 307
11.3.1 Dead Volume 307
11.3.2 Self-heating 307
11.3.3 Internal Heat Sources 314
11.3.3.1 External Heat and Radiation Sources 316
References 316
Chapter 12 Estimation 318
12.1 Sensor Error as a Random Variable 319
12.2 Zero-offset Error 323
12.3 Conversion Error 325
12.4 Accumulation of Error 329
12.4.1 The Central Limit Theorem 333
12.5 Combining Evidence 335
12.5.1 Weighted Sum 336
12.5.2 Maximum-likelihood Estimation 342
12.5.3 Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation 345
12.5.4 Kalman Filter 348
12.5.5 The Kalman Filter Formalism 354
References 355
Index 357
EULA 370

Rezensionen

"This book provides a concise review of sensing methods and many sensor types, with a focus on medical applications"...."Readers interested in learning about many types of sensing methods will find this book extremley interesting and well worth reading" IEEE, Oct 2017

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 8.11.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Nachrichtentechnik
• Schlagworte: Communication technology • Electrical & Electronics Engineering • Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik • Kommunikationstechnik • Networks • Sensoren, Instrumente u. Messung • sensors • Sensors, Instrumentation & Measurement • Signal Processing • Signalverarbeitung • Wireless
• ISBN-10: 1-119-09131-4 / 1119091314
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-09131-8 / 9781119091318