Basic Structures (eBook)

Philip Garrison (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2016 | 3. Auflage
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-95085-2 (ISBN)

Infos

Basic Structures provides the student with a clear explanation of structural concepts, using many analogies and examples. Real examples and case studies show the concepts in use, and the book is well illustrated with full colour photographs and many line illustrations, giving the student a thorough grounding in the fundamentals and a 'feel' for the way buildings behave structurally. With many worked examples and tutorial questions, the book serves as an ideal introduction to the subject.

Philip Garrison BSc MBA CEng MICE MIStructE MIHT is a Chartered Civil and Structural Engineer and Senior Lecturer in Structural Design in the Civil Engineering Departmentat Leeds Beckett University

Inhalt

Acknowledgements ix

Introduction x

1 What is structural engineering? 1

2 Learn the language: a simple explanation of terms used by structural engineers 8

3 How do structures (and parts of structures) behave? 11

4 Force, mass and weight 26

5 Loading - dead or alive 32

6 Equilibrium - a balanced approach 38

7 More about forces: resultants and components 43

8 Moments 54

9 Reactions 67

10 Different types of support - and what's a pin? 73

11 A few words about stability 81

12 Introduction to the analysis of pin-jointed frames 93

13 Method of resolution at joints 98

14 Method of sections 119

15 Graphical method 127

16 Shear force and bending moments 137

17 This thing called stress 168

18 Direct (and shear) stress 173

19 Bending stress 184

20 Combined bending and axial stress 205

21 Structural materials: concrete, steel, timber and masonry 218

22 More on materials 229

23 How far can I span? 235

24 Calculating those loads 242

25 An introduction to structural design 252

26 More on structural types and forms 291

27 An introduction to deflection 310

28 Shear stress 324

29 Buckling and torsion 333

30 Frames and three-pinned arches 344

31 Virtual work 356

32 Squares and circles of stress: An introduction to Mohr's Circle 363

33 Trusses (no numbers) 380

34 Plastic analysis 388

Further reading 402

Appendix 1: Weights of common building materials 403

Appendix 2: Conversions and relationships between units 405

Appendix 3: Mathematics associated with right-angled triangles 407

Appendix 4: Symbols 409

Appendix 5: A checklist for architects 410

Appendix 6: Getting more out of civil engineering 411

Index 413

Textauszug

Introduction

When I was 16 years I had a Saturday job as a shelf-stacker at a local supermarket. One day, during a tea break, a co-worker asked me what I did the rest of the week. I explained that I had just done O levels and was going on to do A levels. I told him how many and in which subjects. He then asked me about my career aspirations (not his exact words). I explained that I wanted to become an engineer. His aghast response was: ‘What! With all those qualifications?’

Engineers suffer from a lack of public perception of what their profession entails – many people think we spend our days in the suburbs, mending washing machines and televisions. Architects are more fortunate in this respect – the public have a better grasp of their profession: ‘They design buildings, don’t they?’

Public perceptions aside, careers in both civil engineering and architecture can be extremely rewarding. There are few other careers where individuals can be truly creative, often on a massive scale. The civil engineering profession offers a variety of working environments and a large number of specialisms within civil engineering. Civil engineers have opportunities to work all over the world, on projects large and small, and could come into contact with a wide variety of people, from the lowest worker on a construction site to government officials and heads of state.

In the 21st century there is a huge demand for civil engineers and many young people (and some not so young!) are realising that this is a profession well worth entering.

Traditionally, students embarking on university courses in civil engineering would have A levels in subjects such as mathematics, physics and chemistry. However, for a variety of reasons, many of today’s potential students have A levels (or similar) in non-numerate and non-scientific subjects. Moreover, a sizeable number of ‘mature’ people are entering the profession following a first career in something completely different. As a university admissions tutor, I speak to such people everyday. It is possible, depending on the specialism eventually chosen, to enjoy a successful career in civil engineering without an in-depth mathematical knowledge. However, it is extremely difficult to obtain a degree or Higher National Diploma (HND) in civil engineering without some mathematical proficiency.

Turning to architects – these are creative people! Every building they design has a structure, without which the building would not stand up. Architects, like civil engineers, have to understand the mechanisms which lead to successful structures.

This book is about Structures. Structures is a subject studied as part of all civil engineering degree, HND and Ordinary National Diploma (OND) courses, as well as architecture degree courses, and also on some degree courses in related subjects (e.g. quantity surveying, building surveying, construction management and architecture).

The purpose of this book

I have taught structures to undergraduate civil engineers and architects since 1992. During that time I have noticed that many students find the basic concept of structures difficult to grasp and apply.

This book aims to do the following:

• to explain structural concepts clearly, using analogies and examples to illustrate the points
• to express the mathematical aspects of the subject in a straightforward manner that can be understood by mathematically weak students and placed in context with the concepts involved
• to maintain reader interest by incorporating into the text real-life examples and case histories to underline the relevance of the material that the student is learning.

This book presumes no previous knowledge of structures on the part of the reader. It does, however, presume that the reader has a good general education and a mathematical ability up to at least GCSE standard.

The intended readership

This book is aimed at:

• Ordinary National Certificate (ONC), Ordinary National Diploma (OND), Higher National Certificate (HNC), Higher National Diploma (HND) or first-year degree (BSc, BEng or MEng) students on a civil engineering (or similar) course, who will study a module called structures, structural mechanics, mechanics or structural analysis
• students on a BA degree course in architecture.

The following will also find this book useful:

• students on courses in subjects related to civil engineering and architecture – e.g. quantity surveying, building surveying, construction management or architectural technology – who have to do a structures module as part of their studies
• those studying technology at GCE A level, GNVQ or similar
• people working in the construction industry in any capacity.

The following will find the book a useful revision tool:

• a second (or subsequent)-year student on a civil engineering or architecture degree
• a professional in the civil engineering or building industry, and practising architects.

A word about computers

Computer packages are available for every specialism, and structural engineering is no exception. Certainly, some of the problems in this book could be solved more quickly using computer software. However, I do not mention specific computer packages in this book and where I mention computers at all, it is in general terms. There are two reasons for this.

1. The purpose of this book is to acquaint the reader with the basic principles of structures. Whereas a computer is a useful tool for solving specific problems, it is no substitute for a thorough grounding in the basics of the subject.
2. Computer software is being improved and updated all the time. The most popular and up-to-date computer package for structural engineering as I write these words may be dated (at best) or obsolete (at worst) by the time you read this. If you are interested in the latest software, look at specialist computer magazines or articles and advertisements in the civil and structural engineering and architecture press, or if you are a student, consult your lecturers.

I have set my students assignments where they have to solve a structural problem by hand then check their results by analysing the same problem using appropriate computer software. If the answers obtained by the two approaches differ, it is always instructive to find out whether the error is in the student’s hand calculations (most frequently the case) or in the computer analysis (occurs less frequently, but does happen sometimes when the student has input incorrect or incomplete data – the old ‘rubbish in, rubbish out’!).

The website

You will find worked solutions to some of the problems in this book at a website maintained by the publishers: www.blackwellpublishing.com/garrison. In addition, all readers can contact me via the website – your suggestions, comments and criticisms are welcome.

An overview of this book

If you are a student studying a module called structures, structural mechanics or similar, the chapter headings in this book will tie in – more or less – with the lecture topics presented by your lecturer or tutor. I suggest that you read each chapter of this book soon after the relevant lecture or class to reinforce your knowledge and skills in the topic concerned. I advise all readers to have a pen and paper beside them to jot down notes as they go through the book – particularly the numerical examples. In my experience, this greatly aids understanding.

• Chapters 1–5 introduce the fundamental concepts, terms and language of structures.
• Chapters 6–10 build on the basic concepts and show how they can be used, mathematically, to solve simple structural problems.
• Chapter 11 deals with the very important concept of stability and discusses how to ensure structures are stable – and recognise when they’re not!
• Chapters 12–15 deal with the analysis of pin-jointed frames, a topic that some students find difficult.
• Chapter 16 covers shear force and bending moment diagrams – an extremely important topic.
• Chapters 17–20 deal with stress in its various guises.
• Structural materials are dealt with more fully in other texts, but Chapter 21 provides an introduction to this topic.
• Chapter 22 has more on materials, and a word on design standards.
• Chapters 23 and 24 deal, respectively, with the conceptual design of structures and the calculation of loads.
• Chapter 25 is a descriptive introduction to structural design, which should be read before embarking on a structural design module.
• Chapter 26 discusses more unusual types of structures.
• Chapter 27 deals with deflection, and outlines a method whereby deflections can be calculated.
• Chapters 28–34 serve as an easy introduction to several slightly harder topics that students will encounter on the second or third year of a civil engineering degree course.

How to use this book

It is not necessary for all readers to read this book from cover to cover. However, the book has been designed to follow the...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 3.2.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Architektur
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Schlagworte: Architecture • Architektur • Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen • Bridges • buildings • Built Environment • Civil Engineering • Civil Engineering & Construction • Construction • explanation of structural concepts • <p>Architecture • Structural & Building Engineering • structural concepts • structural design • Structural engineering • Structural forces</p> • Structures • Tief- u. Hochbau / Massivbau • Tragwerk • Tragwerke
• ISBN-10: 1-118-95085-2 / 1118950852
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-95085-2 / 9781118950852